TY - JOUR A1 - Viljur, Mari‐Liis A1 - Abella, Scott R. A1 - Adámek, Martin A1 - Alencar, Janderson Batista Rodrigues A1 - Barber, Nicholas A. A1 - Beudert, Burkhard A1 - Burkle, Laura A. A1 - Cagnolo, Luciano A1 - Campos, Brent R. A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Chergui, Brahim A1 - Choi, Chang‐Yong A1 - Cleary, Daniel F. R. A1 - Davis, Thomas Seth A1 - Dechnik‐Vázquez, Yanus A. A1 - Downing, William M. A1 - Fuentes‐Ramirez, Andrés A1 - Gandhi, Kamal J. K. A1 - Gehring, Catherine A1 - Georgiev, Kostadin B. A1 - Gimbutas, Mark A1 - Gongalsky, Konstantin B. A1 - Gorbunova, Anastasiya Y. A1 - Greenberg, Cathryn H. A1 - Hylander, Kristoffer A1 - Jules, Erik S. A1 - Korobushkin, Daniil I. A1 - Köster, Kajar A1 - Kurth, Valerie A1 - Lanham, Joseph Drew A1 - Lazarina, Maria A1 - Leverkus, Alexandro B. A1 - Lindenmayer, David A1 - Marra, Daniel Magnabosco A1 - Martín‐Pinto, Pablo A1 - Meave, Jorge A. A1 - Moretti, Marco A1 - Nam, Hyun‐Young A1 - Obrist, Martin K. A1 - Petanidou, Theodora A1 - Pons, Pere A1 - Potts, Simon G. A1 - Rapoport, Irina B. A1 - Rhoades, Paul R. A1 - Richter, Clark A1 - Saifutdinov, Ruslan A. A1 - Sanders, Nathan J. A1 - Santos, Xavier A1 - Steel, Zachary A1 - Tavella, Julia A1 - Wendenburg, Clara A1 - Wermelinger, Beat A1 - Zaitsev, Andrey S. A1 - Thorn, Simon T1 - The effect of natural disturbances on forest biodiversity: an ecological synthesis JF - Biological Reviews N2 - Disturbances alter biodiversity via their specific characteristics, including severity and extent in the landscape, which act at different temporal and spatial scales. Biodiversity response to disturbance also depends on the community characteristics and habitat requirements of species. Untangling the mechanistic interplay of these factors has guided disturbance ecology for decades, generating mixed scientific evidence of biodiversity responses to disturbance. Understanding the impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity is increasingly important due to human‐induced changes in natural disturbance regimes. In many areas, major natural forest disturbances, such as wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks, are becoming more frequent, intense, severe, and widespread due to climate change and land‐use change. Conversely, the suppression of natural disturbances threatens disturbance‐dependent biota. Using a meta‐analytic approach, we analysed a global data set (with most sampling concentrated in temperate and boreal secondary forests) of species assemblages of 26 taxonomic groups, including plants, animals, and fungi collected from forests affected by wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks. The overall effect of natural disturbances on α‐diversity did not differ significantly from zero, but some taxonomic groups responded positively to disturbance, while others tended to respond negatively. Disturbance was beneficial for taxonomic groups preferring conditions associated with open canopies (e.g. hymenopterans and hoverflies), whereas ground‐dwelling groups and/or groups typically associated with shady conditions (e.g. epigeic lichens and mycorrhizal fungi) were more likely to be negatively impacted by disturbance. Across all taxonomic groups, the highest α‐diversity in disturbed forest patches occurred under moderate disturbance severity, i.e. with approximately 55% of trees killed by disturbance. We further extended our meta‐analysis by applying a unified diversity concept based on Hill numbers to estimate α‐diversity changes in different taxonomic groups across a gradient of disturbance severity measured at the stand scale and incorporating other disturbance features. We found that disturbance severity negatively affected diversity for Hill number q = 0 but not for q = 1 and q = 2, indicating that diversity–disturbance relationships are shaped by species relative abundances. Our synthesis of α‐diversity was extended by a synthesis of disturbance‐induced change in species assemblages, and revealed that disturbance changes the β‐diversity of multiple taxonomic groups, including some groups that were not affected at the α‐diversity level (birds and woody plants). Finally, we used mixed rarefaction/extrapolation to estimate biodiversity change as a function of the proportion of forests that were disturbed, i.e. the disturbance extent measured at the landscape scale. The comparison of intact and naturally disturbed forests revealed that both types of forests provide habitat for unique species assemblages, whereas species diversity in the mixture of disturbed and undisturbed forests peaked at intermediate values of disturbance