TY - THES A1 - Langlhofer, Georg T1 - Über die Bedeutung intrazellulärer Subdomänen des Glycinrezeptors für die Kanalfunktion T1 - Investigations into the relevance of glycine receptor intracellular subdomains to receptor channel function N2 - Der zur Familie der pentameren ligandengesteuerten Ionenkanäle zugehörige Glycinrezeptor (GlyR) ist ein wichtiger Vermittler synaptischer Inhibition im Zentralnervensystem von Säugetieren. GlyR-Mutationen führen zur neurologischen Bewegungsstörung Hyperekplexie. Aufgrund fehlender struktureller Daten ist die intrazelluläre Loop-Struktur zwischen den Transmembransegmenten 3 und 4 (TM3-4 Loop) eine weitgehend unerforschte Domäne des GlyR. Innerhalb dieser Domäne wurden Rezeptortrunkierungen sowie Punktmutationen identifiziert. Rezeptortrunkierung geht mit Funktionslosigkeit einher, welche jedoch durch Koexpression des fehlenden Sequenzabschnitts zum Teil wiederhergestellt werden kann. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wurde die Interaktion zwischen trunkierten, funktionslosen GlyR und sukzessiv verkürzten Komplementationskonstrukten untersucht. Dabei wurden als Minimaldomänen für die Interaktion das C-terminalen basische Motive des TM3-4 Loops, die TM4 sowie der extrazelluläre C-Terminus identifiziert. Die Rückkreuzung transgener Mäuse, die das Komplementationskonstrukt iD-TM4 unter Kontrolle des GlyR-Promotors exprimierten, mit der oscillator-Maus spdot, die einen trunkierten GlyR exprimiert und 3 Wochen nach der Geburt verstirbt, hatte aufgrund fehlender Proteinexpression keinen Effekt auf die Letalität der Mutation. Des Weiteren wurde die Bedeutsamkeit der Integrität beider basischer Motive 316RFRRKRR322 und 385KKIDKISR392 im TM3-4 Loop in Kombination mit der Loop-Länge für die Funktionalität und das Desensitisierungsverhalten des humanen GlyRα1 anhand von chimären Rezeptoren identifiziert. Eine bisher unbekannte Patientenmutation P366L innerhalb des TM3-4 Loops wurde mit molekularbiologischen, biochemischen und elektrophysiologischen Methoden charakterisiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die mutierten Rezeptorkomplexe in vitro deutlich reduzierte Glycin-induzierte Maximalströme sowie eine beschleunigte Schließkinetik aufweisen. P366L hat im Gegensatz zu bereits charakterisierten Hyperekplexiemutationen innerhalb des TM3-4 Loops keinen Einfluss auf die Biogenese des Rezeptors. P366 ist Teil einer möglichen Poly-Prolin-Helix, die eine Erkennungssequenz für SH3-Domänen darstellt. Ein potenzieller Interaktionspartner des TM3-4 Loops des GlyRα1 ist Collybistin, welches eine wichtige Rolle bei der synaptischen Rezeptorintegration spielt und die Verbindung zum Zytoskelett vermittelt. An der inhibitorischen Synapse verursacht P366L durch die Reduzierung postsynaptischer Chloridströme, das beschleunigte Desensitisierungsverhalten des GlyRα1 sowie ein verändertes Interaktionsmotiv Störungen der glycinergen Transmission, die zur Ausprägung phänotypischer Symptome der Hyperekplexie führen. N2 - The glycine receptor (GlyR) belongs to the superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels and mediates synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system of mammals. GlyR mutations lead to the neuromotor disorder hyperekplexia. Due to the lack of structural data, the intracellular loop between transmembrane segments 3 and 4 (TM3-4 Loop) is considered as the most unexplored domain of the GlyR. Within this domain receptor truncations as well as point mutations have been identified. Receptor truncation correlates with non-functionality that can be partially restored by coexpression of the missing sequence. In this work, the interaction between a truncated non-functional GlyR and successively truncated complementation constructs was investigated. The C-terminal basic motif of the TM3-4 loop, the TM4 and the C-Terminus were identified as the minimal domain required for interaction. Backcrossing of a transgenic mouse line expressing the complementation construct iD-TM4 under the control of the GlyR promotor, with the oscillator mouse spdot expressing a truncated GlyR leading to death 3 weeks after birth, was unsuccessful and did not influence the lethality of the mutation, most probably due to the lack of transgene protein expression. In addition the importance of the integrity of both basic motifs 316RFRRKRR322 and 385KKIDKISR392 within the TM3-4 loop in combination with loop length were shown to be essential for functionality and desensitization behavior of the human GlyRα1 using chimeric receptors. An unknown TM3-4 loop mutation P366L was characterized using biomolecular, biochemical and electrophysiological approaches. It was demonstrated that mutated receptor complexes display remarkably reduced glycine-induced maximal currents in addition to accelerated channel closing kinetics in vitro. In contrast to previously analyzed hyperekplexia mutations within the TM3-4 loop, P366L exhibits no influence on receptor biogenesis. P366 is located in a sequence probably forming a poly-proline helix, which serves as a recognition sequence for SH3 domains. One prospective interaction partner is collybistin, which plays a major role in the process of synaptic receptor