TY - THES A1 - Hoffmann, Ulrike T1 - Auswirkungen ionisierender Strahlung auf das Proliferationsverhalten humaner fetaler Lungenfibroblasten im Ko-Kultur-Modell T1 - Effects of ionizing radiation on the prolferation pattern of co-cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts N2 - Eine wichtige Therapieform thorakaler Malignome stellt die Strahlenbehandlung dar. Als unerwünschte Wirkung kann hierbei eine Schädigung des Lungengewebes im Sinne einer Pneumonitis (bei ca. 7-20 % aller Patienten) oder einer Lungenfibrose (bei bis zu 39 % der Patienten nach mehreren Jahren) auftreten. Dabei haben die Fibroblasten als ortsständige Bindegewebszellen einen aktiveren Anteil, als lange Zeit angenommen. Sie können auf die Bestrahlung mit einer vorzeitigen Differenzierung in den terminalen Reifezustand reagieren, verbunden mit einer erhöhten Kollagenproduktion. Desweiteren weisen sie nach Bestrahlung eine vermehrte Syntheseleistung für interzelluläre Botenstoffe, sogenannte Cytokine, auf. Hierbei ist vor allem das profibrotische Cytokin Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-ß) zu nennen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, quantitative Aussagen über das Proliferationsverhalten menschlicher Lungenfibroblasten nach Bestrahlung zu treffen. Um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen bestrahlten und nicht bestrahlten Fibroblasten zu untersuchen, wurde ein Ko-Kultur-Modell verwendet, welches freien Stoffaustausch zwischen den Fibroblasten ermöglichte, einen direkten Zellkontakt aber verhinderte. Die dafür vorgesehenen Fibroblasten wurden mit einer einmaligen Dosis von 4; 7 bzw. 10 Gy bestrahlt. Die Versuchsdauer betrug 12 Tage. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß humane fetale Lungenfibroblasten als direkte Reaktion auf die Bestrahlung mit ionisierenden Strahlen dosisabhängig dezimiert wurden. Im Gegensatz dazu reagierten die in Nachbarschaft zu den bestrahlten Fibroblasten ko-kultivierten Zellen mit einer signifikanten Zunahme ihres Zellwachstums. Es kann daraus geschlußfolgert werden, daß Fibroblasten nach Radiatio parakrin wirksame und für benachbarte Zellen wachstumsfördernde Substanzen produzieren. Die vorliegenden Versuche zeigten desweiteren, daß humane fetale Lungenfibroblasten nach Zugabe von exogenem TGF-ß verstärkt proliferierten. Bei ko-kultivierten, nicht selbst TGF-ß-exponierten Zellen konnte ebenfalls ein Mehrwachstum über die Dauer bis zu 12 Tagen beobachtet werden. Dies legt die Vermutung nahe, daß nach kurzem Kontakt mit TGF-ß eine autokrine und damit von äußeren Stimuli unabhängige Produktion von Wachstumsfaktoren durch Fibroblasten erfolgen kann. Ob es sich dabei um TGF-ß selbst oder nachgeschaltete, synergistisch wirkende Substanzen handelte, konnte mit der angewendeten Versuchsordnung nicht geklärt werden. Somit unterstützen die Resultate dieser Arbeit die Hypothese, daß bestrahlte Fibroblasten über cytokinvermittelte Interaktionen mit benachbarten Zellen diese in einen erhöhten Aktivierungszustand mit verstärkter Proliferation und Produktion von Interzellularsubstanzen versetzen können. Dies kann im Verlauf zum bindegewebigen Umbau des betroffenen Gewebes bis zum Vollbild einer Fibrose führen. Die Ursache für die ausbleibende Terminierung der profibrotischen Aktivitäten nach Wegfall des traumatischen Agens und damit die Verhältnisse „einer Wunde, die nicht heilt“ sind noch unklar. Die Lösung dieses Problems würde kausale Präventions- und Therapiemaßnahmen ermöglichen, welche die Inzidenz und Ausprägung von Lungenschädigungen als Folge thorakaler Bestrahlung vermindern und die Radiotherapie von malignen Tumoren intensivieren helfen könnte. N2 - Radiotherapy is an essential treatment of thoracic malignomas. A therapy-restricting factor is the radiation-induced lung tissue damage, i.e. a pneumonitis (7-20 % of all patients) or a fibrosis (up to 39 % of all patients after some years). In this regard, lung fibroblasts as the local connective tissue cells play a more active role than it was assumed previously. Ionizing radiation induces a premature terminal differentiation of fibroblasts and an increased production of extracellular matrix components. Additionally, irradiated fibroblasts cause an enhanced synthesis of intercellular transmitting molecules, the so called cytokines. In this context, Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-ß) appears to be one of the potential profibrotic cytokines produced by fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to