extent in the simulated landscape. Hence, the relationship between α‐diversity and disturbance severity in disturbed forest stands was strikingly similar to the relationship between species richness and disturbance extent in a landscape consisting of both disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. This result suggests that both moderate disturbance severity and moderate disturbance extent support the highest levels of biodiversity in contemporary forest landscapes. KW - natural disturbance KW - diversity–disturbance relationship KW - disturbance severity KW - disturbance extent KW - intermediate disturbance hypothesis KW - forest communities KW - α‐diversity KW - β‐diversity Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287168 VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 1930 EP - 1947 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uttinger, Konstantin L. A1 - Riedmeier, Maria A1 - Reibetanz, Joachim A1 - Meyer, Thomas A1 - Germer, Christoph Thomas A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Wiegering, Armin A1 - Wiegering, Verena T1 - Adrenalectomies in children and adolescents in Germany – a diagnose related groups based analysis from 2009-2017 JF - Frontiers in Endocrinology N2 - Background Adrenalectomies are rare procedures especially in childhood. So far, no large cohort study on this topic has been published with data on to age distribution, operative procedures, hospital volume and operative outcome. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of anonymized nationwide hospital billing data (DRG data, 2009-2017). All adrenal surgeries (defined by OPS codes) of patients between the age 0 and 21 years in Germany were included. Results A total of 523 patient records were identified. The mean age was 8.6 ± 7.7 years and 262 patients were female (50.1%). The majority of patients were between 0 and 5 years old (52% overall), while 11.1% were between 6 and 11 and 38.8% older than 12 years. The most common diagnoses were malignant neoplasms of the adrenal gland (56%, mostly neuroblastoma) with the majority being younger than 5 years. Benign neoplasms in the adrenal gland (D350) account for 29% of all cases with the majority of affected patients being 12 years or older. 15% were not defined regarding tumor behavior. Overall complication rate was 27% with a clear higher complication rate in resection for malignant neoplasia of the adrenal gland. Bleeding occurrence and transfusions are the main complications, followed by the necessary of relaparotomy. There was an uneven patient distribution between hospital tertiles (low volume, medium and high volume tertile). While 164 patients received surgery in 85 different “low volume” hospitals (0.2 cases per hospital per year), 205 patients received surgery in 8 different “high volume” hospitals (2.8 cases per hospital per year; p<0.001). Patients in high volume centers were significant younger, had more extended resections and more often malignant neoplasia. In multivariable analysis younger age, extended resections and open procedures were independent predictors for occurrence of postoperative complications. Conclusion Overall complication rate of adrenalectomies in the pediatric population in Germany is low, demonstrating good therapeutic quality. Our analysis revealed a very uneven distribution of patient volume among hospitals. KW - pediatric KW - neuroblastoma – diagnosis KW - therapy KW - adrenocortical adenocarcinoma KW - outcome KW - volume KW - adrenalectomia Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282280 SN - 1664-2392 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riedmeier, Maria A1 - Decarolis, Boris A1 - Haubitz, Imme A1 - Müller, Sophie A1 - Uttinger, Konstantin A1 - Börner, Kevin A1 - Reibetanz, Joachim A1 - Wiegering, Armin A1 - Härtel, Christoph A1 - Schlegel, Paul-Gerhardt A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Wiegering, Verena T1 - Adrenocortical carcinoma in childhood: a systematic review JF - Cancers N2 - Adrenocortical tumors are rare in children. This systematic review summarizes the published evidence on pediatric adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) to provide a basis for a better understanding of the disease, investigate new molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and define which patients may benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic approach. We included 137 studies with 3680 ACC patients (~65% female) in our analysis. We found no randomized controlled trials, so this review mainly reflects retrospective data. Due to a specific mutation in the TP53 gene in ~80% of