TY - JOUR A1 - Latifi, Hooman A1 - Heurich, Marco T1 - Multi-scale remote sensing-assisted forest inventory: a glimpse of the state-of-the-art and future prospects JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Advances in remote inventory and analysis of forest resources during the last decade have reached a level to be now considered as a crucial complement, if not a surrogate, to the long-existing field-based methods. This is mostly reflected in not only the use of multiple-band new active and passive remote sensing data for forest inventory, but also in the methodic and algorithmic developments and/or adoptions that aim at maximizing the predictive or calibration performances, thereby minimizing both random and systematic errors, in particular for multi-scale spatial domains. With this in mind, this editorial note wraps up the recently-published Remote Sensing special issue “Remote Sensing-Based Forest Inventories from Landscape to Global Scale”, which hosted a set of state-of-the-art experiments on remotely sensed inventory of forest resources conducted by a number of prominent researchers worldwide. KW - remote sensing KW - forest resources inventory KW - spatial scale Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197358 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Appel, Alexandra A1 - Hardaker, Sina T1 - Strategies in Times of Pandemic Crisis — Retailers and Regional Resilience in Würzburg, Germany JF - Sustainability N2 - Research on the COVID-19 crisis and its implications on regional resilience is still in its infancy. To understand resilience on its aggregate level it is important to identify (non)resilient actions of individual actors who comprise regions. As the retail sector among others represents an important factor in an urban regions recovery, we focus on the resilience of (textile) retailers within the city of Würzburg in Germany to the COVID-19 pandemic. To address the identified research gap, this paper applies the concept of resilience. Firstly, conducting expert interviews, the individual (textile) retailers’ level and their strategies in coping with the crisis is considered. Secondly, conducting a contextual analysis of the German city of Würzburg, we wish to contribute to the discussion of how the resilience of a region is influenced inter alia by actors. Our study finds three main strategies on the individual level, with retailers: (1) intending to “bounce back” to a pre-crisis state, (2) reorganising existing practices, as well as (3) closing stores and winding up business. As at the time of research, no conclusions regarding long-term impacts and resilience are possible, the results are limited. Nevertheless, detailed analysis of retailers’ strategies contributes to a better understanding of regional resilience. KW - resilience KW - COVID-19 KW - pandemic crisis KW - regional resilience KW - retail KW - owner-operated retailers KW - textile sector KW - Germany Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-233991 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 13 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holzwarth, Stefanie A1 - Thonfeld, Frank A1 - Abdullahi, Sahra A1 - Asam, Sarah A1 - Da Ponte Canova, Emmanuel A1 - Gessner, Ursula A1 - Huth, Juliane A1 - Kraus, Tanja A1 - Leutner, Benjamin A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - Earth Observation based monitoring of forests in Germany: a review JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32% of Germany's surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character of the country's cultural landscape. Germany's forests fulfil a variety of functions for nature and society, and also play an important role in the context of climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures and current weather extremes, has a negative impact on the health and development of forests. Within the last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, and heat waves, and the subsequent mass reproduction of bark beetles have all seriously affected Germany’s forests. Facing the current dramatic extent of forest damage and the emerging long-term consequences, the effort to preserve forests in Germany, along with their diversity and productivity, is an indispensable task for the government. Several German ministries have and plan to initiate measures supporting forest health. Quantitative data is one means for sound decision-making to ensure the monitoring of the forest and to improve the monitoring of forest damage. In addition to existing forest monitoring systems, such as the federal forest inventory, the national crown condition survey, and the national forest soil inventory, systematic surveys of forest condition and vulnerability at the national scale can be expanded with the help of a satellite-based earth observation. In this review, we analysed and categorized all research studies published in the last 20 years that focus on the remote sensing of forests in Germany. For this study, 166 citation indexed research publications have been thoroughly analysed with respect to publication frequency, location of studies undertaken, spatial and temporal scale, coverage of the studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci of the studies, and overall outcomes, allowing us to identify major research and geoinformation product gaps. KW - remote sensing KW - earth observation KW - forest KW - forest monitoring KW - forest disturbances KW - Germany KW - review Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216334 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 12 IS - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Usman, Muhammad A1 - Mahmood, Talha A1 - Conrad, Christopher A1 - Bodla, Habib Ullah T1 - Remote Sensing and modelling based framework for valuing irrigation system efficiency and steering indicators of consumptive water use in an irrigated region JF - Sustainability N2 - Water crises are becoming severe in recent times, further fueled by population increase and climate change. They result in complex and unsustainable water management. Spatial estimation of consumptive water use is vital for performance assessment of the irrigation system using Remote Sensing (RS). For this study, its estimation is done using the Soil Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) approach. Performance indicators including equity, adequacy, and reliability were worked out at various spatiotemporal scales. Moreover, optimization and sustainable use of water resources are not possible without knowing the factors mainly influencing consumptive water use of major crops. For that purpose, random forest regression modelling was employed using various sets of factors for site-specific, proximity, and cropping system. The results show that the system is underperforming both for Kharif (i.e., summer) and Rabi (i.e., winter) seasons. Performance indicators highlight poor water distribution in the system, a shortage of water supply, and unreliability. The results are relatively good for Rabi as compared to Kharif, with an overall poor situation for both seasons. Factors importance varies for different crops. Overall, distance from canal, road density, canal density, and farm approachability are the most important factors for explaining consumptive water use. Auditing of consumptive water use shows the potential for resource optimization through on-farm water management by the targeted approach. The results are based on the present situation without considering future changes in canal water supply and consumptive water use under climate change. KW - consumptive water use KW - performance assessment KW - indicator importance assessment KW - water management KW - Pakistan Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219358 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 12 IS - 22 