TY  - THES
A1  - Hauck, Tobias
T1  - Zuckerphosphate als Vorläufer von 4-Hydroxy-3(2H)-furanonen - Biochemische Transformation durch die Hefe Zygosaccharomyces rouxii und chemische Bildung unter physiologischen Bedingungen
T1  - Sugar phosphates as precursors of 4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanones - biochemical transformation by the yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and chemical formation under physiological conditions
N2  - In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden instrumentell-analytische Studien zur enzymatischen und chemischen Bildung von 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanon (HDMF) und 4-Hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanon (HMF) – zwei wichtigen Aromakomponenten zahl-reicher Früchte und verarbeiteter Lebensmittel – vorgestellt. Die Studien demonstrieren erstmals die Bildung dieser Verbindungen aus Zuckerphosphaten unter physiologischen Reaktionsbedingungen. Ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeiten lag dabei auf der Bildung von HDMF aus D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphat (Fru-1,6-dP) durch den Hefestamm Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Der Zusatz von 1-13C-Fru-1,6-dP bzw. 13C6-D-Glucose zum Nährmedium der Hefe Z. rouxii zeigte, dass ausschließlich exogen zugesetztes Fru-1,6-dP durch die Hefe zu HDMF transformiert wird. Untersuchungen, in denen der Einfluss verschiedener Wachstumsbedingungen auf die HDMF-Bildung durch Z. rouxii getestet wurde, zeigten bezüglich der HDMF-Bildung ein pH-Optimum bei pH 5.1 sowie eine maximale Produktivität der Zellen bei einer NaCl-Konzentration von 20%. Mittels einer neu entwickelten cKZE-Methode wurde für durch Z. rouxii gebildetes HDMF eine Enantiomerenanreicherung von 27%ee nachgewiesen, was eine enantioselektive Biosynthese durch Enzymsysteme der Hefe impliziert. Als Grundvoraussetzung für den Nachweis einer Enantiomerenanreicherung im HDMF-Molekül stellte sich ein schwach-saurer pH-Wert des wässrigen Mediums heraus. Dies konnte durch Ermittlung der Tautomerisierungsgeschwindigkeit des HDMF-Moleküls mittels 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie belegt werden. Anhand von HPLC-MS/MS-Analysen wurde die Bildung von HMF in zellfreien cytosolischen Rohproteinextrakte aus Z. rouxii, welche mit Fru-1,6-dP und Nicotinamidadenindinucleotiden (NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH) inkubiert worden waren, nachgewiesen. In Substratstudien wurde HMF nach Applikation von Fru-1,6-dP, D-Fructose-6-phosphat, D-Glucose-6-phosphat, 6-Phosphogluconsäure, D-Ribose-5-phosphat (Rib-5-P) und D-Ribulose-1,5-diphosphat an cytosolische Proteinextrakte nachgewiesen. Die für die Transformationen der Hexosephosphate zu D-Ribulose-5-phosphat (Ribu-5-P) benötigten Enzyme Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, Phosphohexose-Isomerase, Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase und 6-Phosphogluconsäure-Dehydrogenase konnten mittels spezifischer Enzymassays in den cytosolischen Extrakten nachgewiesen werden. Gebildetes Ribu-5-P wird im Folgenden spontan in HMF umgelagert (> 1%). Die Inkubation von Phosphoribose-Isomerase mit Rib-5-P in Gegenwart von o-Phenylendiamin (o-PD) führte zur Bildung von 2-Methyl-3-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-quinoxalin, das anhand seiner UV-, MS- und NMR-Daten eindeutig identifiziert wurde. Daraus konnte die Bildung von 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentandion (DPD) in den Reaktionsansätzen abgeleitet werden, was durch die Synthese der entsprechenden deuterierten bzw. unmarkierten Alditolacetat-Derivate und anschließende HRGC-MS-Analyse abgesichert wurde. Durch Inkubation von 1-13C-Ribu-5-P bzw. 5-13C-Ribu-5-P mit o-PD und HPLC-MS/MS-Analyse der entstandenen Quinoxalinderivate konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Methylgruppe des DPD-Moleküls infolge einer nicht-enzymatischen Phosphat-Eliminierung gebildet wird. Nach Applikation von o-PD an reife Tomaten wurde mittels HPLC-MS/MS ebenfalls 2-Methyl-3-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-quinoxalin detektiert. Dieses Ergebnis impliziert ein genuines Vorkommen von DPD in Tomaten, in deren Aromaextrakten auch HMF nachgewiesen wurde. Somit ist in natürlichen Systemen ebenfalls von