TY - JOUR A1 - Stepniak, Beata A1 - Kästner, Anne A1 - Poggi, Giulia A1 - Mitjans, Marina A1 - Begemann, Martin A1 - Hartmann, Annette A1 - Van der Auwera, Sandra A1 - Sananbenesi, Farahnaz A1 - Krüger-Burg, Dilja A1 - Matuszko, Gabriela A1 - Brosi, Cornelia A1 - Homuth, Georg A1 - Völzke, Henry A1 - Benseler, Fritz A1 - Bagni, Claudia A1 - Fischer, Utz A1 - Dityatev, Alexander A1 - Grabe, Hans-Jörgen A1 - Rujescu, Dan A1 - Fischer, Andre A1 - Ehrenreich, Hannelore T1 - Accumulated common variants in the broader fragile X gene family modulate autistic phenotypes JF - EMBO Molecular Medicine N2 - Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is mostly caused by a CGG triplet expansion in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1). Up to 60% of affected males fulfill criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), making FXS the most frequent monogenetic cause of syndromic ASD. It is unknown, however, whether normal variants (independent of mutations) in the fragile X gene family (FMR1, FXR1, FXR2) and in FMR2 modulate autistic features. Here, we report an accumulation model of 8 SNPs in these genes, associated with autistic traits in a discovery sample of male patients with schizophrenia (N = 692) and three independent replicate samples: patients with schizophrenia (N = 626), patients with other psychiatric diagnoses (N = 111) and a general population sample (N = 2005). For first mechanistic insight, we contrasted microRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of selected extreme group subjects with high-versus low-risk constellation regarding the accumulation model. Thereby, the brain-expressed miR-181 species emerged as potential "umbrella regulator", with several seed matches across the fragile X gene family and FMR2. To conclude, normal variation in these genes contributes to the continuum of autistic phenotypes. KW - permutation KW - miR-181 KW - PGAS KW - FXR2 KW - FXR1 KW - FMR2 KW - FMR1 KW - identification KW - protein KW - fraxe mental retardation KW - CGG repeat KW - CPG Island KW - schizophrenia KW - expression KW - males Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136893 VL - 7 IS - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fischer, André T1 - On the Application of Compressed Sensing to Magnetic Resonance Imaging T1 - Über die Anwendung von Compressed Sensing in der Magnetresonanztomographie N2 - This thesis investigated the potential of Compressed Sensing (CS) applied to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). CS is a novel image reconstruction method that emerged from the field of information theory. The framework of CS was first published in technical reports in 2004 by Candès and Donoho. Two years later, the theory of CS was published in a conference abstract and two papers. Candès and Donoho proved that it is possible, with overwhelming probability, to reconstruct a noise-free sparse signal from incomplete frequency samples (e.g., Fourier coefficients). Hereby, it is assumed a priori that the desired signal for reconstruction is sparse. A signal is considered “sparse“ when the number of non-zero elements is significantly smaller than the number of all elements. Sparsity is the most important foundation of CS. When an ideal noise-free signal with few non-zero elements is given, it should be understandably possible to obtain the relevant information from fewer Fourier coefficients than dictated by the Nyquist-Shannon criterion. The theory of CS is based on noise-free sparse signals. As soon as noise is introduced, no exact sparsity can be specified since all elements have signal intensities that are non-zero. However, with the addition of little or moderate noise, an approximate sparsity that can be exploited using the CS framework will still be given. The ability to reconstruct noisy undersampled sparse MRI data using CS has been extensively demonstrated. Although most MR datasets are not sparse in image space, they can be efficiently sparsified by a sparsifying transform. In this thesis, the data are either sparse in the image domain, after Discrete Gradient transformation, or after subtraction of a temporally averaged dataset from the data to be reconstructed (dynamic imaging). The aim of this thesis was to identify possible applications of CS to MRI. Two different