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bangelesa, Freddy Fefe T1 - Impacts of climate variability and change on Maize (\(Zea\) \(mays\)) production in tropical Africa T1 - Auswirkungen von Klimavariabilität und Veränderungen auf die Mais (\(Zea\) \(mays\)) Produktion im tropischen Afrika N2 - Climate change is undeniable and constitutes one of the major threats of the 21st century. It impacts sectors of our society, usually negatively, and is likely to worsen towards the middle and end of the century. The agricultural sector is of particular concern, for it is the primary source of food and is strongly dependent on the weather. Considerable attention has been given to the impact of climate change on African agriculture because of the continent’s high vulnerability, which is mainly due to its low adaptation capac- ity. Several studies have been implemented to evaluate the impact of climate change on this continent. The results are sometimes controversial since the studies are based on different approaches, climate models and crop yield datasets. This study attempts to contribute substantially to this large topic by suggesting specific types of climate pre- dictors. The study focuses on tropical Africa and its maize yield. Maize is considered to be the most important crop in this region. To estimate the effect of climate change on maize yield, the study began by developing a robust cross-validated multiple linear regression model, which related climate predictors and maize yield. This statistical trans- fer function is reputed to be less prone to overfitting and multicollinearity problems. It is capable of selecting robust predictors, which have a physical meaning. Therefore, the study combined: large-scale predictors, which were derived from the principal component analysis of the monthly precipitation and temperature; traditional local-scale predictors, mainly, the mean precipitation, mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature; and the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI), derived from the specific crop (maize) water balance model. The projected maize-yield change is forced by a regional climate model (RCM) REMO under two emission scenarios: high emission scenario (RCP8.5) and mid-range emission scenario (RCP4.5). The different effects of these groups of predictors in projecting the future maize-yield changes were also assessed. Furthermore, the study analysed the impact of climate change on the global WRSI. The results indicate that almost 27 % of the interannual variability of maize production of the entire region is explained by climate variables. The influence of climate predictors on maize-yield production is more pronounced in West Africa, reaching 55 % in some areas. The model projection indicates that the maize yield in the entire region is expected to decrease by the middle of the century under an RCP8.5 emission scenario, and from the middle of the century to the end of the century, the production will slightly recover but will remain negative (around -10 %). However, in some regions of East Africa, a slight increase in maize yield is expected. The maize-yield projection under RCP4.5 remains relatively unchanged compared to the baseline period (1982-2016). The results further indicate that large-scale predictors are the most critical drivers of the global year-to-year maize-yield variability, and ENSO – which is highly correlated with the most important predictor (PC2) – seems to be the physical process underlying this variability. The effects of local predictors are more pronounced in the eastern parts of the region. The impact of the future climate change on WRSI reveals that the availability of maize water is expected to decrease everywhere, except in some parts of eastern Africa. N2 - Weil die Folgen des Klimawandels die Lebensgrundlagen aller Lebewesen beeinträchtigen, ist der Klimawandel ein sehr relevantes Thema des 21. Jahrhunderts. Seine negativen Effekte betreffen bereits viele Sektoren unserer Gesellschaft und die Prognosen zeigen, dass sich die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels Mitte und Ende dieses Jahrhunderts ver- schärfen werden. Die Landwirtschaft ist besonders betroffen, denn sie ist sehr abhängig vom Klima. Da die Landwirtschaft als Hauptnahrungsquelle der Menschen gilt, ist es erforderlich sich mit den Problemen des Klimawandels rechtzeitig zu beschäftigen, um in der Zukunft die Ernährung der Menschheit gewährleisten zu können. Viele Forscher beschäftigen sich mit den Folgen des Klimawandels in der Landwirtschaft. Besonders in Afrika wurde viel geforscht, weil die Landwirtschaft in Afrika sich technisch schlecht anpassen kann, um die Schwierigkeiten, die mit dem Klimawandel einhergehen, zu über- winden. Mehrere Studien wurden durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen des Klimawan- dels in Afrika zu bewerten. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen verwendeten statistischen Methoden, Modellierungen der Umweltprozesse oder Ertragsdaten sind die Ergebnisse teilweise kontrovers. Diese Studie versucht, einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Landwirtschaft in Westafrika zu leisten, indem sie spezifis- che Methoden vorschlägt, um das Klima der Zukunft projizieren zu können. Diese Studie behandelt Maiserträge in den Tropen Afrikas, da Mais dort die wichtigste Nutzpflanze ist. Um die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Maisertrag abzuschätzen, wurde ein Regressionsmodell (aus dem Englischen: robust cross-validated multiple) entwickelt, das Klimaprädiktoren und Maiserträge koppelt. Diese entwickelte statistische Übertra- gungsfunktion ist zuverlässiger bei Schwierigkeiten mit der Überanpassung und der Mul- tikollinearität. Außerdem ist sie auch in der Lage robuste Prädiktoren mit physikalischer Bedeutung auszuwählen. Deshalb wurden in der Studie großräumige und lokale Prädik- toren kombiniert. Erstere entstammen der Analyse der Komponenten des monatlichen Niederschlags und der Temperatur, letztere basieren basieren auf den mittleren und Ex- tremtemperaturen sowie dem mittleren Niederschlag. Zusätzlich zu den Prädiktoren wurde ein Index der Wasserbedarfsdeckung (Water Requirement Satisfaction Index, WRSI) verwendet, der auf einem Wasserhaushaltsmodell der Nutzpflanzen basiert. Die erwartete Mais-Ertragsänderung wird mithilfe eines regionalen Klimamodells (RCM) REMO für die Emissionsszenarien RCP8.5 und RCP4.5 simuliert. Die einzelnen Effekte der Prädiktoren- Gruppen bei der Prognose der zukünftigen Mais-Ertragsänderungen wurden ebenfalls bewertet. Darüber hinaus analysierte die Studie die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den WSRI. Durchschnittlich zeigen die Ergebnisse eine jährliche Maisproduktionsän- derung von ca. 27 % in der gesamten Region. Diese Änderung, die in Westafrika mit ca. 55 % stärker ausgeprägt ist, ist eine Folge des Klimawandels. Die Simulationen des Mod- ells anhand von RCP8.5-Emissionsszenario zeigen auch, dass der Maisertrag der gesamten Region voraussichtlich bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts abnehmen wird. Danach findet eine geringe Ertragserhöhung statt, die jedoch um ca. 10 % unter der ursprünglichen Menge liegt. Im Gegensatz zu Westafrika wird in einigen Regionen Ostafrikas wird ein leichter Anstieg des Maisertrags simuliert. Die Mais-Ertragsprognose für die gesamte Region mittels RCP4.5 bleibt relativ unverändert im Vergleich zum ursprünglichen Ertrag. Die Ergebnisse zeigen weiterhin, dass die großräumigen Prädiktoren die wichtigste Rolle bei den globalen jährlichen Maisertragsschwankungen spielen. ENSO ist stark mit dem wichtigsten Prädiktor korreliert, was auf den physikalischen Prozess hinweist, der diese Ertragsänderung erklärt. Die Relevanz der lokalen Prädiktoren ist in den östlichen Re- gionen Afrikas stärker