Brazilian patients, that cohort was analyzed separately from series from other countries. Hormone analysis was described in 2569 of the 2874 patients (89%). Most patients were diagnosed with localized disease, whereas 23% had metastasis at primary diagnosis. Only 72% of the patients achieved complete resection. In 334 children (23%), recurrent disease was reported: 81% — local recurrence, 19% (n = 65) — distant metastases at relapse. Patients < 4 years old had a different distribution of tumor stages and hormone activity and better overall survival (p < 0.001). Although therapeutic approaches are typically multimodal, no consensus is available on effective standard treatments for advanced ACC. Thus, knowledge regarding pediatric ACC is still scarce and international prospective studies are needed to implement standardized clinical stratifications and risk-adapted therapeutic strategies. KW - pediatric adrenocortical cancer KW - pediatric adrenocortical adenoma KW - pediatric adrenocortical tumor KW - prognostic factors KW - therapy Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248507 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 13 IS - 21 ER - TY - THES A1 - Martin, Konstantin T1 - Current-induced Magnetization Switching by a generated Spin-Orbit Torque in the 3D Topological Insulator Material HgTe T1 - Strom-Induzierte Umorientierung einer Magnetisierung mit Hilfe eines Spin-Bahn Drehmoments auf der Oberfläche des 3D topologischen Isolators HgTe N2 - Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) technology aims to replace dynamic RAM (DRAM) due to its significantly lower power consumption and non-volatility [Dong08]. During the last couple of years the commercial focus was set on spin-transfer torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) systems, where a current is pushed through a ferromagnetic (FM) free layer and a reference layer which are separated by an insulator. The free layer can be set to parallel or anti-parallel depending on the current direction [Kim11]. Unfortunately these currents have to be quite high which could lead to damages of the tunnel barrier of the magnetic tunnel junction resulting in higher power consumption as well as reliability issues. At this point a new effect, where the current is passed below the ferromagnetic layer stack, can be exploited to change the direction of the free layer magnetization. The effect is known as spin-orbit torque (SOT) and describes the transfer of angular momentum onto an adjacent magnetization either by the spin Hall effect (SHE) or inverse spin galvanic effect (iSGE) [Manchon19]. The latter describes a spin accumulation due to a current. This is similar to the process of spin accumulation in TIs, where a current corresponds to an effective spin due to spin-momentum locking [Qi11]. Thus TIs exhibit a high current-to-spin conversion rate, which makes them a promising material system for SOT experiments. Among all TIs it is HgTe, which can be reliably grown as an insulator. This thesis covers the development of a working device for SOT measurements (SOT-device) in a CdTe/CdHgTe/HgTe/CdHgTe heterostructure. It involves the development of a tunnel barrier (ZrOx) as well as the investigation of the behavior of a ferromagnetic layer stack on top of etched HgTe. The main result of this work is the successful construction and evaluation of a working SOT-device, which exhibits the up to date most efficient switching of in-plane magnetized ferromagnetic layer stacks. In order to avoid hybridization between HgTe and the adjacent ferromagnetic atoms, which would cause a breakdown of the topological surface state, it is necessary to implement a thin tunnel barrier in between the TI and free layer [Zhang16]. Aside from hybridization a tunnel barrier avoids shunting of the current, that is pushed on the surface of the HgTe/CdHgTe interface. Thus a bigger part of the current can be used for spin accumulation and, at the same time, the resistance measurement of the ferromagnetic layer stack is not perturbed. In chapter 3 the focus is set on investigating the tunneling characteristics of ZrOx on top of dry etched HgTe. Thin barriers are used as the interaction of the current generated spin and the adjacent magnetization decreases with distance. On the other hand too small insulator thicknesses lead to leakage currents which disturb heavily the measurement of the resistance of the ferromagnetic layer stack. Thus an optimum thickness of 10 ALD cycles (\(d\approx 1.6\rm\, nm\)) is determined which yields a resistance area product of \(R\cdot A \approx 3\rm\, k\Omega\mu m^{2}\). This corresponds to a