determine the proliferation behaviour of human lung fibroblasts after a single irradiation. In order to analyze the interactions between irradiated and non-irradiated cells we used a co-culture system that enabled molecules to interchange between wells and inserts through small pores but prevented a direct cellular contact. The single radiation dose was 4; 7 and 10 Gy, respectively. One experiment lasted 12 days. The results showed a dose-depending reduction of the directly irradiated fibroblasts. In contrast, the co-cultured cells not exposed to direct radiation increased their proliferation rate significantly. Therefore, we conclude that irradiated fibroblasts produce paracrine effective molecules which can lead to an enhanced growth of neighbouring cells. Additionally, we studied the influence of exogenously added TGF-ß on human fetal lung fibroblasts. An increased proliferation of both directly treated cells and co-cultured cells could be demonstrated. We assume an autocrine production of growth factors by fibroblasts after a short exposition to TGF-ß, a process that seems to be independent of other external stimuli. Whether these substances are TGF-ß or other factors with a similar effect could not be tested in this study. Our results support the hypothesis that irradiated lung fibroblasts are able to interact with neighbouring non-irradiated cells via cytokines. These cytokines cause an increased activation level of the latter cells with enhanced proliferation and production of extracellular matrix components like collagen and fibronectin. This ongoing processes might lead to a fibrotic remodelling or, finally, to a tissue fibrosis. The reasons for the failing termination of these profibrotic activities after the traumatic agens has been removed remain unclear. The solution of this problem will hopefully lead to the development of an effective prevention and therapy of radiation-induced tissue damage in the future. This could help to intensify and optimize the radiotherapy of malignant tumors. KW - Bestrahlung KW - Transforming Growth Factor-beta KW - Lungenfibroblasten KW - Proliferation KW - Ko-Kultur KW - irradiation KW - Transforming Growth Factor-beta KW - lung fibroblasts KW - proliferation KW - co-culture Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4887 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matera, Carlo A1 - Kauk, Michael A1 - Cirillo, Davide A1 - Maspero, Marco A1 - Papotto, Claudio A1 - Volpato, Daniela A1 - Holzgrabe, Ulrike A1 - De Amici, Marco A1 - Hoffmann, Carsten A1 - Dallanoce, Clelia T1 - Novel Xanomeline-containing bitopic ligands of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: design, synthesis and FRET investigation JF - Molecules N2 - In the last few years, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) receptor sensors have contributed to the understanding of GPCR ligand binding and functional activation. FRET sensors based on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been employed to study dual-steric ligands, allowing for the detection of different kinetics and distinguishing between partial, full, and super agonism. Herein, we report the synthesis of the two series of bitopic ligands, 12-Cn and 13-Cn, and their pharmacological investigation at the M\(_1\), M\(_2\), M\(_4\), and M\(_5\) FRET-based receptor sensors. The hybrids were prepared by merging the pharmacophoric moieties of the M\(_1\)/M\(_4\)-preferring orthosteric agonist Xanomeline 10 and the M\(_1\)-selective positive allosteric modulator 77-LH-28-1 (1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone) 11. The two pharmacophores were connected through alkylene chains of different lengths (C3, C5, C7, and C9). Analyzing the FRET responses, the tertiary amine compounds 12-C5, 12-C7, and 12-C9 evidenced a selective activation of M\(_1\) mAChRs, while the methyl tetrahydropyridinium salts 13-C5, 13-C7, and 13-C9 showed a degree of selectivity for M\(_1\) and M\(_4\) mAChRs. Moreover, whereas hybrids 12-Cn showed an almost linear response at the M\(_1\) subtype, hybrids 13-Cn evidenced a bell-shaped activation response. This different activation pattern suggests that the positive charge anchoring the compound 13-Cn to the orthosteric site ensues a degree of receptor activation depending on the linker length, which induces a graded conformational interference with the binding pocket closure. These bitopic derivatives represent novel pharmacological tools for a better understanding of