ausgeprägt. Sie beeinflussen den WRSI, sodass der Maisertrag im Verhältnis zur Wasserverfügbarkeit voraussichtlich überall abnehmen wird. Ausgenom- men sind einigen Regionen Ostafrikas. KW - Climate change KW - Food security KW - Modelling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259347 ER - TY - THES A1 - Karama, Alphonse T1 - East African Seasonal Rainfall prediction using multiple linear regression and regression with ARIMA errors models T1 - Vorhersage des saisonalen Niederschlags in Ostafrika mit multipler linearer Regression und Regression mit ARIMA-Fehlermodellen N2 - The detrimental impacts of climate variability on water, agriculture, and food resources in East Africa underscore the importance of reliable seasonal climate prediction. To overcome this difficulty RARIMAE method were evolved. Applications RARIMAE in the literature shows that amalgamating different methods can be an efficient and effective way to improve the forecasts of time series under consideration. With these motivations, attempt have been made to develop a multiple linear regression model (MLR) and a RARIMAE models for forecasting seasonal rainfall in east Africa under the following objectives: 1. To develop MLR model for seasonal rainfall prediction in East Africa. 2. To develop a RARIMAE model for seasonal rainfall prediction in East Africa. 3. Comparison of model's efficiency under consideration In order to achieve the above objectives, the monthly precipitation data covering the period from 1949 to 2000 was obtained from Climate Research Unit (CRU). Next to that, the first differenced climate indices were used as predictors. In the first part of this study, the analyses of the rainfall fluctuation in whole Central- East Africa region which span over a longitude of 15 degrees East to 55 degrees East and a latitude of 15 degrees South to 15 degrees North was done by the help of maps. For models’ comparison, the R-squared values for the MLR model are subtracted from the R-squared values of RARIMAE model. The results show positive values which indicates that R-squared is improved by RARIMAE model. On the other side, the root mean square errors (RMSE) values of the RARIMAE model are subtracted from the RMSE values of the MLR model and the results show negative value which indicates that RMSE is reduced by RARIMAE model for training and testing datasets. For the second part of this study, the area which is considered covers a longitude of 31.5 degrees East to 41 degrees East and a latitude of 3.5 degrees South to 0.5 degrees South. This region covers Central-East of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), north of Burundi, south of Uganda, Rwanda, north of Tanzania and south of Kenya. Considering a model constructed based on the average rainfall time series in this region, the long rainfall season counts the nine months lead of the first principal component of Indian sea level pressure (SLP_PC19) and the nine months lead of Dipole Mode Index (DMI_LR9) as selected predictors for both statistical and predictive model. On the other side, the short rainfall season counts the three months lead of the first principal component of Indian sea surface temperature (SST_PC13) and the three months lead of Southern Oscillation Index (SOI_SR3) as predictors for predictive model. For short rainfall season statistical model SAOD current time series (SAOD_SR0) was added on the two predictors in predictive model. By applying a MLR model it is shown that the forecast can explain 27.4% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 74.2mm/season for long rainfall season while for the RARIMAE the forecast explains 53.6% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 59.4mm/season. By applying a MLR model it is shown that the forecast can explain 22.8% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 106.1 mm/season for short rainfall season predictive model while for the RARIMAE the forecast explains 55.1% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 81.1 mm/season. From such comparison, a significant rise in R-squared, a decrease of RMSE values were observed in RARIMAE models for both short rainfall and long rainfall season averaged time series. In terms of reliability, RARIMAE outperformed its MLR counterparts with better efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, whenever the data suffer from autocorrelation, we can go for MLR with ARIMA error, the ARIMA error part is more to correct the autocorrelation thereby improving the variance and productiveness of the model. N2 - Die nachteiligen Auswirkungen der Klimavariabilität auf Wasser, Landwirtschaft und Nahrungsressourcen in Ostafrika unterstreichen die Bedeutung einer zuverlässigen saisonalen Klimavorhersage. Um diese Schwierigkeit zu überwinden, wurden die Regression mit ARIMA-Fehlern (RARIMAE)-Methoden entwickelt. Die Anwendungen RARIMAE in der Literatur zeigen, dass die Zusammenführung verschiedener Methoden ein effizienter und effektiver Weg sein kann, um die Vorhersagen der betrachteten Zeitreihen zu verbessern. Aus dieser Motivation heraus wurde versucht, ein multiples lineares Regressionsmodell (MLR) und ein RARIMAE-Modell zur Vorhersage saisonaler Niederschläge in Ostafrika unter folgenden Zielsetzungen zu entwickeln: 1. Entwicklung eines MLR-Modells für die Vorhersage der saisonalen Regenfälle in Ostafrika. 2. Entwicklung eines RARIMAE-Modells für die saisonale Niederschlagsvorhersage in Ostafrika. 3. Vergleich der betrachteten Modelleffizienz Um die oben genannten Ziele zu erreichen, wurden die monatlichen Niederschlagsdaten für den Zeitraum von 1949 bis 2000 von der Climate Research Unit (CRU) bezogen. Daneben wurden die ersten differenzierten Klimaindizes als Prädiktoren verwendet. Im ersten Teil dieser Studie wurden die Niederschlagsschwankungen in der gesamten Region Zentral-Ostafrika, die sich über einen Längengrad von 15 Grad Ost bis 55 Grad Ost und einen Breitengrad von 15 Grad Süd bis 15 Grad Nord erstrecken, analysiert mit Hilfe von Karten gemacht. Für den Modellvergleich werden die Erklärte Varianz-Werte für das MLR-Modell von den R-Quadrat-Werten des RARIMAE-Modells abgezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen positive Werte, was darauf hinweist, die Erklärte Varianz durch das RARIMAE-Modell verbessert wird. Auf der anderen Seite werden die Root-Mean-Square-Error-Werte (RMSE) des RARIMAE-Modells von den RMSE-Werten des MLR-Modells subtrahiert und die Ergebnisse zeigen einen negativen Wert, der darauf hinweist, dass der RMSE durch das RARIMAE-Modell für Trainings- und Testdatensätze reduziert wird. Für den zweiten Teil dieser Studie umfasst das betrachtete Gebiet einen Längengrad von 31,5 Grad Ost bis 41 Grad Ost und einen Breitengrad von 3,5 Grad Süd bis 0,5 Grad Süd. Diese Region umfasst den Zentral-Osten der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (DRC), nördlich von Burundi, südlich von Uganda, Ruanda, nördlich von Tansania und südlich von Kenia. Betrachtet man ein Modell, das auf der Grundlage der durchschnittlichen Niederschlagszeitreihen in dieser Region erstellt wurde, zählt die lange Regensaison den neunmonatigen Vorsprung der ersten Hauptkomponente des indischen Meeresspiegeldrucks (SLP_PC19) und den neunmonatigen Vorsprung des Dipolmodus-Index (DMI_LR9) als ausgewählte Prädiktoren für statistische und prädiktive Modelle. Auf der anderen Seite zählt die kurze Regenzeit den dreimonatigen Vorsprung der ersten Hauptkomponente der indischen Meeresoberflächentemperatur (SST_PC13) und den dreimonatigen Vorsprung des Southern Oscillation Index (SOI_SR3) als Prädiktoren für das Vorhersagemodell. Für das statistische Modell der kurzen Regenzeit wurde die aktuelle SAOD-Zeitreihe (SAOD_SR0) zu den beiden Prädiktoren im Vorhersagemodell hinzugefügt. Durch die Anwendung eines MLR-Modells wird gezeigt, dass die Vorhersage 27,4 % der