algorithms were considered for reconstructing the undersampled sparse data with the CS concept. The Nonlinear Conjugate Gradient based technique with a relaxed data consistency constraint as suggested by Lustig et al. is termed Relaxed DC method. An alternative represents the Gradient or Steepest Descent algorithm with strict data consistency and is, therefore, termed the Strict DC method. Chapter 3 presents simulations illustrating which of these two reconstruction algorithms is best suited to recover undersampled sparse MR datasets. The results lead to the decision for the Strict DC method as reconstruction technique in this thesis. After these simulations, different applications and extensions of CS are demonstrated. Chapter 4 shows how CS benefits spectroscopic 19F imaging at 7 T, allowing a significant reduction of measurement times during in vivo experiments. Furthermore, it allows highly resolved spectroscopic 3D imaging in acceptable measurement times for in vivo applications. Chapter 5 introduces an extension of the Strict DC method called CS-CC (CS on Combined Coils), which allows efficient processing of sparse undersampled multi-coil data. It takes advantage of a concept named “Joint Sparsity“, which exploits the fact that all channels of a coil array detect the same sparse object weighted with the coil sensitivity profiles. The practical use of this new algorithm is demonstrated in dynamic radial cardiac imaging. Accurate reconstructions of cardiac motion in free breathing without ECG triggering were obtained for high undersampling factors. An Iterative GRAPPA algorithm is introduced in Chapter 6 that can recover undersampled data from arbitrary (Non-Cartesian) trajectories and works solely in the Cartesian plane. This characteristic makes the proposed Iterative GRAPPA computationally more efficient than SPIRiT. Iterative GRAPPA was developed in a preceding step to combine parallel imaging with CS. Optimal parameters for Iterative GRAPPA (e.g. number of iterations, GRAPPA kernel size) were determined in phantom experiments and verified by retrospectively undersampling and reconstructing a radial cardiac cine dataset. The synergistic combination of the coil-by-coil Strict DC CS method and Iterative GRAPPA called CS-GRAPPA is presented in Chapter 7. CS-GRAPPA allows accurate reconstruction of undersampled data from even higher acceleration factors than each individual method. It is a formulation equivalent to L1-SPIRiT but computationally more efficient. Additionally, a comparison with CS-CC is given. Interestingly, exploiting joint sparsity in CS-CC is slightly more efficient than the proposed CS-GRAPPA, a hybrid of parallel imaging and CS. The last chapter of this thesis concludes the findings presented in this dissertation. Future applications expected to benefit from CS are discussed and possible synergistic combinations with other existing MR methodologies for accelerated imaging are also contemplated. N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, welches Potential die Anwendung von Compressed Sensing (CS) in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) hat. CS ist eine neue Bildrekonstruktionsmethode aus der Informationstheorie. Das Grundgerüst für CS wurde zuerst in zwei technischen Berichten von Candès und Donoho aus dem Jahr 2004 vorgestellt. Zwei Jahre später wurde die CS-Theorie in einem Konferenzbeitrag und zwei wissenschaftlichen Artikeln veröffentlicht. Candés und Donoho zeigten, dass es mit überwältigender Wahrscheinlichkeit möglich ist, ein rauschfreies sparses Signal aus unvollständig vorliegender Frequenzinformation zu rekonstruieren. Hierfür ist eine wichtige A-priori-Annahme, dass das gewünschte Signal, welches rekonstruiert werden soll, sparse sein soll. Man spricht von sparsen Signalen, falls die Anzahl der Elemente mit Intensität größer Null signifikant kleiner als die Anzahl aller Elemente ist. Die CS-Theorie basiert auf rauschfreien, sparsen Signalen. Sobald Rauschen auftritt, kann keine exakte Sparsity mehr bestimmt werden, da alle Elemente Signalintensitäten größer Null haben. Falls jedoch nur wenig oder moderates Rauschen hinzugefügt wird ist immer noch näherungsweise eine Sparsity gegeben, die mit Hilfe von CS ausgenutzt werden kann. Die meisten MR-Datensätze sind nicht-sparse im Bildraum, können allerdings durch eine sog. Sparsifizierungstransformation effektiv sparsifiziert werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Daten entweder im Bildraum sparse, nach einer Diskreten-Gradienten-Transformation oder nachdem bei dynamischen Daten ein zeitlich gemittelter Datensatz von den zu rekonstruierenden Daten abgezogen worden ist. