TY - JOUR A1 - Akhundzadah, Noor Ahmad A1 - Soltani, Salim A1 - Aich, Valentin T1 - Impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan JF - Climate N2 - The Kunduz River is one of the main tributaries of the Amu Darya Basin in North Afghanistan. Many communities live in the Kunduz River Basin (KRB), and its water resources have been the basis of their livelihoods for many generations. This study investigates climate change impacts on the KRB catchment. Rare station data are, for the first time, used to analyze systematic trends in temperature, precipitation, and river discharge over the past few decades, while using Mann–Kendall and Theil–Sen trend statistics. The trends show that the hydrology of the basin changed significantly over the last decades. A comparison of landcover data of the river basin from 1992 and 2019 shows significant changes that have additional impact on the basin hydrology, which are used to interpret the trend analysis. There is considerable uncertainty due to the data scarcity and gaps in the data, but all results indicate a strong tendency towards drier conditions. An extreme warming trend, partly above 2 °C since the 1960s in combination with a dramatic precipitation decrease by more than −30% lead to a strong decrease in river discharge. The increasing glacier melt compensates the decreases and leads to an increase in runoff only in the highland parts of the upper catchment. The reduction of water availability and the additional stress on the land leads to a strong increase of barren land and a reduction of vegetation cover. The detected trends and changes in the basin hydrology demand an active management of the already scarce water resources in order to sustain water supply for agriculture and ecosystems in the KRB. KW - climate change KW - Kunduz River Basin KW - trend analysis KW - river discharge KW - landcover changes Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213199 SN - 2225-1154 VL - 8 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigand, Matthias A1 - Wurm, Michael A1 - Dech, Stefan A1 - Taubenböck, Hannes T1 - Remote sensing in environmental justice research—a review JF - ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information N2 - Human health is known to be affected by the physical environment. Various environmental influences have been identified to benefit or challenge people's physical condition. Their heterogeneous distribution in space results in unequal burdens depending on the place of living. In addition, since societal groups tend to also show patterns of segregation, this leads to unequal exposures depending on social status. In this context, environmental justice research examines how certain social groups are more affected by such exposures. Yet, analyses of this per se spatial phenomenon are oftentimes criticized for using “essentially aspatial” data or methods which neglect local spatial patterns by aggregating environmental conditions over large areas. Recent technological and methodological developments in satellite remote sensing have proven to provide highly detailed information on environmental conditions. This narrative review therefore discusses known influences of the urban environment on human health and presents spatial data and applications for analyzing these influences. Furthermore, it is discussed how geographic data are used in general and in the interdisciplinary research field of environmental justice in particular. These considerations include the modifiable areal unit problem and ecological fallacy. In this review we argue that modern earth observation data can represent an important data source for research on environmental justice and health. Especially due to their high level of spatial detail and the provided large-area coverage, they allow for spatially continuous description of environmental characteristics. As a future perspective, ongoing earth observation missions, as well as processing architectures, ensure data availability and applicability of ’big earth data’ for future environmental justice analyses. KW - satellite remote sensing KW - review KW - environmental justice KW - big earth data KW - urban environments Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196950 SN - 2220-9964 VL - 8 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khare, Siddhartha A1 - Latifi, Hooman A1 - Rossi, Sergio A1 - Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar T1 - Fractional cover mapping of invasive plant species by combining very high-resolution stereo and multi-sensor multispectral imageries JF - Forests N2 - Invasive plant species are major threats to biodiversity. They can be identified and monitored by means of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. This study aimed to test the potential of multiple very high-resolution (VHR) optical multispectral and stereo imageries (VHRSI) at spatial resolutions of 1.5 and 5 m to quantify the presence of the invasive lantana (Lantana camara L.) and predict its distribution at large spatial scale using medium-resolution fractional cover analysis. We created initial training data for fractional cover