TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kreissl, Michael C.
A1  - Stout, David B.
A1  - Wong, Koon-Pong
A1  - Wu, Hsiao-Ming
A1  - Caglayan, Evren
A1  - Ladno, Waldemar
A1  - Zhang, Xiaoli
A1  - Prior, John
A1  - Reiners, Christoph
A1  - Huang, Sung-Cheng
A1  - Schelbert, Heinrich R.
T1  - Influence of Dietary Interventions and Insulin on Myocardial, Skeletal Muscle and Brain [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Kinetics in Mice
N2  - Background: We evaluated the effect of insulin stimulation and dietary changes on myocardial, skeletal muscle and brain [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) kinetics and uptake in vivo in intact mice. Methods: Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and imaged under different conditions: non-fasted (n = 7; "controls"), non-fasted with insulin (2 IU/kg body weight) injected subcutaneously immediately prior to FDG (n = 6), fasted (n = 5), and fasted with insulin injection (n = 5). A 60-min small-animal PET with serial blood sampling and kinetic modeling was performed. Results: We found comparable FDG standardized uptake values (SUVs) in myocardium in the non-fasted controls and non-fasted-insulin injected group (SUV 45-60 min, 9.58 ± 1.62 vs. 9.98 ± 2.44; p = 0.74), a lower myocardial SUV was noted in the fasted group (3.48 ± 1.73; p < 0.001). In contrast, the FDG uptake rate constant (Ki) for myocardium increased significantly by 47% in non-fasted mice by insulin (13.4 ± 3.9 ml/min/100 g vs. 19.8 ± 3.3 ml/min/100 g; p = 0.030); in fasted mice, a lower myocardial Ki as compared to controls was observed (3.3 ± 1.9 ml/min/100 g; p < 0.001). Skeletal muscle SUVs and Ki values were increased by insulin independent of dietary state, whereas in the brain, those parameters were not influenced by fasting or administration of insulin. Fasting led to a reduction in glucose metabolic rate in the myocardium (19.41 ± 5.39 vs. 3.26 ± 1.97 mg/min/100 g; p < 0.001), the skeletal muscle (1.06 ± 0.34 vs. 0.34 ± 0.08 mg/min/100 g; p = 0.001) but not the brain (3.21 ± 0.53 vs. 2.85 ± 0.25 mg/min/100 g; p = 0.19). Conclusions: Changes in organ SUVs, uptake rate constants and metabolic rates induced by fasting and insulin administration as observed in intact mice by small-animal PET imaging are consistent with those observed in isolated heart/muscle preparations and, more importantly, in vivo studies in larger animals and in humans. When assessing the effect of insulin on the myocardial glucose metabolism of non-fasted mice, it is not sufficient to just calculate the SUV - dynamic imaging with kinetic modeling is necessary.
KW  - Insulin
KW  - Gehirn
KW  - Skelettmuskel
KW  - Maus
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68775
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Goel, Mahima
A1  - Siegert, Marie
A1  - Krauss, Gert
A1  - Mohanraj, John
A1  - Hochgesang, Adrian
A1  - Heinrich, David C.
A1  - Fried, Martina
A1  - Pflaum, Jens
A1  - Thelakkat, Mukundan
T1  - HOMO–HOMO Electron Transfer: An Elegant Strategy for p‐Type Doping of Polymer Semiconductors toward Thermoelectric Applications
JF  - Advanced Materials
N2  - Unlike the conventional p‐doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) using acceptors, here, an efficient doping concept for diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based polymer PDPP[T]\(_{2}\)‐EDOT (OSC‐1) is presented using an oxidized p‐type semiconductor, Spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)\(_{2}\) (OSC‐2), exploiting electron transfer from HOMO\(_{OSC-1}\) to HOMO\(_{OSC-2}\). A shift of work function toward the HOMO\(_{OSC-1}\) upon doping is confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Detailed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–vis–NIR absorption studies confirm HOMO\(_{OSC-1}\) to HOMO\(_{OSC-2}\) electron transfer. The reduction products of Spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI)\(_{2}\) to Spiro‐OMeTAD(TFSI) and Spiro‐OMeTAD is also confirmed and their relative amounts in doped samples is determined. Mott–Schottky analysis shows two orders of magnitude increase in free charge carrier density and one order of magnitude increase in the charge carrier mobility. The conductivity increases considerably by four orders of magnitude to a maximum of 10 S m\(^{-1}\) for a very low doping ratio of 8 mol%. The doped polymer films exhibit high thermal and ambient stability resulting in a maximum power factor of 0.07 µW m\(^{-1}\) K\(^{-2}\) at a Seebeck coefficient of 140 µV K\(^{-1}\) for a very low doping ratio of 4 mol%. Also, the concept of HOMO\(_{OSC-1}\) to HOMO\(_{OSC-2}\) electron transfer is a highly efficient, stable and generic way to p‐dope other conjugated polymers.
KW  - molecular doping
KW  - Mott–Schottky analysis
KW  - organic semiconductors
KW  - polymer thermoelectrics
KW  - ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217850
VL  - 32
IS  - 43
ER  -