tunneling resistance of \(R_{T}\approx 20\rm\, k\Omega\) over a structure surface of \(A_{T} = 0.12\rm\, \mu m^2\). Multiple samples with different thicknesses have been produced. All samples have been examined on their tunneling behavior. The resistance area product as a function of thickness shows a linear behavior on a logarithmic scale. Furthermore all working samples show non-linear I-V curves as well as parabolic dI/dV-curves. Additionally the tunneling resistance \(R_{T}\) increases with decreasing temperature. All above mentioned properties are typical for tunnel barriers which do not include pinholes [Jonsson00]. The last part of chapter 3 deals with thermal properties of HgTe. By measuring the second harmonic of a biasing AC current in the channel below the tunnel barrier it is attempted to extract the diffusion thermopower of the heated electrons. Unfortunately the measured signal showed a far superior contribution of the first harmonic. According to electric circuit simulations a small asymmetry in the barrier (penetration and leaving point of electrons) could be responsible for this behavior. A ferromagnetic layer stack, consisting of PY/Cu/CoFe, serves as a sensor for magnetization changes due to external fields and current induced spin accumulations. The layer stack exhibits a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) which has been measured by a resistance bridge. The biggest peculiarity in depositing a GMR stack on top of HgTe is that its easy axis forms along only one of the crystal axes (\((110)\) or \((1\overline{1}0)\)). The reason for this anisotropy is still unclear. Sources such as an influence of the terminating material, miscut, furrows during IBE or sputter ripples have been ruled out. It can be speculated that the surface states due to HgTe might have an influence on the development of this easy axis but this would need further investigation. A consequence of this unexpected anisotropy is that every CdTe/CdHgTe/HgTe/CdHgTe wafer has first to be characterized in SQUID in order to find the easy axis. A ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement confirmed this observation. The shape of the ferromagnetic layer stack is chosen to be an ellipse in order to support the easy axis direction by shape anisotropy. Over 8 million ellipses are used to generate a SQUID signal of \(m > 10^{-5}\rm\, emu\). This is sufficient to extract the main characteristics of an average nano pillar under the influence of an external magnetic field. As in the case of bigger structures the ellipse shaped structure shows a step-like behavior. A measured minor loop confirms the existence of the irreversible anti-parallel stable magnetic state. Furthermore this state persists for both directions at \(m=0\) resulting in an anti-ferromagnetic coupling between Py and CoFe. The geometry of the SOT-device is chosen in such a way that the current induced spin aligns either parallel or anti-parallel to the effective magnetic field \(\vec{B}_{eff}=\vec{B}_{ext}+\vec{B}_{aniso}+\vec{B}_{shape}\), which acts on the pillar. Due to interaction of the spin with the adjacent magnetization of Py the magnetization direction gets changed by a torque \(\vec{T}\). In general this torque can be decomposed into two components a field-like torque \(\vec{\tau}_{FL}\) and a damping-like torque \(\vec{\tau}_{DL}\) [Manchon19]. In the case of TIs \(\vec{T}\) is additionally depending on the z-component of \(\vec{m}\) [Ndiaye17]. In our case the magnetization is lying in the sample plane (\(m_{z}=0\)) which results in \(\vec{\tau}_{DL}=0\). Thus, in the case of \(\vec{S}\parallel\left(\vec{\hat{z}}\times\vec{j}\right)\) and \(\vec{j}\parallel\vec{\hat{y}}\), the only spin dependent effective magnetic field is \(\vec{B}_{FL}=\tau_{FL}\cdot\vec{\hat{x}}\) which is lying parallel or anti-parallel to \(\vec{B}_{eff}\). The evaluation of \(\vec{B}_{FL}\) can therefore be done in the following manner. First a high \(B_{ext}\) has to be set along the easy axis of the pillar. Then \(B_{ext}\) has to be reduced just a few \(\rm\, Oe\) before the switching occurs at the magnetic field \(B_{ext,0}\). At the magnetic field \(\Delta B = B_{ext}-B_{ext,0}\approx 0.5\rm\, Oe\) the lower resistive state should be stable over a longer time range (\(10-30\rm\, min\)) in order to exclude switching due to fluctuations. Now a positive or negative current can be pushed through the channel below the pillar. For one of the two current directions the magnetization of Py switches. It is therefore not a thermal effect that drives the change of \(\vec{m}\). Current densities that are able to switch \(\vec{m}\) at