analysis by classifying smaller extent VHR data (SPOT-6 and RapidEye) along with three dimensional (3D) VHRSI derived digital surface model (DSM) datasets. We modelled the statistical relationship between fractional cover and spectral reflectance for a VHR subset of the study area located in the Himalayan region of India, and finally predicted the fractional cover of lantana based on the spectral reflectance of Landsat-8 imagery of a larger spatial extent. We classified SPOT-6 and RapidEye data and used the outputs as training data to create continuous field layers of Landsat-8 imagery. The area outside the overlapping region was predicted by fractional cover analysis due to the larger extent of Landsat-8 imagery compared with VHR datasets. Results showed clear discrimination of understory lantana from upperstory vegetation with 87.38% (for SPOT-6), and 85.27% (for RapidEye) overall accuracy due to the presence of additional VHRSI derived DSM information. Independent validation for lantana fractional cover estimated root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 11.8% (for RapidEye) and 7.22% (for SPOT-6), and R\(^2\) values of 0.85 and 0.92 for RapidEye (5 m) and SPOT-6 (1.5 m), respectively. Results suggested an increase in predictive accuracy of lantana within forest areas along with increase in the spatial resolution for the same Landsat-8 imagery. The variance explained at 1.5 m spatial resolution to predict lantana was 64.37%, whereas it decreased by up to 37.96% in the case of 5 m spatial resolution data. This study revealed the high potential of combining small extent VHR and VHRSI- derived 3D optical data with larger extent, freely available satellite data for identification and mapping of invasive species in mountainous forests and remote regions. KW - Lantana camara KW - SPOT-6 KW - RapidEye KW - 3D KW - DSM KW - Fractional cover analysis Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197250 SN - 1999-4907 VL - 10 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulloa-Torrealba, Yrneh A1 - Stahlmann, Reinhold A1 - Wegmann, Martin A1 - Koellner, Thomas T1 - Over 150 years of change: object-oriented analysis of historical land cover in the Main river catchment, Bavaria/Germany JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The monitoring of land cover and land use change is critical for assessing the provision of ecosystem services. One of the sources for long-term land cover change quantification is through the classification of historical and/or current maps. Little research has been done on historical maps using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). This study applied an object-based classification using eCognition tool for analyzing the land cover based on historical maps in the Main river catchment, Upper Franconia, Germany. This allowed land use change analysis between the 1850s and 2015, a time span which covers the phase of industrialization of landscapes in central Europe. The results show a strong increase in urban area by 2600%, a severe loss of cropland (−24%), a moderate reduction in meadows (−4%), and a small gain in forests (+4%). The method proved useful for the application on historical maps due to the ability of the software to create semantic objects. The confusion matrix shows an overall accuracy of 82% for the automatic classification compared to manual reclassification considering all 17 sample tiles. The minimum overall accuracy was 65% for historical maps of poor quality and the maximum was 91% for very high-quality ones. Although accuracy is between high and moderate, coarse land cover patterns in the past and trends in land cover change can be analyzed. We conclude that such long-term analysis of land cover is a prerequisite for quantifying long-term changes in ecosystem services. KW - historical KW - land cover change KW - object-based classification KW - eCognition Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220029 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 12 IS - 24 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walz, Yvonne A1 - Wegmann, Martin A1 - Dech, Stefan A1 - Raso, Giovanna A1 - Utzinger, Jürg T1 - Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook JF - Parasites & Vectors N2 - Background: Schistosomiasis is a water-based disease that affects an estimated 250 million people, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The transmission of schistosomiasis is spatially and temporally restricted to freshwater bodies that contain schistosome cercariae released from specific snails that act as intermediate hosts. Our objective was to assess the contribution of remote sensing applications and to identify remaining challenges in its optimal application for schistosomiasis risk profiling in order to support public health authorities to better target control interventions. Methods: We reviewed the literature (i) to deepen our understanding of the ecology and the epidemiology of schistosomiasis, placing particular emphasis on remote sensing; and (ii) to fill an identified gap, namely interdisciplinary research that bridges different strands of scientific