TY - JOUR A1 - Lutz, Manfred B. A1 - Heuer, Marion A1 - Behlich, Anna-Sophie A1 - Lee, Ji-Sook A1 - Ribechini, Eliana A1 - Jo, Eun-Kyeong T1 - The 30-kDa and 38-kDa antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis induce partial maturation of human dendritic cells shifting CD4+ T cell responses towards IL-4 production JF - BMC Immunology N2 - Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections are still a major cause of death among all infectious diseases. Although 99% of individuals infected with Mtb develop a CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell mediated immunity as measured by tuberculin skin test, this results only in partial protection and Mtb vaccines are not effective. Deviation of immune responses by pathogens towards a Th2 profile is a common mechanism of immune evasion, typically leading to the persistence of the microbes. Results Here we tested the stimulatory capacity of selective Mtb antigens on human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) maturation and cytokine production. DC maturation markers CD80, CD86 and CD83 were readily upregulated by H37Ra- and H37Rv-associated antigens, the 30-kDa (from Ag85 B complex) and 38-KDa Mtb antigens only partially induced these markers. All Mtb antigens induced variable levels of IL-6 and low levels of IL-10, there was no release of IL-12p70 detectable. Substantial IL-12p40 production was restricted to LPS or H37Ra and H37Rv preparations. Although the proliferation levels of primary T cell responses were comparable using all the differentially stimulated DC, the 30-kDa and 38-kDa antigens showed a bias towards IL-4 secretion of polarized CD4+ T cells after secondary stimulation as compared to H37Ra and H37Rv preparations. Conclusion Together our data indicate that 30-kDa and 38-kDa Mtb antigens induced only partial DC maturation shifting immune responses towards a Th2 profile. KW - Dendritic cells KW - Mycobacterium tuberculosis KW - T helper cell responses Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96871 UR - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/14/48 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lutz, Marion T1 - Effects of nerve growth factor on TGF-Beta,Smad signal transduction in PC12 cells T1 - Einfluß von NGF auf die TGF-ß/Smad Signaltransduktion in PC12 Zellen N2 - Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is a multifunctional cytokine that is engaged in regulating versatile cellular processes that are pivotal for development and homeostasis of most tissues in multicellular organisms. TGF-ß signal transduction is initially propagated by binding of TGF-ß to transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors, designated TßRI and TßRII. Upon activation, the receptors phosphorylate Smad proteins which serve as downstream mediators that enter the nucleus and finally trigger transcriptional responses of specific genes. During the past years, it became evident that signaling cascades do not proceed in a linear fashion but rather represent a complex network of numerous pathways that mutually influence each other. Along these lines, members of the TGF-ß superfamily are attributed to synergize with neurotrophins. Together, they mediate neurotrophic effects in different populations of the nervous system, suggesting that an interdependence exists between TGF-ßs on the one hand and neurotrophins on the other. In the present work, the crosstalk of NGF and TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathways is characterized in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) which are frequently used as a model system for neuronal differentiation. PC12 cells were found to be unresponsive to TGF-ß due to limiting levels of TßRII. However, stimulation with NGF results in initiation of Smad-mediated transcription independent of TGF-ß. Binding of NGF to functional TrkA receptors triggers activation of Smad3. This NGF-dependent Smad activation occurs by a mechanism which is different from being induced by TGF-ß receptors in that it provokes a different phosphorylation pattern of R-Smads. Together with an inferior role of TßRI, Smad3 is proposed to serve as a substrate for cellular kinases other than TßRI. Based on the presented involvement of components of both, the MAPK/Erk and the TAK1/MKK6 cascade, signal mediators of these pathways rank as candidates to mediate direct activation of Smad3. Smad3 is subsequently translocated to the nucleus and activates transcription in a Smad4-dependent manner. Negative regulation is provided by Smad7 which was found to act as a potent inhibitor of Smad signaling not only in TGF-ß- but also in NGF-mediated cascades. The potential of NGF to activate the Smad pathway independent of TGF-ß might be of special importance in regulating expression of genes that are essential for the development and function of neuronal cells or of other NGF-sensitive cells, in particular those which are TGF-ß-resistant. N2 - Das multifunktionelle Zytokin TGF-ß ist an der Regulation