small \(\Delta B\neq 0\) lie in the range of \(j\approx 10^{4}\rm\, A/cm^{2}\). In all experiments the switching efficiency \(\Delta B/j\) decreases with rising \(j\). Furthermore the efficiency as a function of \(j\) depends on the temperature as \(\Delta B/j\) values tend to be up to 20 times higher at \(T=1.8\rm\, K\) and \(j\approx 0\) than at \(T=4.2\rm\, K\). This temperature dependence suggests that switching occurs not due to Oersted fields. Furthermore the Biot-Savart fields had been calculated for four different models: an infinite long rectangular wire, two infinite planes, a full volume and two thin volume planes. Every model shows an efficiency, which is at least three times lower than the observation. The highest efficiencies in our samples show up to 10 times higher values than in heavy-metal/ferromagnets heterostructures. In contrast to measurement procedures of most other groups our method leads to direct determination of SOT parameters like the effective magnetic field \(\vec{B}_{FL}\). Other groups make use of spin-transfer FMR (ST-FMR) where they AC bias their structure and extract SOT parameters (like \(\tau_{FL}\) and \(\tau_{DL}\)) from second harmonics by fitting theoretical models. Material systems consisting of TIs and magnetic insulators (MIs) on the other hand show 10 times higher efficiencies [Khang18,Li19]. In those cases the magnetization points out of the sample plane which is conceptually different from in-plane magnetic anisotropy geometries like in our case. The greatest benefit in-plane magnetic anisotropy systems is its easy realisation [Bhatti17]. Here only an elliptical shape has to be lithographically implemented instead of conducting research on the appropriate combination of material systems that result in perpendicular magnetic anisotropies [Apalkov16]. Despite the fact that in our case only \(\vec{\tau}_{FL}\) acts as the driving force for changing \(m\) our device still exhibits the up to date highest efficiencies in the class of in-plane magnetized anisotropies of all material classes ever recorded. N2 - Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) ist eine Technologie, die darauf abzielt dynamic RAM (DRAM) aufgrund der geringeren Energieaufnahme und ihrer magnetischen Beständigkeit zu ersetzen [Dong08]. In den letzten Jahren wurde der kommerzielle Fokus auf spin-transfer MRAM (STT-MRAM) gelegt. Bei diesen Systemen wird der Strom an zwei durch einen Isolator getrennte Ferromagneten (FM), einer freien Schicht und einer Referenzschicht gelegt. Je nach Stromrichtung kann sich die freie Schicht parallel oder anti-parallel zur Referenzschicht anordnen [Kim11]. Jedoch können die zur Ummagnetisierung notwendigen Ströme so hoch ausfallen, dass die Tunnelbarriere schaden nimmt, wodurch ein höherer Energieverbrauch und unzuverlässiges Verhalten hervorgerufen werden. An dieser Stelle besteht die Möglichkeit einen anderen Effekt auszunutzen, für den der Strom unter der freien Schicht angelegt wird, um die nächstgelegene Magnetisierung zu beeinflussen. Beim sogenannten spin-orbit torque (SOT) wird das magnetische Moment eines zur elektrischen Leitung beitragenden Elektrons auf die darüber liegende Magnetisierung übertragen. Dies geschieht entweder anhand des spin Hall effect (SHE) oder inverse spin galvanic effect (iSGE) [Manchon19]. Letzteres beschreibt eine Spinakkumulation aufgrund eines elektrischen Stromflusses, welche auch bei topologischen Isolatoren (TI) auftritt. Diese speziellen Materialsysteme besitzen leitende Oberflächenzustände, bei denen Impuls- und Spinvektor senkrecht aufeinander stehen (spin-momentum locking) und in der Probenebene liegen [Qi11]. Hieraus resultiert eine hohe Strom-zu-Spin Umwandlungsrate, wodurch sich TIs besonders gut für SOT Experimente eignen. Unter allen TIs ist HgTe das Materialsystem, welches zuverläassig als Isolator gewachsen werden kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung und dem Aufbau einer mikrostrukturierten Apparatur zur Bestimmung von SOT Parametern (SOT-Struktur) in einem CdTe/CdHgTe/HgTe/CdHgTe Materialsystem. Es umfasst die Entwicklung einer Tunnelbarriere (ZrOx), sowie die Untersuchung des Verhaltens ferromagnetischer Strukturen auf der Oberfläche von trockengeätztem HgTe. Die Kernaussage dieser Arbeit ist, dass das vorliegende erfolgreich realisierte SOT-device die höchsten bis dato bekannten Effizienzen in der Ummagnetisierung von planar anisotropischen ferromagnetischen Strukturen aufweist. Um die Hybridisierung zwischen HgTe und dem darüber liegenden FM und somit einen Zusammenbruch der Oberflächenzustände zu vermeiden, muss zwischen den beiden Materialien