inquiry to enhance spatially explicit risk profiling. As a first step, we reviewed key factors that govern schistosomiasis risk. Secondly, we examined remote sensing data and variables that have been used for risk profiling of schistosomiasis. Thirdly, the linkage between the ecological consequence of environmental conditions and the respective measure of remote sensing data were synthesised. Results: We found that the potential of remote sensing data for spatial risk profiling of schistosomiasis is - in principle - far greater than explored thus far. Importantly though, the application of remote sensing data requires a tailored approach that must be optimised by selecting specific remote sensing variables, considering the appropriate scale of observation and modelling within ecozones. Interestingly, prior studies that linked prevalence of Schistosoma infection to remotely sensed data did not reflect that there is a spatial gap between the parasite and intermediate host snail habitats where disease transmission occurs, and the location (community or school) where prevalence measures are usually derived from. Conclusions: Our findings imply that the potential of remote sensing data for risk profiling of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases has yet to be fully exploited. KW - ecology KW - scale KW - remote sensing KW - risk profiling KW - spatial modelling KW - schistosomiasis KW - geographical information system KW - intermediate host snail KW - epidemology Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148778 VL - 8 IS - 163 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Sonntag, Christian T1 - Wie kommen Obst und Gemüse in Supermärkte im Globalen Süden? Supermarktexpansion und Liefersysteme/Intermediäre für Frischeprodukte in Kenia und Tansania N2 - In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten expandierten Supermarktketten aus dem Globalen Norden in Länder des Globalen Südens. Insbesondere Länder mit einem raschen wirtschaftlichen Wachstum und damit neuen Marktpotentialen waren dabei Expansionsziele. Zugleich zeigt sich innerhalb der Länder des Globalen Südens eine Ausbreitung von regionalen Supermarktketten. Mittlerweile gehört frisches Obst und Gemüse fast immer zum Sortiment dieser Einzelhandelsunternehmen. Bisher untersuchte eine Reihe von Studien die Auswirkungen der Kooperation mit den Einzelhändlern auf die landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden. Weniger ist dagegen bekannt, welche Liefersysteme und Intermediäre für die Verbindung zwischen landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden und Supermarktketten in Ländern des Globalen Südens bestehen und sich entwickeln. Insbesondere für leicht verderbliche Frischeprodukte (Obst und Gemüse) ist die Herausbildung dieser Intermediäre eine große Herausforderung. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet den Zusammenhang zwischen der räumlichen und zeitlichen Ausbreitung von Supermärkten und der Etablierung von Liefersystemen sowie Intermediären am Beispiel von Kenia und Tansania. T3 - Geographische Handelsforschung - 30 KW - Wertschöpfungskette KW - Ostafrika KW - Wertschöpfungsketten KW - Supermärkte KW - Frischeprodukte KW - Intermediäre KW - Ostafrika KW - Tansania KW - Kenia KW - Wertschöpfungsnetzwerk KW - Obst KW - Gemüse KW - Supermarkt Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244320 SN - 978-3-95826-170-9 SN - 978-3-95826-171-6 SN - 2196-5811 SN - 2626-8906 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, 978-3-95826-170-9, 32,90 Euro. N1 - Eingereicht unter dem Titel: Wie kommen Obst und Gemüse in Supermärkte im Globalen Süden? Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Expansion von Supermarktketten und der Etablierung von Liefersystemen / Intermediären für Frischeprodukte ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knauer, Kim A1 - Gessner, Ursula A1 - Fensholt, Rasmus A1 - Forkuor, Gerald A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - Monitoring agricultural expansion in Burkina Faso over 14 years with 30 m resolution time series: the role of population growth and implications for the environment JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Burkina Faso ranges amongst the fastest growing countries in the world with an annual population growth rate of more than three percent. This trend has consequences for food security since agricultural productivity is still on a comparatively low level in Burkina Faso. In order to compensate for the low productivity, the agricultural areas are expanding quickly. The mapping and monitoring of this expansion is difficult, even on the basis of remote sensing imagery, since the extensive farming practices and frequent cloud coverage in the area make the delineation of cultivated land from other land cover and land use types a challenging task. However, as the rapidly increasing population could have considerable effects on the natural resources and on the regional development of the country, methods for improved mapping of LULCC (land use and land cover change) are needed. For this study, we applied the newly developed ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) framework to generate high temporal (8-day) and high spatial (30 m) resolution NDVI time series for all of Burkina Faso for the years 2001, 2007, and 2014. For this purpose, more than 500 Landsat scenes and 3000 MODIS scenes were processed with this automated framework. The generated ESTARFM NDVI time series enabled extraction of per-pixel phenological features that all together served as input for the delineation of agricultural areas via random forest classification at 30 m spatial resolution for entire Burkina Faso and the three years. For training and validation, a randomly sampled reference dataset was generated from Google Earth images and based on expert knowledge. The overall accuracies of 92% (2001), 91% (2007), and 91% (2014) indicate the well-functioning of the applied methodology. The results show an expansion of agricultural area of 91% between 2001 and 2014 to a total of 116,900 km\(^2\). While rainfed agricultural areas account for the major part of this trend, irrigated areas and plantations also increased considerably, primarily promoted by specific development projects. This expansion goes in line with the rapid population growth in most provinces of Burkina Faso where land was still available for an expansion of agricultural area. The analysis of agricultural encroachment into protected areas and their surroundings highlights the increased human pressure on these areas and the challenges of environmental protection for the future. KW - remote sensing KW - Africa KW - agriculture KW - Burkina Faso KW - data fusion KW - ESTARFM framework KW - irrigation KW - land surface phenology KW - Landsat KW - MODIS KW - plantation KW - protected areas KW - TIMESAT Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171905 VL - 9 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Büdel, Christian T1 - Quaternary alluvial fan morphodynamics and basin sedimentation in North Iran N2 - Several hundred meter thick alluvial fans are dominating the landscape of semiarid plains of north-eastern Iranian mountain-talus. These fans developed since Miocene times and are still prograding today. They are storing and transporting major amount of weathered debris from the mountain ranges and sediments are directed to the depressions of the endorheic basins. In this course, the debris gets increasingly weathered and abraded to sand silt and clay fractions, which finally constitute the fine loamy layers of the typical central playa lakes and playas. The study focused on the detailed investigation of a characteristic section of this prominent sediment cascades. The sediments were planned be comprehensively documented by using a fully analytical geomorphological mapping approach, also suitable for the classification of the sediment’s geomorphological system contexts. Therefore, a geodatabase structure was developed, which is capable of managing and analyzing geomorphological data. The corresponding data was acquired using remote sensing imagery, digital elevation models and field mapping campaigns. Additionally, mapped sediments were selected and analyzed to reveal representative stratigraphic and sedimentologic characteristics. The fieldwork was conducted in Damghan Basin on sections in geomorphologically subdivided alluvial apron sediments. The corresponding, more regularly layered and partly laminated sediments from the central playa, were also investigated and comparably described. Attending to the preparation of profile sections and the percussion core probing, samples from both origins were taken. Detailed lithostratigraphical and geochemical analyses were carried out in the laboratory, in order to develop sound comparable sediment and sediment alteration indices. In addition, OSL sampling was done on distinct alluvial fan surfaces, and the samples were measured and dated in the laboratory in order to develop a functional chronostratigraphy. The results of the geomorphological and stratigraphical investigations reveal five classes of surface ages on the alluvial apron. Parallel to that observation, the ramming core samples exhibit four main phases of sediment development in the playa, each with internal differentiation. This brings up opportunities for a valid correlation of continuously deposited playa sediments, with widespread alluvial surfaces. By considering the OSL ages of selected terrestrial and lacustrine layers, the stratigraphy and relative chronological order of the studied sediments, are aligned to Pleistocene and mid to late Holocene periods. This is also confirmed by proxy ages from the chronological framework of the landscape development, within the basin. Geophysical and geochemical data reveals roughly cyclic sedimentation and sediment alteration that can also be observed in genetically differing geoarchives from alluvial fan surfaces to the playa sediments. These parallel developments are confirmed by the sequence-stratigraphic order of the archives which is derived from geomorphological mapping. We postulate a time span covered by the playa sediments from today to late Pleistocene times. Drying and Lake level retreat at