integration and connects the receptor complex to the cytoskeleton. At the site of the inhibitory synapse, P366L causes reduced chloride currents, accelerated desensitization behavior of the GlyRα1 and an altered interaction motif leading to disturbed glycinergic neurotransmission that result in formation of phenotypic symptoms of hyperekplexia. KW - Glycinrezeptor KW - intrazelluläre Domäne KW - Hyperekplexie KW - intracellular domain KW - hyperekplexia KW - Bewegungsstörung KW - Synapse KW - Ionenkanal Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140249 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Atak, Sinem A1 - Langlhofer, Georg A1 - Schaefer, Natascha A1 - Kessler, Denise A1 - Meiselbach, Heike A1 - Delto, Carolyn A1 - Schindelin, Hermann A1 - Villmann, Carmen T1 - Disturbances of ligand potency and enhanced degradation of the human glycine receptor at affected positions G160 and T162 originally identified in patients suffering from hyperekplexia JF - Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience N2 - Ligand-binding of Cys-loop receptors is determined by N-terminal extracellular loop structures from the plus as well as from the minus side of two adjacent subunits in the pentameric receptor complex. An aromatic residue in loop B of the glycine receptor (GIyR) undergoes direct interaction with the incoming ligand via a cation-π interaction. Recently, we showed that mutated residues in loop B identified from human patients suffering from hyperekplexia disturb ligand-binding. Here, we exchanged the affected human residues by amino acids found in related members of the Cys-loop receptor family to determine the effects of side chain volume for ion channel properties. GIyR variants were characterized in vitro following transfection into cell lines in order to analyze protein expression, trafficking, degradation and ion channel function. GIyR α1 G160 mutations significantly decrease glycine potency arguing for a positional effect on neighboring aromatic residues and consequently glycine-binding within the ligand-binding pocket. Disturbed glycinergic inhibition due to T162 α1 mutations is an additive effect of affected biogenesis and structural changes within the ligand-binding site. Protein trafficking from the ER toward the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment, the secretory Golgi pathways and finally the cell surface is largely diminished, but still sufficient to deliver ion channels that are functional at least at high glycine concentrations. The majority of T162 mutant protein accumulates in the ER and is delivered to ER-associated proteasomal degradation. Hence, G160 is an important determinant during glycine binding. In contrast, 1162 affects primarily receptor biogenesis whereas exchanges in functionality are secondary effects thereof. KW - mutations KW - trafficking KW - domain KW - hyperekplexia KW - loop B KW - side chain properties KW - ligand potencies KW - Cys-loop receptor KW - glycine receptor KW - site KW - activation KW - binding KW - channel KW - mechanisms KW - dominant KW - startle Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144818 VL - 8 IS - 79 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langlhofer, Georg A1 - Villmann, Carmen T1 - The Intracellular Loop of the Glycine Receptor: It's not all about the Size JF - Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience N2 - The family of Cys-loop receptors (CLRs) shares a high degree of homology and sequence identity. The overall structural elements are highly conserved with a large extracellular domain (ECD) harboring an α-helix and 10 β-sheets. Following the ECD, four transmembrane domains (TMD) are connected by intracellular and extracellular loop structures. Except the TM3–4 loop, their length comprises 7–14 residues. The TM3–4 loop forms the largest part of the intracellular domain (ICD) and exhibits the most variable region between all CLRs. The ICD is defined by the TM3–4 loop together with the TM1–2 loop preceding the ion channel pore. During the last decade, crystallization approaches were successful for some members of the CLR family. To allow crystallization, the intracellular loop was in most structures replaced by a short linker present in prokaryotic CLRs. Therefore, no structural information about the large TM3–4 loop of CLRs including the glycine receptors (GlyRs) is available except for some basic stretches close to TM3 and TM4. The intracellular loop has been intensively studied with regard to functional aspects including desensitization, modulation of channel physiology by pharmacological substances, posttranslational modifications, and motifs important for trafficking. Furthermore, the ICD interacts with scaffold proteins enabling inhibitory synapse formation. This review focuses on attempts to define structural and functional elements within the ICD of GlyRs discussed with the background of protein-protein interactions and functional channel formation in the absence of the TM3–4 loop. KW - posttranslational modifications KW - GlyR receptors KW - synaptic inhibition KW - intracellular domain KW - interaction partners Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165394 IS - 9 ER -