eine Tunnelbarriere eingefügt werden [Zhang16]. Neben der Verhinderung der Hybridisierung, sorgt die Tunnelbarriere für eine Verminderung des Leckstromes, wodurch der größte Teil des elektrischen Stroms zur Spinakkumulation beitragen kann. Zudem werden Störungen bei der Widerstandsmessung des ferromagnetischen Schichtsystems reduziert. Kapitel 3 befasst sich mit der Erforschung von Tunnelcharakteristiken von ZrOx auf trockengeätztem HgTe. Es werden dünne Schichten verwendet, da die Wechselwirkung zwischen Spin und Magnetisierung mit dem Abstand zueinander abnimmt. Andererseits führt eine zu dünne Isolatorschicht zu einem hohen Leckstrom, welcher die Widerstandsmessung der ferromagnetischen Schichtstruktur stark beeinflusst. Folglich wurde eine optimale Isolatordicke bestimmt, die 10 ALD Zyklen (\(d\approx1,6\rm\, nm\)) entspricht und ein Widerstandsflächenprodukt von \(R\cdot A \approx 3\rm\, k\Omega\mu m^{2}\) ergibt. Dies entspricht einem Tunnelwiderstand von \(R_{T}\approx 20\rm\, k\Omega\) bei einer Strukturfläche von \(A_{T} = 0.12\rm\, \mu m^2\). Es werden mehrere Proben unterschiedlicher Dicke hergestellt und auf ihre Tunnelcharakteristiken untersucht. Das Widerstandsflächenprodukt in Abhängigkeit von der Barrierendicke zeigt lineares Verhalten auf einer logarithmischen Skala. Darüber hinaus weisen alle funktionierenden Proben nicht-lineare I-V Kurven und parabolische dI/dV Verläufe auf. Der Tunnelwiderstand \(R_{T}\) steigt mit abnehmender Temperatur. Die genannten Eigenschaften sind typisch für Tunnelbarrieren ohne lokal stark ausgedünnte Stellen (pinholes) [Jonsson00]. Am Ende von Kapitel 3 wird die Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung thermischer Eigenschaften von HgTe erörtert. Hierbei wird das Signal der zweiten Harmonischen eines AC Anregungsstromes, der unterhalb der Tunnelbarriere verläuft, gemessen, um den diffusiven Seebeck Effekt durch die geheizten Elektronen zu bestimmen. Messungen zeigen jedoch, dass das gemessene Signal zum größten Teil aus der ersten Harmonischen besteht. Mit Hilfe von Schaltkreissimulationen kann gezeigt werden, dass dieses Verhalten vor allem der Asymmetrie der Tunnelbarriere (Ein- und Ausstiegspunkt der Elektronen) geschuldet ist. Eine ferromagnetische Schichtstruktur, bestehend aus PY/Cu/CoFe, dient als ein Sensor zur Erfassung von Magnetisierungsänderungen, die durch externe magnetische Felder und Spinakkumulationen hervorgerufen werden. Die erwähnte Schichtstruktur weist einen Riesenmagnetowiderstand (GMR) auf, der mit Hilfe einer Widerstandsbrücke gemessen wird. Die größte Besonderheit bei der Ablagerung einer GMR Schichtstruktur auf trockengeätztem \mt ist die Ausbildung einer leichten Richtung (easy axis) entlang nur einer bestimmten Kristallachse (\((110)\) oder \((1\overline{1}0)\)). Der Grund für diese Anisotropie ist weiterhin unbekannt. Mögliche Ursachen wie der Einfluss des terminierenden Materials, miscut, Furchenbildung während des IBE und Wellenbildung durch Magnetronsputtern konnten ausgeschlossen werden. Es besteht die vage Vermutung, dass die Oberflächenzustände von \mt in Verbindung mit der Ausbildung der easy axis stehen. Dies gilt es jedoch in zukünftigen Studien kritisch zu prüfen. Als Folge dieser unwerwarteten Anisotropie muss jeder neue CdTe/CdHgTe/HgTe/CdHgTe wafer zunächst im SQUID charakterisiert werden, um die easy axis einmalig zu bestimmen. Anhand von ferromagnetischen Resonanzmessungen (FMR) konnten die obigen Beobachtungen bestätigt werden. Die Schichtstrukturen (pillars) weisen eine elliptische Form auf, sodass die Formanisotropie die Bildung einer easy axis entlang einer bestimmten Richtung begünstigt. Über 8 Millionen Ellipsen werden verwendet, um ein SQUID Signal von \(m > 10^{-5}\rm\, emu\) zu generieren. Hierdurch werden die charakteristischen Merkmale eines durchschnittlichen nano pillars unter dem Einfluss eines externen Magnetfeldes bestimmt. Wie auch bei größeren Strukturen weist ein durchschnittlicher pillar eine stufenförmige Hysterese auf. Durch Umkehrung des Magnetfelds am Ort des Zwischenzustandes lässt sich beweisen, dass es sich um einen tatsächlichen irreversiblen stabilen anti-ferromagnetischen Zustand handelt. Dieser Zustand liegt bei beiden Magnetfeldrichtungen für \(m=0\) vor, was zeigt, dass Py und CoFe anti-ferromagnetisch koppeln. Die Geometrie der SOT-Struktur ist so gewählt, dass die strominduzierte Spinakkumulation entweder parallel oder anti-parallel zum effektiven Magnetfeld \(\vec{B}_{eff}=\vec{B}_{ext}+\vec{B}_{aniso}+\vec{B}_{shape}\), welches auf den pillar wirkt. Dieser Spin wechselwirkt mit der Magnetisierung des Py, was eine Richtungsänderung