Gesamtvariation erklären kann und einen RMSE von 74,2 mm/Saison für eine lange Regenzeit hat, während die Vorhersage für RARIMAE 53,6% der Gesamtvariation erklärt und einen RMSE von 59,4 mm/Saison hat. Durch die Anwendung eines MLR-Modells wird gezeigt, dass die Vorhersage 22,8% der Gesamtvariation erklären kann und einen RMSE von 106,1 mm/Saison für das Vorhersagemodell für kurze Regenzeiten hat, während die Vorhersage für RARIMAE 55,1% der Gesamtvariation erklärt und a RMSE von 81,1 mm/Saison. Aus einem solchen Vergleich wurde ein signifikanter Anstieg die Erklärte Varianz und eine Abnahme der RMSE-Werte in RARIMAE-Modellen sowohl für die gemittelten Zeitreihen für kurze Regenfälle als auch für lange Regenzeiten beobachtet. In Bezug auf die Zuverlässigkeit übertraf RARIMAE seine MLR-Pendants mit besserer Effizienz und Genauigkeit. Wenn die Daten unter Autokorrelation leiden, können wir uns daher für MLR mit ARIMA-Fehler entscheiden. Der ARIMA-Fehlerteil dient mehr dazu, die Autokorrelation zu korrigieren, wodurch die Varianz und Produktivität des Modells verbessert wird. KW - Regression KW - Niederschlag KW - Telekonnektion KW - Precipitation KW - ARIMA KW - Teleconnection Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251831 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Job, Hubert A1 - Willi, Gero A1 - Mayer, Marius A1 - Pütz, Marco T1 - Open Spaces in Alpine Countries: Analytical Concepts and Preservation Strategies in Spatial Planning JF - Mountain Research and Development N2 - Open spaces in the Alps are becoming noticeably scarcer, and the long-term consequences for humans and the environment are often overlooked. Open spaces preserve ecosystem services but are under pressure in many Alpine valleys due to demographic and economic development as well as corresponding technical and tourism infrastructure. This article conceptualizes and measures open spaces in Alpine environments. In addition to analyzing existing spatial planning instruments and the open spaces resulting from 2 of them-the Bavarian Alpenplan in Germany and the Tyrolean Ruhegebiete in Austria-we identify open spaces in Switzerland using a geographic information system. More generally, we discuss how spatial planning deals with open spaces. Results show that both the Alpenplan and the Ruhegebiete have contributed significantly to the protection of open spaces in the Bavarian and Tyrolean Alps since the 1970s. Indeed, both approaches prevented several development projects. In the Swiss Alps, open spaces cover 41.9% of the Alpine Convention area. A share of 40.3% vegetation-free open spaces shows that they are concentrated in high alpine areas. Of the open spaces identified, 64.6% are covered by protected areas. Hence, about one third of the open spaces still existing in the Swiss Alps need preservation, not only for ecological connectivity reasons but also to preserve them for generations to come. We conclude that different sectoral approaches for the conservation of open spaces for people and natural heritage in the Alps and other high mountain ranges should be better coordinated. In addition, much more intensive crossborder cooperation in spatial development and planning is needed to preserve open spaces throughout the Alpine arc. KW - Alps KW - ecological connectivity KW - open spaces KW - sectoral planning KW - spatial planning; sustainable development; cross-border coordination Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259338 VL - 40 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asam, Sarah A1 - Gessner, Ursula A1 - Almengor González, Roger A1 - Wenzl, Martina A1 - Kriese, Jennifer A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - Mapping crop types of Germany by combining temporal statistical metrics of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series with LPIS data JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Nationwide and consistent information on agricultural land use forms an important basis for sustainable land management maintaining food security, (agro)biodiversity, and soil fertility, especially as German agriculture has shown high vulnerability to climate change. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data of the Copernicus program offer time series with temporal, spatial, radiometric, and spectral characteristics that have great potential for mapping and monitoring agricultural crops. This paper presents an approach which synergistically uses these multispectral and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) time series for the classification of 17 crop classes at 10 m spatial resolution for Germany in the year 2018. Input data for the Random Forest (RF) classification are monthly statistics of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series. This approach reduces the amount of input data and pre-processing steps while retaining phenological information, which is crucial for crop type discrimination. For training and validation, Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) data were available covering 15 of the 16 German Federal States. An overall map accuracy of 75.5% was achieved, with class-specific F1-scores above 80% for winter wheat, maize, sugar beet, and rapeseed. By combining optical and SAR data, overall accuracies could be increased by 6% and 9%, respectively, compared to single sensor approaches. While no increase in overall accuracy could be achieved by stratifying the classification in natural landscape regions, the class-wise accuracies for all but the cereal classes could be improved, on average, by 7%. In comparison to census data, the crop areas could be approximated well with, on average, only 1% of deviation in class-specific acreages. Using this streamlined approach, similar accuracies for the most widespread crop types as well as for smaller permanent crop classes were reached as in other Germany-wide crop type studies, indicating its potential for repeated nationwide crop type mapping. KW - agriculture KW - random forest classification KW - multispectral data KW - radar data KW - spectral statistics KW - temporal statistics KW - IACS Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278969 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Appel, Alexandra A1 - Hardaker, Sina T1 - Einzelhandel als Katalysator für nachhaltige urbane Radlogistik? – WüLivery, ein Fallbeispiel aus Würzburg JF - Standort N2 - Die Covid-19-Pandemie gilt in vielen gesellschaftlichen Teilbereichen als Beschleuniger für Transformationsprozesse. Auch im Bereich der Organisation urbaner Logistik und Einzelhandelslandschaften etablieren sich neue Akteur*innen und Funktionen. Logistiker*innen integrieren lokale Onlinemarktplätze in ihre Profile und der stationäre Einzelhandel generiert Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gegenüber großen Onlinehändler*innen über die Nutzung lokaler Radlogistiknetzwerke, mittels derer Lieferungen noch am Tag der Bestellung (Same-Day-Delivery) verteilt werden können. Damit leisten die involvierten Akteur*innen potenziell auch einen Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeitstransformation im Bereich urbaner Logistiksysteme. Im Fokus steht das Fallbeispiel WüLivery, ein Kooperationsprojekt des Stadtmarketingvereins, der Wirtschaftsförderung, Radlogistiker*innen sowie Einzelhändler*innen in Würzburg, welches während des zweiten coronabedingten Lockdowns im November 2020 umgesetzt wurde. Die entstehenden Dynamiken und Organisationsformen werden auf Basis von 11 Expert*inneninterviews dargestellt und analysiert. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass städtische Akteur*innen grundlegende Mediator*innen für Transformationsprozesse darstellen und Einzelhändler*innen und lokale Onlinemarktplätze als Katalysator*innen fungieren können. Das ist auch vor dem Hintergrund planerischer und politischer Kommunikationsprozesse zur Legitimation neuer Verkehrsinfrastrukturen nutzbar, da die einzelnen Akteur*innengruppen in Austausch kommen und ein gesteigertes Bewusstsein für die jeweiligen Bedarfe entsteht. KW - lokaler Onlinemarktplatz KW - urbane Logistik KW - Nachhaltigkeitstransformation KW - letzte Meile KW - Einzelhandel Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268437 SN - 1432-220X VL - 46 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehner, Helena A1 - Huchler, Katharina A1 - Fritz, Johannes T1 - Quantification of foraging areas for the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) in the northern Alpine foothills: a random forest model fitted with optical and actively sensed earth observation data JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita, NBI) is an endangered migratory species, which went extinct in Europe in the 17th century. Currently, a translocation project in the frame of the European LIFE program is carried out, to reintroduce a migratory population with breeding colonies in the northern and southern Alpine foothills and a common wintering area in southern Tuscany. The population meanwhile consists of about 200 individuals, with about 90% of them carrying a GPS device on their back. We used biologging data from 2021 to model the habitat suitability for the species in the northern Alpine foothills. To set up a species distribution model, indices describing environmental conditions were calculated from satellite images of Landsat-8, and in addition to the well-proven use of optical remote sensing data, we also included Sentinel-1 actively sensed observation data, as well as climate and urbanization data. A random forest model was fitted on NBI GPS positions, which we used to identify regions with high predicted foraging suitability within the northern Alpine foothills. The model resulted in 84.5% overall accuracy. Elevation and slope had the highest predictive power, followed by grass cover and VV intensity of Sentinel-1 radar data. The map resulting from the model predicts the highest foraging suitability for valley floors, especially of Inn, Rhine, and Salzach-Valley as well as flatlands, like the Swiss Plateau and the agricultural areas surrounding Lake Constance. Areas with a high suitability index largely overlap with known historic breeding sites. This is particularly noteworthy because the model only refers to foraging habitats without considering the availability of suitable breeding cliffs. Detailed analyses identify the transition zone from extensive grassland management to intensive arable farming as the northern range limit. The modeling outcome allows for defining suitable areas for further translocation and management measures in the frame of the European NBI reintroduction program. Although required in the international IUCN translocation guidelines, the use of models in the context of translocation projects is still not common and in the case of the Northern Bald Ibis not considered in the present Single Species Action Plan of the African-Eurasian Migratory Water bird Agreement. Our species distribution model represents a contemporary snapshot, but sustainability is essential for conservation planning, especially in times of climate change. In this regard, a further model could be optimized by investigating sustainable land use, temporal dynamics, and climate change scenarios. KW - Northern Bald Ibis KW - conservation KW - species distribution modeling KW - random forest modeling KW - remote sensing KW - reintroduction Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262245 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 4 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Neiberger, Cordula ED - Pez, Peter T1 - Einzelhandel und Stadtverkehr - Neue Entwicklungstendenzen durch Digitalisierung und Stadtgestaltung N2 - Handel und Verkehr sind eng miteinander verzahnt, und Standortsysteme im (Einzel-)handel können die Konfiguration von (städtischen) Verkehrssystemen weitreichend beeinflussen – gleiches gilt aber auch in umgekehrter Richtung. Aktuelle Wandlungsprozesse zeichnen sich insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Digitalisierung ab. So differenzieren sich Distributionsformen mit neuen IT-basierten Zustellsystemen aus. Onlineshopping steht dabei im Wettbewerb mit dem stationären Einzelhandel und initiiert zunehmende Transportströme (auch für Warenrückläufe). Wie wirkt sich diese Entwicklung im Einzelhandel auf Einkaufsverhalten und Mobilitätder Kunden aus? Was bedeutet dies wiederum für den Handel? Und inwieweit stimmt der dadurch ausgelöste Wandel mit den Leitbildern von Handel, Stadtplanung und Nachhaltigkeit überein oder verlangt neue Anpassungen? Diesen und weiteren Fragen geht der vorliegende Sammelband „Einzelhandel und Stadtverkehr. Neue Entwicklungstendenzen durch Digitalisierung und Stadtgestaltung“ der Schriftenreihe Geographische Handelsforschung nach. Die sieben Beiträge des Bandes standen im Zentrum der Vorträge und Diskussionen anlässlich der gemeinsamen Jahrestagung der VGDH-Arbeitskreise „Verkehr“ und „Geographische Handelsforschung“ vom 7. bis 9. Juni 2018 an der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. Aus wissenschaftlicher und dabei praktischer Perspektive diskutierten die Autoren aktuelle Trends und Entwicklungsperspektiven des nicht immer einfachen Managements von Mobilität und Konsum. N2 - Enthält: Cordula Neiberger und Peter Pez Einzelhandel und Stadtverkehr – eine Symbiose? Rolf Monheim Einzelhandel und Verkehr in Innenstädten – Eine vielschichtige Beziehung im Spannungsfeld von äußerer und innerer Erreichbarkeit Jürgen Rauh und Sebastian Rauch Konzeptionelle Überlegungen zu fußläufigen GIS-gestützten Erreichbarkeitsanalysen in der Nahversorgung in ländlichen Räumen Oliver Schwedes und Susanne Thomaier Die Schönhauser Allee: Gestaltung des Wandels zu einer fahrradfreundlichen Einkaufsstraße Jannik Wendorff Ladeninfrastruktur für Elektromobilität – Ein Erfolgsfaktor im stationären Einzelhandel? Vera Schleiden und Cordula Neiberger Onlinehandel und Nachhaltigkeit – Zur Bedeutung von Nachhaltigkeit für das Einkaufsverhalten im cross-border Onlinehandel Benjamin Heldt, Tilman Mattheis, Matthias Heinrichs und Antje von Schmidt Auswirkungen des zunehmenden Online-Lebensmittelhandels auf den Straßenverkehr – Fallbeispiel Heimbelieferung Sarah R. Güsken, Daniela Janssen, Rene Vossen und Frank Hees smart emma – Ein Forschungsprojekt zum Aufbau eines regionalen Onlinemarktplatzes für Lebensmitteleinzelhändler T3 - Geographische Handelsforschung - 28 KW - Einzelhandel KW - Verkehr KW - Digitalisierung KW - Einzelhandel KW - Verkehr KW - Mobilität KW - Onlinehandel KW - Elektromobilität KW - Stadtgestaltung KW - Stadtplanung KW - Wirtschaftsgeografie KW - Verkehrssystem KW - Nachhaltigkeit Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181963 SN - 978-3-95826-112-9 SN - 978-3-95826-113-6 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, 978-3-95826-112-9, 29,80 EUR. PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ET - 1. Auflage ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Uttke, Angela T1 - Discounter-Städtebau - Die bauliche Gestaltung von Marktplätzen und Schauplätzen des Alltags T2 - Discounterwelten N2 - No abstract available. KW - Einzelhandel KW - Discounter KW - Städtebau Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-182651 PB - L.I.S.