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, mögliche Anwendungen für CS in der MRT zu identifizieren. Zwei unterschiedliche Algorithmen wurden untersucht, um unterabgetastete sparse Daten mit dem CS-Konzept zu rekonstruieren. Eine Technik, die auf einer Nichtlinearen Methode der Konjugierten Gradienten basiert und eine gelockerte Datenkonsistenzbedingung beinhaltet, wird als Relaxed DC-Methode bezeichnet. Eine Alternative stellt der Gradienten- oder Steilster-Abstieg-Algorithmus dar, der strikte Datenkonsistenz fordert und daher als Strict-DC-Methode bezeichnet wird. Kapitel 3 zeigt Simulationen, die darlegen, dass die Strict-DC-Methode am besten zur Datenrekonstruktion in dieser Arbeit geeignet ist. Kapitel 4 zeigt, in wie fern die spektroskopische 19F-Bildgebung bei 7 T von CS profitieren kann, indem CS eine signifikante Reduktion der Messzeiten bei in vivo Experimenten erlaubt. Desweiteren ermöglicht CS hochaufgelöste spektroskopische 3D-Bildgebung in akzeptablen Messzeiten für in vivo Anwendungen. Kapitel 5 führt eine Erweiterung der Strict-DC-Methode ein, die CS-CC genannt wird, welche eine effiziente Bearbeitung von sparsen unterabgetasteten Multi-Empfänger-Datensätzen erlaubt. Hierbei profitiert CS-CC von einem Konzept namens "Joint Sparsity", welches ausnutzt, dass alle Empfangskanäle eines Spulenarrays dasselbe sparse Objekt detektieren, jeweils gewichtet mit den entsprechenden Spulensensitivitätsprofilen. Der praktische Nutzen dieses neuen Algorithmus wird an einem dynamischen radialen Herzdatensatz verdeutlicht. Akkurate Rekonstruktionen der Herzbewegung in freier Atmung und ohne EKG-Trigger konnten bei hohen Unterabtastfaktoren erreicht werden. Ein Iterativer-GRAPPA-Algorithmus, der unterabgetastete Daten beliebiger (nicht-kartesischer) Trajektorien rekonstruieren kann und ausschließlich auf einem kartesischen Gitter arbeitet, wird in Kapitel 6 vorgestellt. Das vorgeschlagene Iterative GRAPPA ist vom Rechenaufwand her effizienter als SPIRiT und wurde als ein vorhergehender Schritt zur Kombination von Paralleler Bildgebung und Compressed Sensing entwickelt. Optimale Parameter für Iteratives GRAPPA (z.B. Anzahl an Iterationen, GRAPPA-Kern-Größe) wurden in Phantom-Experimenten bestimmt und mittels Rekonstruktionen an einem retrospektiv unterabgetasteten radialen Herzdatensatz verifiziert. Die synergetische Kombination der spulenweise angewendeten Strict-DC-Methode und Iterativem GRAPPA genannt CS-GRAPPA wird in Kapitel 7 präsentiert. CS-GRAPPA erlaubt akkurate Rekonstruktionen unterabgetasteter Daten von höheren Beschleunigungsfaktoren, als mit den jeweiligen Einzelmethoden möglich gewesen wäre. Die Formulierung ist äquivalent zu L1-SPIRiT, allerdings vom Rechenaufwand effizienter. Es wurde zusätzlich ein Vergleich zu CS-CC durchgeführt. Interessanterweise hat sich gezeigt, dass das Ausnutzen der Joint Sparsity in CS-CC etwas effizienter ist als das vorgeschlagene CS-GRAPPA, das ein Hybrid aus Compressed Sensing und Paralleler Bildgebung ist. Im abschließenden Kapitel dieser Dissertation werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und Schlussfolgerungen daraus gezogen. Zukünftige Anwendungen werden diskutiert, die von CS profitieren und mögliche synergetische Kombinationen mit anderen existierenden MR-Methoden für beschleunigte Bildgebung werden angesprochen. KW - NMR-Tomographie KW - Rekonstruktion KW - NMR-Bildgebung KW - Compressed Sensing KW - Unterabtastung KW - Compressed Sensing KW - Undersampling Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72496 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Montes-Cobos, Elena A1 - Li, Xiao A1 - Fischer, Henrike J. A1 - Sasse, André A1 - Kügler, Sebastian A1 - Didié, Michael A1 - Toischer, Karl A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Dressel, Ralf A1 - Reichardt, Holger M. T1 - Inducible Knock-Down of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Mice Disturbs Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Attenuates