der Magnetisierung durch ein Drehmoment \(\vec{T}\) (torque) bewirkt. Im Allgemeinem lässt sich diese torque in zwei Komponenten, eine feldähnliche (field-like) torque \(\vec{\tau}_{FL}\) und eine dämpfende (damping-like) torque \(\vec{\tau}_{DL}\), aufspalten [Manchon19]. Im Falle von TIs hängt \(\vec{T}\) zusätzlich von der z-Komponente des magnetischen Moments \(\vec{\hat{m}}\) ab [Ndiaye17]. Im hier vorliegenden Fall liegt die Magnetisierung von Py in der Probenebene (\(m_{z}=0\)), wodurch \(\tau_{DL} = 0\). Folglich ergibt sich, unter der Annahme \(\vec{S}\parallel\left(\vec{\hat{z}}\times\vec{j}\right)\) und \(\vec{j}\parallel\vec{\hat{y}}\), als einziges spinabhängiges Magnetfeld \(\vec{B}_{FL}=\tau_{FL}\cdot\vec{\hat{x}}\), welches parallel oder anti-parallel zu \(\vec{B}_{eff}\) liegt. Die Bestimmung von \(\vec{B}_{FL}\) erfolgt somit auf folgende Art und Weise. Zunächst wird ein hohes \(B_{ext}\) entlang der easy axis des nano pillars angelegt. Anschließend muss \(B_{ext}\) soweit reduziert werden bis der magnetische Zustand nur wenige Oe vor dem Umklappprozess bei \(B_{ext,0}\) liegt. An der Stelle \(\Delta B = B_{ext}-B_{ext,0}\approx 0.5\rm\, Oe\) sollte der Zustand mit geringerem GMR für eine längere Zeitspanne (\(10-30\rm\, min\)) erhalten bleiben, um eine Ummagnetisierung aufgrund von Schwankungen auszuschließen. Nun wird ein positiver oder negativer Strom an den unter der GMR-Struktur liegenden Kanal angelegt. Der Umklapprozess der Py Magnetisierung erfolgt für nur eine der beiden Stromrichtungen, wodurch eine Beteiligung thermischer Effekte ausgeschlossen werden kann. Bei \(\Delta B\neq 0\) reichen bereits Stromdichten in der Größenordnung von \(j\approx 10^{4}\rm\, A/cm^{2}\) aus, um eine Ummagnetisierung herbeizuführen. In allen Versuchen sinkt die Effizienz \(\Delta B/j\) mit der Stromdichte. Zudem zeigt \(\Delta B/j\) eine starke Temperaturabhängigkeit, bei der \(\Delta B/j\) Werte für \(T=1.8\rm\, K\) und \(j\approx0\) bis zu 20 mal höher sind als bei \(T=4.2\rm\, K\). Eine solche Temperaturabhängigkeit weist stark darauf hin, dass die Ummagnetisierung nicht durch Biot-Savart Felder hervorgerufen wird. Zudem wurde das durch einen elektrischen Strom generierten Biot-Savart Feld auf vier verschiedene Weisen berechnet. Die hierbei verwendeten Modelle umfassen: einen unendlich langen im Querschnitt rechteckigen Draht, zwei unendlich ausgebreitete Ebenen, ein komplettes Volumen, sowie zwei Ebenen mit geringer Dicke. Bei jedem Modell ist die berechnete Effizienz mindestens drei mal kleiner als die Beobachtung. Die höchsten in dieser Arbeit gemessenen Effizienzen sind bis zu 10 mal höher als in Materialsystemen, die aus Schwermetallen und FM bestehen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Gruppen werden in dieser Arbeit direkte Messmethoden zur Ermittlung von SOT Parametern (wie \(B_{FL}\)) verwendet. Die meisten dieser Gruppen verlassen sich auf spin-transfer FMR (ST-FMR) Messungen. Dabei wird ein AC Signal zur Anregung verwendet und zeitgleich die zweite Harmonische als Antwort gemessen. Hieraus werden anhand eines theoretischen Modells SOT Parameter (wie \(\tau_{FL}\) und \(\tau_{DL}\)) durch Fits bestimmt. Materialsysteme, die aus TIs und magnetischen Isolatoren (MI) bestehen, weisen dagegen bis zu 10 mal höhere Effizienzen auf [Khang18,Li19]. In diesen Fällen zeigt die Magnetisierung der MI aus der Ebene heraus, was sich konzeptionell von planar anisotropische Magnetisierungen unterscheidet, welche in unseren Geometrien vorliegt. Der Vorteil von planar anisotropischen Magnetisierungen ist ihre einfache Realisierbarkeit [Bhatti17]. Hierbei müssen lediglich elliptische Strukturen lithographisch implementiert werden, während bei Systemen mit senkrechter Magnetisierung eine passende Materialkombination erforscht werden muss [Apalkov16]. Trotz der Tatsache, dass in unserem Fall nur \(\tau_{FL}\) zum Umklappen der Magnetisierung \(m\) beiträgt, weisen unsere SOT-devices die bis dato höchsten gemessenen Effizienzen in der Klasse von in-der-Ebene magnetisierten Schichtstrukturen aller Materialsysteme auf. KW - spin-orbit-torque KW - magnetization KW - mram KW - topological insulator Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240490 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Kastner, Carolin A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Uttinger, Konstantin A1 - Baluapuri, Apoorva A1 - Denk, Sarah A1 - Rosenfeldt, Mathias T. A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Roehrig, Florian A1 - Ade, Carsten P. A1 - Schuelein-Voelk, Christina A1 - Diefenbacher, Markus E. A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Wolf, Elmar