-Verlag CY - Passau ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Meyer, Constantin A1 - Job, Hubert A1 - Laner, Peter A1 - Omizzolo, Andrea A1 - Kollmann, Nadia A1 - Clare, Jasmin A1 - Vesely, Philipp A1 - Riedler, Walter A1 - Plassmann, Guido A1 - Coronado, Oriana A1 - Praper Gulič, Sergeja A1 - Gulič, Andrej A1 - Koblar, Simon A1 - Teofili, Corrado A1 - Rohringer, Verena A1 - Schoßleitner, Richard A1 - Ainz, Gerhard T1 - OpenSpaceAlps Planning Handbook: Perspectives for consistent safeguarding of open spaces in the Alpine region N2 - In the Alpine region, the continuous consumption of open spaces for settlement areas and technical infrastructure and the associated soil sealing can be observed. This leads primarily to the loss of agricultural land. Depending on the extent of development, there is also increased landscape fragmentation, which is associated with the isolation of natural habitats and the restriction of ecological connectivity, as well as other negative consequences. The OpenSpaceAlps project has addressed this issue and, based on cooperative procedures in several pilot regions, has developed approaches and solution strategies for the sustainable safeguarding of open spaces. This handbook supports the activities and decision-making of various stakeholders, first and foremost planners in public planning authorities. Based on an analysis of the challenges and framework conditions in the Alpine region, the handbook presents and compares central "principles" of open space planning. Furthermore, integrated planning strategies for different spatial categories are discussed. KW - Raumordnung KW - spatial planning KW - Alps KW - OpenSpaceAlps KW - open space KW - transnational cooperation KW - Alpen Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270401 N1 - German version available at: https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-27307. Italian version available at: https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-27704. Slovenian version available at: https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-28651. N1 - The OpenSpaceAlps project is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Alpine Space programme. ER - TY - THES A1 - Krech, Martin T1 - Pedosedimentäre Archive in prähistorischen Fundplätzen in Franken T1 - Pedosedimentary archives in prehistoric sites in Franconia N2 - Pedosedimentäre Archive liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion der Landschaftsgeschichte. Die anthropogene Besiedlung und Nutzung der Landoberfläche seit dem Beginn des Holozäns verursacht Boden-, Vegetations- und Reliefveränderungen, welche sich durch die Verbreitung von Böden mit ihren Erosionsstadien und Kolluvien zeigen. Das Ausmaß und die Art der Bodenerosion und die damit verbundene Bildung der Kolluvien werden neben den natürlichen Faktoren wesentlich durch die Landnutzung bestimmt. Böden und Kolluvien enthalten wichtige Informationen über die ursprüngliche Landschaft, ehemalige Landnutzungsphasen und Umweltveränderungen. Die spezifischen Merkmale in Kombination mit den archäologischen Befunden ermöglichen Rückschlüsse auf vergangene Natur- und Kulturräume. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein besseres Verständnis über die Siedlungs- und Landschaftsentwicklung der untersuchten Gebiete in Franken zu erlangen. Hierfür ist es angebracht, mehrere räumlich verteilte Standorte zu untersuchen. Um den menschlichen Einfluss auf die prähistorische Landschaft besser verstehen zu können, kam ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz mit archäologischen und physisch-geographischen Methoden zur Anwendung. Die Umgebungen der einzelnen Untersuchungsstandorte wurden nach geomorphologischen Kriterien charakterisiert und ausgewählten Befunde nach bodenkundlichen Fragestellungen aufgenommen. Die Bestimmung der bodenphysikalischen und -chemischen Eigenschaften von Böden und Sedimenten erfolgte anhand repräsentativer Probenmengen. Bei ausgewählten Profilen kamen zusätzlich die Analysen zur Bestimmung der Gesamt- und Tonmineralogie sowie die Methode der 14C-Datierung für Bodensedimente, Tierknochen und Holzkohlen hinzu. Die physisch-geographischen Ergebnisse konnten anschließend mit den archäologischen Informationen ergänzt. Die drei ausgewählten Untersuchungsgebiete befinden sich im Fränkischen Schichtstufenland. Der Bullenheimer Berg wurde aufgrund seiner bedeutenden Besiedlungsgeschichte ausgewählt. Die ausgewählten Profile liegen in verschiedenen Nutzungsarealen auf dem Plateau. Die Standorte Marktbergel und Ergersheim liegen im Gebiet des Fränkischen Gipskarstes. Diese Untersuchungen sind ein Teil des DFG-geförderten Projektes „Prähistorische Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen im Gipskarst der Windsheimer Bucht, Nordbayern. Dolinen als Archive für Siedlungs- und Landschaftsentwicklung.“ Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der anthropogene Einfluss zu einer deutlichen Veränderung in der Landschaft führte. Für die Untersuchungsräume zeichnet sich eine lange Nutzungsgeschichte seit dem Beginn des Holozäns ab. Durch die Auswertung der Geländebefunde und der labortechnisch erzeugten Kennwerte konnten die untersuchten Profile in mehrere Phasen gegliedert werden. Es zeigten sich Stabilitätsphasen in denen Bodenbildung stattfinden konnte, aber auch geomorphodynamisch aktive Phasen der Erosion und Akkumulation von Bodensedimenten. N2 - Pedosedimentary archives make an important contribution to the reconstruction of landscape history. Since the beginning of the Holocene settlements and land use activities led to significant modifications of relief and soils. The extent and type of soil erosion and the associated formation of colluvials are essentially determined not only by natural factors but also by land use. Thus soils and colluvial contain important information about the original landscape, former land use phases and environmental changes. The specific features in combination with the archaeological findings allow for conclusions about past natural and cultural areas. The present work applied an interdisciplinary approach with archaeological and physical-geographical methods to analyse the settlement and landscape development of the investigated areas in Franconia. Therefor three study areas were selected in the Keuper landscape of Franconia: (1) the Bullenheimer Berg was chosen because of its important settlement history, with profiles located in different areas on its plateau. The locations (2) Marktbergel-West II and (3) Ergersheim are located in the area of the Franconian gypsum karst. The results show that the anthropogenic influence led to a significant change in the landscape. For the study areas a long history of human use can be proven since the beginning of the Holocene. KW - Pedostratigraphie KW - Fundplätze KW - Fundstätten KW - Franken KW - pedosedimentäre Archive KW - Geoarchäologie KW - Boden- und Landschaftswandel KW - Landschaftsrekonstruktion Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163682 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rokhafrouz, Mohammad A1 - Latifi, Hooman A1 - Abkar, Ali A. A1 - Wojciechowski, Tomasz A1 - Czechlowski, Mirosław A1 - Naieni, Ali Sadeghi A1 - Maghsoudi, Yasser A1 - Niedbała, Gniewko T1 - Simplified and hybrid remote sensing-based delineation of management zones for nitrogen variable rate application in wheat JF - Agriculture N2 - Enhancing digital and precision agriculture is currently inevitable to overcome the economic and environmental challenges of the agriculture in the 21st century. The purpose of this study was to generate and compare management zones (MZ) based on the Sentinel-2 satellite data for variable rate application of mineral nitrogen in wheat production, calculated using different remote sensing (RS)-based models under varied soil, yield and crop data availability. Three models were applied, including (1) a modified “RS- and threshold-based clustering”, (2) a “hybrid-based, unsupervised clustering”, in which data from different sources were combined for MZ delineation, and (3) a “RS-based, unsupervised clustering”. Various data processing methods including machine learning were used in the model development. Statistical tests such as the Paired Sample T-test, Kruskal–Wallis