einer HMF-Bildung über diese Zwischenverbindung auszugehen. Anhand von HPLC-UV-MS/MS-Analysen wurde eine selektive Bildung von HDMF aus Fru-1,6-dP in Gegenwart von NADH unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen nachgewiesen. Durch Inkubation von 1-13C-Fru-1,6-dP mit [4R,S-2H2]-NADH und anschließender HRGC-MS-Analyse des gebildeten isotopen-markierten HDMF konnte gezeigt werden, dass HDMF infolge eines nicht-enzymatischen Hydrid-Transfers von NADH auf eine aus Fru-1,6-dP abgeleitete Zwischenverbindung gebildet wird. Das Hydrid-Ion wird hierbei selektiv auf C-5 oder C-6 des Kohlenhydratgrundgerüstes des Zuckerphosphates übertragen. Der Zusatz von o-PD und Fru-1,6-dP zum Z. rouxii-Nährmedium und anschließende HPLC-DAD-Analyse führte zur Detektion von drei Quinoxalinderivaten. Diese wurden anhand ihrer MS/MS-Daten und NMR-Spektren als phosphorylierte Quinoxalinderivate identifiziert, aus denen sich die Bildung von 2-Hexosulose-6-phosphat, 1-Deoxy-2,3-hexodiulose-6-phosphat und 1,4-Dideoxy-2,3-hexodiulose-6-phosphat in den Nährmedien ableiten ließ. Somit gelang erstmals der Beweis der Bildung von 1-Deoxy-2,3-hexodiulose-6-phosphat im Nährmedium, einem vielfach postulierten, aber bislang nicht nachgewiesenen Intermediat der HDMF-Bildung aus Fru-1,6-dP. Aufgrund der enantioselektiven Bildung von HDMF durch die Hefen wird daher bei der HDMF-Biosynthese durch Z. rouxii von einer Kombination aus nicht-enzymatischen Reaktionsschritten und einer durch Oxidoreduktasen der Hefezellen vermittelten Reduktion ausgegangen.
N2  - The present work represents instrumental-analytical studies on the enzymatic and chemical formation of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF) and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HMF), two important flavour compounds in many fruits and processed food. The performed studies demonstrate for the first time the formation of these compounds from carbohydrate phosphates under physiological reaction conditions. Of special interest during these studies was the formation of HDMF from D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (Fru-1,6-dP) by the yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. The addition of 1-13C-D-Fru-1,6-dP and 13C6-D-glucose to the nutrient medium of Z. rouxii revealed the exclusive formation of HDMF by Z. rouxii from exogenously supplied Fru-1,6-dP. Studies dealing with the formation of HDMF by Z. rouxii under various culture conditions showed an optimal pH value of 5.1 with regard to the yield of HDMF and a maximum formation per yeast cell at 20 % sodium chloride in the nutrient medium. By means of a newly developed cKZE-method for HDMF formed by Z. rouxii an enantiomeric excess value of 27 % ee was demonstrated, implying an enantioselective biosynthesis catalysed by enzymes of the yeast. A slightly acidic pH value of the aqueous medium turned out to be essential for the detection of an enantiomeric enrichment in the HDMF molecule. This was unequivocally proved by the determination of the tautomerization velocity of the HDMF molecule by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The formation of HMF in cell-free cytosolic protein extracts obtained from Z. rouxii incubated with Fru-1,6-dP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD, NADH, NADP and NADPH) was detected by means of HPLC-MS/MS analysis. HMF was formed from Fru-1,6-dP, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, D-ribose-5-phosphate (Rib-5-P) and D-ribulose-1,5-diphosphate after application to cytosolic protein extracts. Specific enzyme assays revealed activity of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, phosphohexose isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-genase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the cytosolic extracts, enzymes required for the transformation of the hexose phosphates to D-ribulose-5-phosphate (Ribu-5-P). Formed Ribu-5-P is spontaneously converted to HMF (> 1 %). Incubation of ribosephosphate isomerase with Rib-5-P in presence of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) led to the formation of 2-methyl-3-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-quinoxaline, which was unequivocally identified by its UV-, MS- and NMR-data. Thus, the formation of 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) in