A1 - Eilers, Martin A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - RNA polymerase I inhibition induces terminal differentiation, growth arrest, and vulnerability to senolytics in colorectal cancer cells JF - Molecular Oncology N2 - Ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis are deregulated in most cancers, suggesting that interfering with translation machinery may hold significant therapeutic potential. Here, we show that loss of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), which constitutes the initiating event in the adenoma carcinoma sequence for colorectal cancer (CRC), induces the expression of RNA polymerase I (RNAPOL1) transcription machinery, and subsequently upregulates ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. Targeting RNAPOL1 with a specific inhibitor, CX5461, disrupts nucleolar integrity, and induces a disbalance of ribosomal proteins. Surprisingly, CX5461-induced growth arrest is irreversible and exhibits features of senescence and terminal differentiation. Mechanistically, CX5461 promotes differentiation in an MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 (MIZ1)- and retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibition of RNAPOL1 renders CRC cells vulnerable towards senolytic agents. We validated this therapeutic effect of CX5461 in murine- and patient-derived organoids, and in a xenograft mouse model. These results show that targeting ribosomal biogenesis together with targeting the consecutive, senescent phenotype using approved drugs is a new therapeutic approach, which can rapidly be transferred from bench to bedside. KW - CRC KW - CX5461 KW - MIZ1 KW - MYC KW - ribosome KW - RNAPOL1 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312806 VL - 16 IS - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reibetanz, Joachim A1 - Kelm, Matthias A1 - Uttinger, Konstantin L. A1 - Reuter, Miriam A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Hankir, Mohamed A1 - Wiegering, Verena A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Lock, Johan Friso A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - Differences in morbidity and mortality between unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome and bilateral adrenalectomy for therapy refractory extra-adrenal Cushing’s syndrome JF - Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery N2 - Purpose In selected cases of severe Cushing’s syndrome due to uncontrolled ACTH secretion, bilateral adrenalectomy appears unavoidable. Compared with unilateral adrenalectomy (for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome), bilateral adrenalectomy has a perceived higher perioperative morbidity. The aim of the current study was to compare both interventions in endogenous Cushing’s syndrome regarding postoperative outcomes. Methods We report a single-center, retrospective cohort study comparing patients with hypercortisolism undergoing bilateral vs. unilateral adrenalectomy during 2008–2021. Patients with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome due to adenoma were compared with patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (Cushing’s disease and ectopic ACTH production) focusing on postoperative morbidity and mortality as well as long-term survival. Results Of 83 patients with adrenalectomy for hypercortisolism (65.1% female, median age 53 years), the indication for adrenalectomy was due to adrenal Cushing’s syndrome in 60 patients (72.2%; 59 unilateral and one bilateral), and due to hypercortisolism caused by Cushing’s disease (n = 16) or non-pituitary uncontrolled ACTH secretion of unknown origin (n = 7) (27.7% of all adrenalectomies). Compared with unilateral adrenalectomy (n = 59), patients with bilateral adrenalectomy (n = 24) had a higher rate of severe complications (0% vs. 33%; p < 0.001) and delayed recovery (median: 10.2% vs. 79.2%; p < 0.001). Using the MTL30 marker, patients with bilateral adrenalectomy fared worse than patients after unilateral surgery (MTL30 positive: 7.2% vs. 25.0% p < 0.001). Postoperative mortality was increased in patients with bilateral adrenalectomy (0% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.081). Conclusion While unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome represents a safe and definitive therapeutic option, bilateral adrenalectomy to control ACTH-dependent extra-adrenal Cushing’s syndrome or Cushing’s disease is a more complicated intervention with a mortality of nearly 10%. KW - Cushing KW - adrenal surgery KW - MTL30 KW - complication Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323947 VL - 407 IS - 6 ER -