the end of Pleistocene is documented in parallel geoarchives of terrestrial and lacustrine origin. Thus, geomorphologic landform-succession and alluvial fan morphogenesis, as well as geochemical and geophysical fingerprinting data of playa sediments characterize this development. Therefore, it is present in the two youngest generations of alluvial fans, which deposited at the toe of the alluvial apron and which incorporate reworked still water deposits of a former lake level terrace. The geochemical parameters, like pH-value and Ca/S-ratio, in both, sediments of a former lake level and those from the recent playa extent exhibit a similar development. In addition, Ti/Al-ratio shows the potential for quantifying lake level retreat, as it seems to be tightly depending on lake level and increasing transportation distances along the sediment cascade. Major Findings - Analytical geomorphological mapping is a key tool for understanding the sedimentation history of the Iranian Quaternary and for describing Quaternary stratigraphic units of North Iran. - The younger playa deposits in Damghan Basin cover a time span from today to late Pleistocene. They are 10 meters thick and reveal very low organic matter contents throughout the core. - Drying and Lake level retreat is documented in parallel geoarchives (1) in geomorphologic landform-succession and alluvial fan morphogenesis and (2) in geochemical and geophysical fingerprinting data of playa sediments - Sequences of torrential sedimentation are detectable signals and can be correlated in both: playa sediments and landform morphology N2 - Die nordostiranische Gebirgsabdachung wird maßgeblich von mehrere hundert Meter mächtigen Schwemmfächern gebildet. Die Aufschüttung der Schwemmfächer setze im Miozän ein und bis heute progradieren die Fächer ins Beckeninnere. Dabei transportieren und speichern sie den Großteil des Verwitterungsschutts der Gebirgszone und die Sedimente werden von hier weiter in die zentralen Depressionen der endorheischen Beckenlandschaften geleitet. Auf ihrem Weg wird der Schutt weiter zerkleinert und verwittert, und bildet schließlich in feinen Sand-, Schluff- und Tongemengelagen die Lehmschichten der typischen zentralen Playaseen und Playas. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein charakteristischer Abschnitt dieser bedeutenden Sedimentkaskade detailliert untersucht. Durch einen vollanalytischen geomorphologischen Kartieransatz sollten die Sedimente umfangreich erfasst und in ihren geomorphologischen Systemzusammenhang gebracht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Geodatenbankstruktur entwickelt, die die Verwaltung und Analyse geomorphologischer Daten ermöglicht. Die entsprechenden Dateneinträge wurden aus spektralen Fernerkundungsdaten, digitalen Geländemodellen und den Feldkartierungen mehrerer Expeditionen extrahiert. Für die kartierten Sedimente wurden an repräsentativen Standorten zusätzlich die stratigraphischen und sedimentologischen Charakteristika ermittelt und mit den Kartenelementen verknüpft. Für die Feldarbeiten wurden die Sedimente einer typischen Schwemmfächerschürze des Damghan Beckens geomorphologisch untergegliedert und ergraben. Entsprechend wurden die, das Ende der Sedimentkaskade bildenden, regelmäßiger geschichteten und zum Teil laminierten Sedimente der Playa sondiert und vergleichbar beschrieben. Die Landformen wurden als Kartenelemente im Vektorformat gespeichert und nach standardisierten geomorphologischen Konzepten in Systemelemente aus Form, Material und Prozess klassifiziert. Spezifiziert wurden die Landformen und Landformelemente dann in den Klassen Moprhometrie und Morphographie (Form), Morphostruktur (Material), Morphodynamik und Morphogenese (Prozess), sowie Geomorphologie (System Synthese). Begleitend zu den Kartierungen und der Bearbeitung der Profilschnitte und Rammkernsondagen, wurden die Schichten beider Sedimentationsräume detailliert beprobt. Weitere Untersuchungen zu Lithostratigraphie, Geochronologie und Geochemie der Sedimente wurden im Labor ausgeführt und sollten aussagekräftige Indizes zu Sedimenteigenschaften und Art und Alter der Sedimentvariation erbringen. Neben pH- und Leitfähigkeitsmessungen, sowie der Ionenchromatographie leicht löslicher Salze, wurde für alle Proben die Granulometrie mittels Laserdiffraktometrie ermittelt. Die mineralogische Zusammensetzung wurde röntgendiffraktometrisch bestimmt. Haupt- und Nebenelemente wurden im Wesentlichen mit einer Kombination aus Röntgenfluoreszenzmessungen (XRF) und optischer Emissionsspektrometrie von Königswasseraufschlüssen mittels induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-OES) analysiert. Altersbestimmungen konnten lediglich an ausgewählten Proben der terrestrischen Sedimente durchgeführt werden; dabei wurden im Labor Dosimetrie und Optisch Stimulierte Lumineszenz gemessen (OSL) und daraus die Alter modelliert. Die Ergebnisse der geomorphologischen und stratigraphischen Untersuchungen zeigen fünf Hauptphasen vergangener Schwemmfächeroberflächenaktivität. Parallel dazu konnten in den Rammkernen der zentralen Playa vier in sich gegliederte Hauptsedimentationsphasen