the incubation mixtures could be deduced. The formation of this compound was ensured by its conversion to the respective deuterium labelled or unlabelled alditol acetate derivatives and subsequent HRGC-MS analysis. By incubation of 1-13C-Ribu-5-P as well as 5-13C-Ribu-5-P with o-PD and analysis of the respective quinoxaline derivatives by means of HPLC-MS/MS analysis we demonstrated a formation of the methyl-group in the DPD molecule in consequence of a non-enzymatic phosphate elimination. Application of o-PD to ripe tomatoes led to the detection of 2-methyl-3-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-quinoxaline as well, using HPLC-MS/MS analysis, implying the genuine occurrence of DPD in tomatoes. Since HMF was also detected in aroma extracts obtained from tomatoes of the same sample HMF formation in natural systems via DPD is quite possible as well. A selective chemical formation of HDMF from Fru-1,6-dP in the presence of NADH under mild reaction conditions was detected by means of HPLC-UV-MS/MS analysis. The incubation of 1-13C-Fru-1,6-dP with [4R,S-2H2]-NADH followed by HRGC-MS analysis of the formed isotopically labelled HDMF revealed, that HDMF is produced in consequence of a non-enzymatic hydride-transfer from NADH to an unknown intermediate derived from Fru-1,6-dP. The hydride-ion is selectively transferred to C-5 or C-6 of the carbohydrate skeleton of the sugar phosphate. The addition of o-PD and Fru-1,6-dP to a Z. rouxii culture medium and subsequent HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the formation of three quinoxaline derivatives. By means of their MS/MS-data and NMR-spectra these compounds were identified as phosphorylated quinoxaline derivatives derived from 2-hexosulose-6-phosphate, 1-deoxy-2,3-hexodiulose-6-phosphate and 1,4-dideoxy-2,3-hexodiulose-6-phosphate in the culture medium. Thus, for the first time the chemical formation of 1-deoxy-2,3-hexodiulose-6-phosphate in the culture medium was demonstrated, a generally expected but up to now never identified intermediate in the formation pathway of HDMF from Fru-1,6-dP. Due to the enantioselective formation of HDMF by the yeast an HDMF biosynthesis by Z. rouxii consisting of non-enzymatic reaction steps and a reduction mediated by oxidoreductases of the yeast cells was anticipated.
KW  - Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
KW  - Furanone
KW  - Biosynthese
KW  - Aromastoff
KW  - Furanon
KW  - Zuckerphosphat
KW  - Zygosaccharomyces
KW  - Aroma
KW  - Dicarbonyl
KW  - furanone
KW  - sugar phosphate
KW  - Zygosaccharomyces
KW  - flavour
KW  - dicarbonyl
Y1  - 2003
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5871
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - An, Ran
A1  - Strissel, Pamela L.
A1  - Al-Abboodi, Majida
A1  - Robering, Jan W.
A1  - Supachai, Reakasame
A1  - Eckstein, Markus
A1  - Peddi, Ajay
A1  - Hauck, Theresa
A1  - Bäuerle, Tobias
A1  - Boccaccini, Aldo R.
A1  - Youssef, Almoatazbellah
A1  - Sun, Jiaming
A1  - Strick, Reiner
A1  - Horch, Raymund E.
A1  - Boos, Anja M.
A1  - Kengelbach-Weigand, Annika
T1  - An innovative arteriovenous (AV) loop breast cancer model tailored for cancer research
JF  - Bioengineering
N2  - Animal models are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis and develop treatment strategies for breast cancer in humans. In this study, we developed a new three-dimensional in vivo arteriovenous loop model of human breast cancer with the aid of biodegradable materials, including fibrin, alginate, and polycaprolactone. We examined the in vivo effects of various matrices on the growth of breast cancer cells by imaging and immunohistochemistry evaluation. Our findings clearly demonstrate that vascularized breast cancer microtissues could be engineered and recapitulate the in vivo situation and tumor-stromal interaction within an isolated environment in an in vivo organism. Alginate–fibrin hybrid matrices were considered as a highly powerful material for breast tumor engineering based on its stability and biocompatibility. We propose that the novel tumor model may not only serve as an invaluable platform for analyzing and understanding the molecular mechanisms and pattern of oncologic diseases, but also be tailored for individual therapy via transplantation of breast cancer patient-derived tumors.