Heart Failure Induced by Pressure Overload JF - PLoS One N2 - Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inactivation in mice results in early postnatal lethality. Therefore we generated mice in which MR expression can be silenced during adulthood by administration of doxycycline (Dox). Using a lentiviral approach, we obtained two lines of transgenic mice harboring a construct that allows for regulatable MR inactivation by RNAi and concomitant expression of eGFP. MR mRNA levels in heart and kidney of inducible MR knock-down mice were unaltered in the absence of Dox, confirming the tightness of the system. In contrast, two weeks after Dox administration MR expression was significantly diminished in a variety of tissues. In the kidney, this resulted in lower mRNA levels of selected target genes, which was accompanied by strongly increased serum aldosterone and plasma renin levels as well as by elevated sodium excretion. In the healthy heart, gene expression and the amount of collagen were unchanged despite MR levels being significantly reduced. After transverse aortic constriction, however, cardiac hypertrophy and progressive heart failure were attenuated by MR silencing, fibrosis was unaffected and mRNA levels of a subset of genes reduced. Taken together, we believe that this mouse model is a useful tool to investigate the role of the MR in pathophysiological processes. KW - cells KW - balance KW - polarization KW - transgenic rats Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137575 VL - 10 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Selina A1 - Agarwal, Shruti A1 - Huber, Kilian A1 - Gehring, Andre P. A1 - Strödke, Benjamin A1 - Wirth, Christine C. A1 - Brügl, Thomas A1 - Abodo, Liane Onambele A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Doerig, Christian A1 - Fischer, Rainer A1 - Tobin, Andrew B. A1 - Alam, Mahmood M. A1 - Bracher, Franz A1 - Pradel, Gabriele T1 - Inhibition of the SR Protein-Phosphorylating CLK Kinases of Plasmodium falciparum Impairs Blood Stage Replication and Malaria Transmission JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Cyclin-dependent kinase-like kinases (CLKs) are dual specificity protein kinases that phosphorylate Serine/Arginine-rich (SR) proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing. Four CLKs, termed PfCLK-1-4, can be identified in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which show homology with the yeast SR protein kinase Sky1p. The four PfCLKs are present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the asexual blood stages and of gametocytes, sexual precursor cells crucial for malaria parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes. We identified three plasmodial SR proteins, PfSRSF12, PfSFRS4 and PfSF-1, which are predominantly present in the nucleus of blood stage trophozoites, PfSRSF12 and PfSF-1 are further detectable in the nucleus of gametocytes. We found that recombinantly expressed SR proteins comprising the Arginine/Serine (RS)-rich domains were phosphorylated by the four PfCLKs in in vitro kinase assays, while a recombinant PfSF-1 peptide lacking the RS-rich domain was not phosphorylated. Since it was hitherto not possible to knock-out the pfclk genes by conventional gene disruption, we aimed at chemical knock-outs for phenotype analysis. We identified five human CLK inhibitors, belonging to the oxo-beta-carbolines and aminopyrimidines, as well as the antiseptic chlorhexidine as PfCLK-targeting compounds. The six inhibitors block P. falciparum blood stage replication in the low micromolar to nanomolar range by preventing the trophozoite-to-schizont transformation. In addition, the inhibitors impair gametocyte maturation and gametogenesis in in vitro assays. The combined data show that the four PfCLKs are involved in phosphorylation of SR proteins with essential functions for the blood and sexual stages of the malaria parasite, thus pointing to the kinases as promising targets for antimalarial and transmission blocking drugs. KW - parasite KW - expression KW - mosquito KW - splicing factors KW - lactate dehydrogenase KW - xanthurenic acid KW - in-vitro KW - RNA-SEQ KW - identification KW - culture Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115405 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 9 ER -