nachgewiesen werden. Die kontinuierlichen Akkumulationsphasen der Playasedimente bieten aussagekräftige Korrelationen mit den Aktivitätsphasen auf den ausgedehnten Flächen der Schwemmfächerschürze. Über die OSL-Alter der ausgewählten terrestrischen und lakustrinen Sedimentschichten können Stratigraphie und relative Chronologie der untersuchten Sedimente Pleistozänen und mittel- bis spätholozänen Perioden zugeordnet und in die allgemeine Chronostratigraphy des Beckens eingefügt werden. Die geophysikalischen und geochemischen Messungen lassen auf zyklische Sedimentationsphasen schließen, die sich über Geoarchive verschiedenen Ursprungs von der Schwemmfächerschürze bis in die zentrale Playa koppeln lassen. Diese stratigraphische Entwicklung wurde über die historisch-genetische Systemrekonstruktion im Zuge der geomorphologischen Kartierung in ihren sequenzstratigraphischen Zusammenhang gebracht und bestätigt so die parallele Entwicklung der verschiedenen Geoarchive. Die untersuchten Playasedimente belegen somit eine Zeitspanne vom Spätpleistozän bis zur aktuell anhaltenden Phase. Die Entwicklung der verschiedenen Sedimentkörper zeigt auch den Wechsel zu trockeneren Bedingungen und die Austrocknung eines früher ausgedehnten (Playa-)Sees in spätpleistozäner Zeit an. Sowohl die geomorphologische Landformensukzession und Schwemmfächermorphogenese, wie auch das Elementsignal und die veränderten geophysikalischen und geochemischen Eigenschaften der Playasedimente charakterisieren diese Entwicklung. So ist diese präsent in den beiden jüngsten Schwemmfächergenerationen, die am Fuß der Schwemmfächerschürze liegen und erodierte Sedimente einer ehemaligen Seeterrasse beinhalten. Auch geochemische Parameter, hier die pH-Werte und das Ca/S-Verhältnis, der Schichten in Position der ehemaligen Seeterrasse, und der Schichtung innerhalb der rezenten Playaausdehnung weisen auf die zunehmende Salinität des ehemaligen Sees im Zuge der Austrocknung hin. Ergänzend hat das Ti/Al-Verhältnis Potential den Seespiegelrückzug zu quantifizieren, indem es als Indikator für zunehmende Transportdistanzen entlang der Sedimentkaskade genutzt wird. Der beobachtete Seespiegelrückgang und die Phasen der Schwemmfächeraktivität können weiterhin mit Humiditätsphasen korreliert werden, die aus verschiedenen See- und Sumpfsedimenten des Nordiran bekannt sind. So beginnt in Damghan mit der Jüngeren Dyas eine intensive Trockenphase mit veränderten klimatischen Bedingungen. Nach einer folgenden Humiditätsphase mit neuerlichem Seehochstand können zwei weitere Trockenphasen im Frühholozän ausgemacht werden. Die letzte Trockenphase setzt somit nach einer mittelholozänen Phase relativer Stabilität ein. Wesentliche Erkenntnisse - Die analytisch geomorphologische Kartierung bildet ein essentielles Werkzeug zur Untersuchung der Sedimentation im iranischen Quartär und zur Beschreibung der quartären stratigraphischen Einheiten des Nordiran - Die jüngeren Playasedimente des Damghan Beckens repräsentieren einen Zeitabschnitt der von heute bis in das Spätpleistozän reicht. Sie weisen eine Mächtigkeit von 10 Meter auf und enthalten durchweg sehr geringe Anteile an organischer Substanz. - Austrocknung und Seespiegelrückgang sind in Damghan parallel in zwei Geoarchivtypen dokumentiert. Sie zeigen sich (1) in der geomorphologischen Landformenfolge und Schwemmfächerentwicklung und (2) im Wandel der geochemischen und geophysikalischen Charakteristika der Playasedimente. - Sequenzen mit torrentieller Sedimentation konnten ebenfalls in beiden Sedimentationsräumen erkannt und korreliert werden. N2 - Availability of water and desiccation of important water reservoirs is a vital challenge in semi-arid to arid climates with growing economy and population. Low quantities of precipitation and high evaporation rates leave the water supply vulnerable to human activity and climatic variations. Endorheic basins of Northern Iran were hydrologically landlocked within geological timescales and thus bear evidence of past variations of water resources in generations of water related landforms, like abandoned lake level shorelines, alluvial fans and stream terraces. Understanding the development of these landforms reveals crucial information about past water reservoirs and landscape history. This study offers a comprehensive approach on understanding the geomorphological development of the landscape throughout Late Pleistocene and Holocene times. It integrates remote sensing and geographic information system analysis, with geomorphological and stratigraphical mapping fieldwork and detailed sedimentological investigations. The work shows the importance of analytical geomorphological mapping for delineating stratigraphic units of the Iranian Quaternary. Thus, several phases of drying and lake level retreat were identified in parallel geoarchives and could be dated to a time span from today to Late Pleistocene. The findings link the fate of the citizens of the ancient city of "Tepe Hissar" to their access to water and to the power of geomorphological processes, which started changing their environment. T2 - Quartäre Schwemmfächerdynamik und Beckensedimentation im