KW  - arteriovenous loop
KW  - breast cancer
KW  - animal model
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278919
SN  - 2306-5354
VL  - 9
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - El-Helou, Sabine M.
A1  - Biegner, Anika-Kerstin
A1  - Bode, Sebastian
A1  - Ehl, Stephan R.
A1  - Heeg, Maximilian
A1  - Maccari, Maria E.
A1  - Ritterbusch, Henrike
A1  - Speckmann, Carsten
A1  - Rusch, Stephan
A1  - Scheible, Raphael
A1  - Warnatz, Klaus
A1  - Atschekzei, Faranaz
A1  - Beider, Renata
A1  - Ernst, Diana
A1  - Gerschmann, Stev
A1  - Jablonka, Alexandra
A1  - Mielke, Gudrun
A1  - Schmidt, Reinhold E.
A1  - Schürmann, Gesine
A1  - Sogkas, Georgios
A1  - Baumann, Ulrich H.
A1  - Klemann, Christian
A1  - Viemann, Dorothee
A1  - Bernuth, Horst von
A1  - Krüger, Renate
A1  - Hanitsch, Leif G.
A1  - Scheibenbogen, Carmen M.
A1  - Wittke, Kirsten
A1  - Albert, Michael H.
A1  - Eichinger, Anna
A1  - Hauck, Fabian
A1  - Klein, Christoph
A1  - Rack-Hoch, Anita
A1  - Sollinger, Franz M.
A1  - Avila, Anne
A1  - Borte, Michael
A1  - Borte, Stephan
A1  - Fasshauer, Maria
A1  - Hauenherm, Anja
A1  - Kellner, Nils
A1  - Müller, Anna H.
A1  - Ülzen, Anett
A1  - Bader, Peter
A1  - Bakhtiar, Shahrzad
A1  - Lee, Jae-Yun
A1  - Heß, Ursula
A1  - Schubert, Ralf
A1  - Wölke, Sandra
A1  - Zielen, Stefan
A1  - Ghosh, Sujal
A1  - Laws, Hans-Juergen
A1  - Neubert, Jennifer
A1  - Oommen, Prasad T.
A1  - Hönig, Manfred
A1  - Schulz, Ansgar
A1  - Steinmann, Sandra
A1  - Klaus, Schwarz
A1  - Dückers, Gregor
A1  - Lamers, Beate
A1  - Langemeyer, Vanessa
A1  - Niehues, Tim
A1  - Shai, Sonu
A1  - Graf, Dagmar
A1  - Müglich, Carmen
A1  - Schmalzing, Marc T.
A1  - Schwaneck, Eva C.
A1  - Tony, Hans-Peter
A1  - Dirks, Johannes
A1  - Haase, Gabriele
A1  - Liese, Johannes G.
A1  - Morbach, Henner
A1  - Foell, Dirk
A1  - Hellige, Antje
A1  - Wittkowski, Helmut
A1  - Masjosthusmann, Katja
A1  - Mohr, Michael
A1  - Geberzahn, Linda
A1  - Hedrich, Christian M.
A1  - Müller, Christiane
A1  - Rösen-Wolff, Angela
A1  - Roesler, Joachim
A1  - Zimmermann, Antje
A1  - Behrends, Uta
A1  - Rieber, Nikolaus
A1  - Schauer, Uwe
A1  - Handgretinger, Rupert
A1  - Holzer, Ursula
A1  - Henes, Jörg
A1  - Kanz, Lothar
A1  - Boesecke, Christoph
A1  - Rockstroh, Jürgen K.
A1  - Schwarze-Zander, Carolynne
A1  - Wasmuth, Jan-Christian
A1  - Dilloo, Dagmar
A1  - Hülsmann, Brigitte
A1  - Schönberger, Stefan
A1  - Schreiber, Stefan
A1  - Zeuner, Rainald
A1  - Ankermann, Tobias
A1  - Bismarck, Philipp von
A1  - Huppertz, Hans-Iko
A1  - Kaiser-Labusch, Petra
A1  - Greil, Johann
A1  - Jakoby, Donate
A1  - Kulozik, Andreas E.