H-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied to evaluate the final delineated MZ maps. Additionally, a procedure for improving models based on information about phenological phases and the occurrence of agricultural drought was implemented. The results showed that information on agronomy and climate enables improving and optimizing MZ delineation. The integration of prior knowledge on new climate conditions (drought) in image selection was tested for effective use of the models. Lack of this information led to the infeasibility of obtaining optimal results. Models that solely rely on remote sensing information are comparatively less expensive than hybrid models. Additionally, remote sensing-based models enable delineating MZ for fertilizer recommendations that are temporally closer to fertilization times. KW - precision agriculture KW - management zones KW - remote sensing KW - Sentinel-2 KW - clustering KW - winter wheat KW - drought KW - digital agriculture Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250033 SN - 2077-0472 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösch, Moritz A1 - Sonnenschein, Ruth A1 - Buchelt, Sebastian A1 - Ullmann, Tobias T1 - Comparing PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 imagery for mapping mountain pines in the Sarntal Alps, Italy JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The mountain pine (Pinus mugo ssp. Mugo Turra) is an important component of the alpine treeline ecotone and fulfills numerous ecosystem functions. To understand and quantify the impacts of increasing logging activities and climatic changes in the European Alps, accurate information on the occurrence and distribution of mountain pine stands is needed. While Earth observation provides up-to-date information on land cover, space-borne mapping of mountain pines is challenging as different coniferous species are spectrally similar, and small-structured patches may remain undetected due to the sensor’s spatial resolution. This study uses multi-temporal optical imagery from PlanetScope (3 m) and Sentinel-2 (10 m) and combines them with additional features (e.g., textural statistics (homogeneity, contrast, entropy, spatial mean and spatial variance) from gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), topographic features (elevation, slope and aspect) and canopy height information) to overcome the present challenges in mapping mountain pine stands. Specifically, we assessed the influence of spatial resolution and feature space composition including the GLCM window size for textural features. The study site is covering the Sarntal Alps, Italy, a region known for large stands of mountain pine. Our results show that mountain pines can be accurately mapped (PlanetScope (90.96%) and Sentinel-2 (90.65%)) by combining all features. In general, Sentinel-2 can achieve comparable results to PlanetScope independent of the feature set composition, despite the lower spatial resolution. In particular, the inclusion of textural features improved the accuracy by +8% (PlanetScope) and +3% (Sentinel-2), whereas accuracy improvements of topographic features and canopy height were low. The derived map of mountain pines in the Sarntal Alps supports local forest management to monitor and assess recent and ongoing anthropogenic and climatic changes at the treeline. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of freely available Sentinel-2 data and image-derived textural features to accurately map mountain pines in Alpine environments. KW - mountain pines KW - PlanetScope KW - Sentinel-2 KW - gray level co-occurrence matrix Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281945 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Banks, Sarah A1 - Millard, Koreen A1 - Behnamian, Amir A1 - White, Lori A1 - Ullmann, Tobias A1 - Charbonneau, Francois A1 - Chen, Zhaohua A1 - Wang, Huili A1 - Pasher, Jon A1 - Duffe, Jason T1 - Contributions of actual and simulated satellite SAR data for substrate type differentiation and shoreline mapping in the Canadian Arctic JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Detailed information on the land cover types present and the horizontal position of the land–water interface is needed for sensitive coastal ecosystems throughout the Arctic, both to establish baselines against which the impacts of climate change can be assessed and to inform response operations in the event of environmental emergencies such as oil spills. Previous work has demonstrated potential for accurate classification via fusion of optical and SAR data, though what contribution either makes to model accuracy is not well established, nor is it clear what shorelines can be classified using optical or SAR data alone. In this research, we evaluate the relative value of quad pol RADARSAT-2 and Landsat 5 data for shoreline mapping by individually excluding both datasets from Random Forest models used to classify images acquired over Nunavut, Canada. In anticipation of the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), we also simulate and evaluate dual and compact polarimetric imagery for shoreline mapping. Results show that SAR data is needed for accurate discrimination of substrates as user’s and producer’s accuracies were 5–24% higher for models constructed with quad pol RADARSAT-2 and DEM data than models constructed with Landsat 5 and DEM data. Models based on simulated RCM and DEM data achieved significantly lower overall accuracies (71–77%) than models based on quad pol RADARSAT-2 and DEM data (80%), with Wetland and Tundra being most adversely affected. When classified together with Landsat 5 and DEM data, however, model accuracy was less affected by the SAR data type, with multiple polarizations and modes achieving independent overall accuracies within a range acceptable for operational mapping, at 89–91%. RCM is expected to contribute positively to ongoing efforts to monitor change and improve emergency preparedness throughout the Arctic. KW - geography KW - RADARSAT-2 KW - RADARSAT Constellation Mission KW - Random Forests KW - Arctic KW - shorelines Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172630 VL - 9 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichmuth, Anne A1 - Henning, Lea A1 - Pinnel, Nicole A1 - Bachmann, Martin A1 - Rogge, Derek T1 - Early detection of vitality changes of multi-temporal Norway spruce laboratory needle measurements—the ring-barking experiment JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The focus of this analysis is on the early detection of forest health changes, specifically that of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.). In this analysis, we planned to examine the time (degree of early detection), spectral wavelengths and appropriate method for detecting vitality changes. To accomplish this, a ring-barking experiment with seven subsequent laboratory needle measurements was carried out in 2013 and 2014 in an area in southeastern Germany near Altötting. The experiment was also accompanied by visual crown condition assessment. In total, 140 spruce trees in groups of five were ring-barked with the same number of control trees in groups of five that were selected as reference trees in order to compare their development. The laboratory measurements were analysed regarding the separability of ring-barked and control samples using spectral reflectance, vegetation indices and derivative analysis. Subsequently, a random forest classifier for determining important spectral wavelength regions was applied. Results from the methods are consistent and showed a high importance of the visible (VIS) spectral region, very low importance of the near-infrared (NIR) and minor importance of the shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral region. Using spectral reflectance data as well as indices, the earliest separation time was found to