Nordiran T3 - Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten - 123 KW - Quartärgeomorphologie KW - Quartär KW - Trockengebiet KW - Schwemmfächer KW - Playa KW - Sedimentarchiv KW - Quaternary KW - drylands KW - alluvial fan KW - basin geomorphology Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184508 SN - 978-3-95826-114-3 SN - 978-3-95826-115-0 SN - 0510-9833 SN - 2194-3656 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, 978-3-95826-114-3, 29,80 EUR PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ET - 1. Auflage ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhn, Stefan A1 - Frimmel, Hartwig E. A1 - Prince, Westley T1 - Syn-metamorphic sulfidation of the Gamsberg zinc deposit, South Africa JF - Mineralogy and Petrology N2 - The Mesoproterozoic Aggeneys-Gamsberg ore district, South Africa, is one of the world´s largest sulfidic base metal concentrations and well-known as a prime example of Broken Hill-type base metal deposits, traditionally interpreted as metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Within this district, the Gamsberg deposit stands out for its huge size and strongly Zn-dominated ore ( >14 Mt contained Zn). New electron microprobe analyses and element abundance maps of sulfides and silicates point to fluid-driven sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism. Differences in the chemistry of sulfide inclusions within zoned garnet grains reflect different degrees of interaction of sulfides with high metal/sulfur-ratio with a sulfur-rich metamorphic fluid. Independent evidence of sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism comes from graphic-textured sulfide aggregates that previously have been interpreted as quenched sulfidic melts, replacement of pyrrhotite by pyrite along micro-fractures, and sulfides in phyllic alteration zones. Limited availability of fluid under retrograde conditions caused locally different degrees of segregation of Fe-rich sphalerite into Zn-rich sphalerite and pyrite, and thus considerable heterogeneity in sphalerite chemistry. The invoked sulfur-rich metamorphic fluids would have been able to sulfidize base metal-rich zones in the whole deposit and thus camouflage a potential pre-metamorphic oxidation. These findings support the recently established hypothesis of a pre-Klondikean weathering-induced oxidation event and challenge the traditional explanation of Broken Hill-type deposits as merely metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Instead, we suggest that the massive sulfide deposits experienced a complex history, starting with initial SEDEX-type mineralization, followed by near-surface oxidation with spatial metal separation, and then sulfidation of this oxidized ore during medium- to high-grade metamorphism. KW - Gamsberg KW - metamorphic sulfidation KW - sulfide inclusions KW - base metal deposit KW - Aggeneys Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268574 SN - 1438-1168 VL - 115 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie T1 - Circulation pattern controls of wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa JF - Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics N2 - Atmospheric circulation is a vital process in the transport of heat, moisture, and pollutants around the globe. The variability of rainfall depends to some extent on the atmospheric circulation. This paper investigates synoptic situations in southern Africa that can be associated with wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa, in addition to the underlying dynamics. Principal component analysis was applied to the T-mode matrix (variable is time series and observation is grid points at which the field was observed) of daily mean sea level pressure field from 1979 to 2018 in classifying the circulation patterns in southern Africa. 18 circulation types (CTs) were classified in the study region. From the linkage of the CTs to the observed rainfall data, from 11 stations in Free State, it was found that dominant austral winter and late austral autumn CTs have a higher probability of being associated with dry days in Free State. Dominant austral summer and late austral spring CTs were found to have a higher probability of being associated with wet days in Free State. Cyclonic/anti-cyclonic activity over the southwest Indian Ocean, explained to a good extent, the inter-seasonal variability of rainfall in Free State. The synoptic state associated with a stronger anti-cyclonic circulation at the western branch of the South Indian Ocean high-pressure, during austral summer, leading to enhanced low-level moisture transport by southeast winds was found to have the highest probability of being associated with above-average rainfall in most regions in Free State. On the other hand, the synoptic state associated with enhanced transport of cold dry air, by the extratropical westerlies, was found to have the highest probability of being associated with (winter) dryness in Free State. KW - South Africa KW - atmospheric circulation KW - circulation patterns Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268552 SN - 1436-5065 VL - 133 IS - 5 ER -