vielfältiger zellulärer Prozesse beteiligt. Diese sind für die Entwicklung und die Homöostase der meisten Gewebe vielzelliger Organismen essenziell. Die TGF-ß Signaltransduktionskaskade wird durch die Bindung des Zytokins an spezifische transmembrane Serin/Threonin-Kinase Rezeptoren (TßRI und TßRII) initiiert. Eine solche Rezeptoraktivierung führt zur Phosphorylierung von Smad Proteinen. Diese dienen der Signalweiterleitung, indem sie anschließend in den Zellkern translozieren und dort die Transkription spezifischer Zielgene modulieren. In den letzten Jahren wurde deutlich, dass Signalkaskaden nicht nur linear weitergeleitet werden, sondern dass vielmehr ein komplexes Netzwerk aus zahlreichen, sich gegenseitig regulierenden, Signalwegen existiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch den Mitgliedern der TGF-ß Superfamilie zugeschrieben, dass sie mit Neurotrophinen kooperieren und somit deren Effekte in unterschiedlichen neuronalen Zellpopulationen unterstützen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der "crosstalk" von NGF- und TGF-ß/Smad-Signalwegen charakterisiert. Als Zellsystem dienten dazu Ratten Pheochromocytoma Zellen (PC12), die weithin als Modellsystem für neuronale Differenzierung verwendet werden. Basierend auf der Expression limitierender Mengen an TßRII, zeigen PC12 Zellen keine Responsivität gegenüber TGF-ß. Stimulation mit NGF hingegen resultiert - unabhängig von TGF-ß - in der Initiation von Smad-vermittelter Transkription. Die initiale Bindung von NGF an TrkA Rezeptoren führt zur Aktivierung von Smad3. Diese NGF-induzierte Smad-Aktivierung unterscheidet sich von der durch TGF-ß-Rezeptoren initiierten Aktivierung hinsichtlich des Phosphorylierungsmusters der R-Smads. Da weiterhin gezeigt werden konnte, dass die TGF-ß Rezeptoren für NGF-induzierte Ereignisse eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen, wird angenommen, dass Smad3 ein Substrat für andere zelluläre Kinasen als TßRI ist. Die hier nachgewiesene Beteiligung der MAPK/Erk Kaskade sowie des TAK1/MKK6 Signalwegs an der Weiterleitung des NGF-Signals machen deren Signalmoleküle zu potenziellen Kinasen für die direkte Aktivierung von Smad3. Im Anschluß daran erfolgt die nukleäre Translokation des Smad3 und spezifische Promotoraktivierungen unter Beteiligung von Smad4. Abschließend konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Smad7 Protein, nicht nur nach TGF-ß- sondern auch nach NGF-Stimulation als effektiver Inhibitor der Smad Signalkaskade wirkt. Die bislang unbekannte Fähigkeit, den Smad-Signaltransduktionsweg unabhängig von TGF-ß zu aktivieren, schreibt NGF eine besondere Bedeutung für die Genregulation in neuronalen Zellpopulationen oder anderen NGF-sensitiven - insbesondere TGF-ß-resistenten - Zellen zu. KW - Transforming growth factor beta KW - Nervenwachstumsfaktor KW - Signaltransduktion KW - TGF-ß KW - NGF KW - Signaltransduktion KW - TGF-ß KW - NGF KW - signal transduction KW - crosstalk Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4248 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aintablian, Arpa A1 - Strozniak, Sandra A1 - Heuer, Marion A1 - Lutz, Manfred B. T1 - M-MDSC in vitro generation from mouse bone marrow with IL-3 reveals high expression and functional activity of arginase 1 JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent major regulators of immune responses, which can control T cells via their inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)- and arginase 1 (Arg1)-mediated effector functions. While GM-CSF is well documented to promote MDSC development, little is known about this potential of IL-3, an established growth factor for mast cells. Here, we show that IL-3, similar to GM-CSF, generates monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) from murine bone marrow (BM) cells after 3 days of in vitro culture. At this time point, predominantly CD11b+ CD49a+ monocytic and CD11b+ CD49a- FcεR I- neutrophilic cells were detectable, while CD11blow/neg FcεR I+ mast cells accumulated only after extended culture periods. Both growth factors were equivalent in generating M-MDSC with respect to phenotype, cell yield and typical surface markers. However, IL-3 generated M-MDSC produced less TNF, IL-1β and IL-10 after activation with LPS + IFN-γ but showed higher Arg1 expression compared to GM-CSF generated M-MDSC. Arg1 was further induced together with iNOS after MDSC activation. Accordingly, an increased Arg1-dependent suppressor activity by the IL-3 generated M-MDSC was observed using respective iNOS and Arg1 inhibitors. Together, these data indicate that M-MDSC can be generated in vitro by IL-3, similar to GM-CSF, but with increased Arg1 expression and Arg1-mediated suppression capacity. This protocol now allows further in vitro studies on the role of IL-3 for MDSC biology. KW - myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) KW - bone marrow KW - IL-3 KW - GM-CSF KW - in vitro culture KW - protocol Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317769 VL - 14 ER -