A1  - Metzler, Markus
A1  - Naumann-Bartsch, Nora
A1  - Sobik, Bettina
A1  - Graf, Norbert
A1  - Heine, Sabine
A1  - Kobbe, Robin
A1  - Lehmberg, Kai
A1  - Müller, Ingo
A1  - Herrmann, Friedrich
A1  - Horneff, Gerd
A1  - Klein, Ariane
A1  - Peitz, Joachim
A1  - Schmidt, Nadine
A1  - Bielack, Stefan
A1  - Groß-Wieltsch, Ute
A1  - Classen, Carl F.
A1  - Klasen, Jessica
A1  - Deutz, Peter
A1  - Kamitz, Dirk
A1  - Lassy, Lisa
A1  - Tenbrock, Klaus
A1  - Wagner, Norbert
A1  - Bernbeck, Benedikt
A1  - Brummel, Bastian
A1  - Lara-Villacanas, Eusebia
A1  - Münstermann, Esther
A1  - Schneider, Dominik T.
A1  - Tietsch, Nadine
A1  - Westkemper, Marco
A1  - Weiß, Michael
A1  - Kramm, Christof
A1  - Kühnle, Ingrid
A1  - Kullmann, Silke
A1  - Girschick, Hermann
A1  - Specker, Christof
A1  - Vinnemeier-Laubenthal, Elisabeth
A1  - Haenicke, Henriette
A1  - Schulz, Claudia
A1  - Schweigerer, Lothar
A1  - Müller, Thomas G.
A1  - Stiefel, Martina
A1  - Belohradsky, Bernd H.
A1  - Soetedjo, Veronika
A1  - Kindle, Gerhard
A1  - Grimbacher, Bodo
T1  - The German national registry of primary immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)
JF  - Frontiers in Immunology
N2  - Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. 

Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel. 

Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE-syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. 

Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
KW  - registry for primary immunodeficiency
KW  - primary immunodeficiency (PID)
KW  - German PID-NET registry
KW  - PID prevalence
KW  - European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID)
KW  - IgG substitution therapy
KW  - CVID
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226629
VL  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lenz, Dominic
A1  - Pahl, Jens
A1  - Hauck, Fabian
A1  - Alameer, Seham
A1  - Balasubramanian, Meena
A1  - Baric, Ivo
A1  - Boy, Nikolas
A1  - Church, Joseph A.
A1  - Crushell, Ellen
A1  - Dick, Anke
A1  - Distelmaier, Felix
A1  - Gujar, Jidnyasa
A1  - Indolfi, Giuseppe
A1  - Lurz, Eberhard
A1  - Peters, Bianca
A1  - Schwerd, Tobias
A1  - Serranti, Daniele
A1  - Kölker, Stefan
A1  - Klein, Christoph
A1  - Hoffmann, Georg F.
A1  - Prokisch, Holger
A1  - Greil, Johann
A1  - Cerwenka, Adelheid
A1  - Giese, Thomas
A1  - Staufner, Christian
T1  - NBAS Variants Are Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative NK and B Cell Deficiency
JF  - Journal of Clinical Immunology
N2  - Purpose
Biallelic pathogenic NBAS variants manifest as a multisystem disorder with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes such as recurrent acute liver failure, growth retardation, and susceptibility to infections. This study explores how NBAS-associated disease affects cells of the innate and adaptive immune system.

Methods
Clinical and laboratory parameters were combined with functional multi-parametric immunophenotyping methods in fifteen NBAS-deficient patients to discover possible alterations in their immune system.

Results
Our study revealed reduced absolute numbers of mature CD56dim natural killer (NK) cells. Notably, the residual NK cell population in NBAS-deficient patients exerted a lower potential for activation and degranulation in response to K562 target cells, suggesting an NK cell–intrinsic role for NBAS in the release of cytotoxic granules. NBAS-deficient NK cell activation and degranulation was normalized upon pre-activation by IL-2 in vitro, suggesting that functional impairment was reversible. In addition, we observed a reduced number of naïve B cells in the peripheral blood associated with hypogammaglobulinemia.

Conclusion
In summary, we demonstrate that pathogenic biallelic variants in NBAS are associated with dysfunctional NK cells as well as impaired adaptive humoral immunity.
KW  - NBAS
KW  - inborn error of immunity
KW  - NK cell deficiency
KW  - B cell deficiency
KW  - vesicle trafficking
KW  - familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-308362
SN  - 0271-9142
SN  - 1573-2592
VL  - 41
IS  - 8
ER  -