ligand-receptor interactions at a molecular level. KW - muscarinic acetylcholine receptors KW - Xanomeline KW - 77-LH-28-1 KW - bitopic hybrid ligands KW - synthesis KW - fluorescence resonance energy transfer Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311249 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 28 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Annett A1 - Ebert, Thomas A1 - Hankir, Mohammed K. A1 - Flehmig, Gesine A1 - Klöting, Nora A1 - Jessnitzer, Beate A1 - Lössner, Ulrike A1 - Stumvoll, Michael A1 - Blüher, Matthias A1 - Fasshauer, Mathias A1 - Tönjes, Anke A1 - Miehle, Konstanze A1 - Kralisch, Susan T1 - Leptin improves parameters of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in lipodystrophic mice JF - Nutrients N2 - Lipodystrophy syndromes (LD) are a heterogeneous group of very rare congenital or acquired disorders characterized by a generalized or partial lack of adipose tissue. They are strongly associated with severe metabolic dysfunction due to ectopic fat accumulation in the liver and other organs and the dysregulation of several key adipokines, including leptin. Treatment with leptin or its analogues is therefore sufficient to reverse some of the metabolic symptoms of LD in patients and in mouse models through distinct mechanisms. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis has emerged as an important regulator of systemic metabolism in rodents and in humans, but it is poorly understood how leptin impacts BAT in LD. Here, we show in transgenic C57Bl/6 mice overexpressing sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in adipose tissue (Tg (aP2-nSREBP1c)), an established model of congenital LD, that daily subcutaneous administration of 3 mg/kg leptin for 6 to 8 weeks increases body temperature without affecting food intake or body weight. This is associated with increased protein expression of the thermogenic molecule uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and the sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in BAT. These findings suggest that leptin treatment in LD stimulates BAT thermogenesis through sympathetic nerves, which might contribute to some of its metabolic benefits by providing a healthy reservoir for excess circulating nutrients. KW - lipodystrophy KW - leptin KW - brown adipose tissue KW - thermogenesis KW - uncoupling protein 1 KW - sympathetic nervous system Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242787 SN - 2072-6643 VL - 13 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Volpato, Daniela A1 - Kauk, Michael A1 - Messerer, Regina A1 - Bermudez, Marcel A1 - Wolber, Gerhard A1 - Bock, Andreas A1 - Hoffmann, Carsten A1 - Holzgrabe, Ulrike T1 - The Role of Orthosteric Building Blocks of Bitopic Ligands for Muscarinic M1 Receptors JF - ACS Omega N2 - The muscarinic M\(_1\) acetylcholine receptor is an important drug target for the treatment of various neurological disorders. Designing M\(_1\) receptor-selective drugs has proven challenging, mainly due to the high conservation of the acetylcholine binding site among muscarinic receptor subtypes. Therefore, less conserved and topographically distinct allosteric binding sites have been explored to increase M\(_1\) receptor selectivity. In this line, bitopic ligands, which target orthosteric and allosteric binding sites simultaneously, may provide a promising strategy. Here, we explore the allosteric, M1-selective BQCAd scaffold derived from BQCA as a starting point for the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a series of novel bitopic ligands in which the orthosteric moieties and linker lengths are systematically varied. Since β-arrestin recruitment seems to be favorable to therapeutic implication, all the compounds were investigated by G protein and β-arrestin assays. Some bitopic ligands are partial to full agonists for G protein activation, some activate β-arrestin recruitment, and the degree of β-arrestin recruitment varies according to the respective modification. The allosteric BQCAd scaffold controls the positioning of the orthosteric ammonium group of all ligands, suggesting that this interaction is essential for stimulating G protein activation. However, β-arrestin recruitment is not affected. The novel set of bitopic ligands may constitute a toolbox to study the requirements of β-arrestin recruitment during ligand design for therapeutic usage. KW - muscarinic M1 receptor Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230548 VL - 5 IS - 49 ER -