be 292 days after ring-barking. The derivative analysis showed that a significant separation was observed 152 days after ring-barking for six spectral features spread through VIS and SWIR. A significant separation was detected using a random forest classifier 292 days after ring-barking with 58% separability. The visual crown condition assessment was analysed regarding obvious changes of vitality and the first indication was observed 302 days after ring-barking as bark beetle infestation and yellowing of foliage in the ring-barked trees only. This experiment shows that an early detection, compared with visual crown assessment, is possible using the proposed methods for this specific data set. This study will contribute to ongoing research for early detection of vitality changes that will support foresters and decision makers. KW - laboratory measurements KW - derivatives KW - spectroscopy KW - forest health KW - ring-barking KW - random forest KW - index analysis Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159253 VL - 10 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knauer, Kim A1 - Gessner, Ursula A1 - Fensholt, Rasmus A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - An ESTARFM Fusion Framework for the Generation of Large-Scale Time Series in Cloud-Prone and Heterogeneous Landscapes JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Monitoring the spatio-temporal development of vegetation is a challenging task in heterogeneous and cloud-prone landscapes. No single satellite sensor has thus far been able to provide consistent time series of high temporal and spatial resolution for such areas. In order to overcome this problem, data fusion algorithms such as the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM) have been established and frequently used in recent years to generate high-resolution time series. In order to make it applicable to larger scales and to increase the input data availability especially in cloud-prone areas, an ESTARFM framework was developed in this study introducing several enhancements. An automatic filling of cloud gaps was included in the framework to make best use of available, even partly cloud-covered Landsat images. Furthermore, the ESTARFM algorithm was enhanced to automatically account for regional differences in the heterogeneity of the study area. The generation of time series was automated and the processing speed was accelerated significantly by parallelization. To test the performance of the developed ESTARFM framework, MODIS and Landsat-8 data were fused for generating an 8-day NDVI time series for a study area of approximately 98,000 km\(^{2}\) in West Africa. The results show that the ESTARFM framework can accurately produce high temporal resolution time series (average MAE (mean absolute error) of 0.02 for the dry season and 0.05 for the vegetative season) while keeping the spatial detail in such a heterogeneous, cloud-prone region. The developments introduced within the ESTARFM framework establish the basis for large-scale research on various geoscientific questions related to land degradation, changes in land surface phenology or agriculture KW - vegetation dynamics KW - ESTARFM KW - MODIS KW - Landsat KW - phenology KW - West Africa KW - cloud gap filling KW - time series analysis Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180712 VL - 8 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dolezal, Sascha T1 - Traditionelle Einkaufspassagen in Japans Einzelhandelslandschaft: Räumliche Strukturen, Prozesse und Konsequenzen. T1 - Traditional shopping arcades in Japanese retailing: Spatial structures, processes and consequences N2 - Eine lange Tradition im japanischen Einzelhandel besitzen die oftmals schmalen und überdachten Einkaufspassagen (Shoutengai). Charakteristisch ist die Aneinanderreihung von kleinflächigen, unabhängigen und oftmals familiengeführten Fachgeschäften. Diese sind sowohl im Einzelhandel, Dienstleistungsgewerbe als auch in der Gastronomie angesiedelt und dienen nicht nur als zentrales Versorgungszentrum in Fußnähe, sondern sind auch Kommunikationsmittelpunkt einer Nachbarschaft oder eines Stadtbezirks. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Darstellung der momentanen Situation traditioneller Einkaufspassagen in Japan und welchen Herausforderungen diese aktuell und zukünftig gegenüberstehen. Mangelnde Kundennachfrage, erhöhte Konkurrenzsituation, steigende Steuerabgaben oder fehlende Nachfolger stehen beispielhaft für die Probleme, mit denen sich viele Inhaber konfrontiert sehen. Durch die empirische Untersuchung sollen Determinanten des Erfolgs bzw. Misserfolgs erarbeitet werden. Hierbei wurden von Juni 2015 bis Juli 2016 in Kyoto und Osaka 21 Einkaufspassagen mit insgesamt 3.469 Geschäftsflächen kartiert, von denen wiederum acht Einkaufspassagen näher untersucht wurden. Dabei haben 513 Betriebe an einer standardisierten Befragung teilgenommen und es wurden mehrere Leitfadeninterviews mit Shoutengai-Vereinen sowie Stadtverwaltungen und Wirtschaftsförderern geführt. Als theoretische Grundlagen der vorliegenden Arbeit dient insbesondere die Akteurs- und Handlungstheorie und wie die Aktivitäten der Geschäftsbetreiber die Passagen positiv bzw. negativ beeinflussen. Flankierenden Charakter besitzen zudem die Institutionentheorie, anhand derer der Einfluss politischer Entscheidungen erörtert wird sowie zyklische Theorieansätze, um eine Einordnung der traditionellen Einkaufspassagen in Japans Einzelhandelslandschaft durchzuführen. Seit über drei Jahrzehnten sinkt landesweit die Zahl der Einzelhändler, die Gründe für den Niedergang sind vielfältig. Insbesondere Einzelgeschäfte mit einer niedrigen einstelligen Zahl an Mitarbeitern waren und sind auch weiterhin im Rückgang inbegriffen. Über ein Drittel der befragten Geschäftsinhaber planen in den nächsten fünf Jahren die Geschäftsführung aufzugeben, zwei Drittel von ihnen haben keinen Nachfolger für ihr Geschäft. Zunehmende Schließungen tragen zu Trading-Down Prozessen der gesamten Passage bei. Hohe Leerstandsquoten von bis zu über 50 %, verbunden mit ungepflegten Gebäudefassaden, einem schlechten Beleuchtungskonzept und begrenzter Produktauswahl führen zu einer unattraktiven Einkaufsatmosphäre, resultierend in einem Kundenmangel. Die Diversifizierung der Betriebsformen ab den 1960er Jahren und Deregulierungsprozesse der Binnenhandelspolitik beförderten die Konkurrenzsituation der Einkaufspassagen und bildeten die Grundlage dieser Abwärtsentwicklung. Einige Immobiliengesellschaften nutzen dies für ihre Zwecke und erwerben einige Ladenzeilen, um diese großflächigen zu Wohnhäusern umzubauen. Die Einkaufspassagen erfahren dadurch einen Funktionswandel und verlieren zunehmend ihren ursprünglichen Charakter. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, die aktuelle Einzelhandelslandschaft Japans zu erfassen und stadtplanerischen Instrumenten bei der künftigen Planung zu unterstützen. N2 - The Shoutengai, a Japanese style commercial district covering a whole street, has a long-standing tradition in Japans retail business. Characteristic is the array of small, specialized, independent and often family-run shops. The intention of this thesis is to present the current situation of traditional shopping streets in Japan, along with the challenges they are facing nowadays and in the future. Lack of customer demand, increased competition, rising taxes and missing successors are examples for the most common problems shop owners see themselves confronted with. Through empirical investigation, determinants for success or failure can be ascertained. In line of the investigation in Kyoto and Osaka, 21 shopping malls containing a total of 3,469 businesses were mapped, from which eight were examined in greater detail. 513 shops participated in a standardized survey, and several expert discussions with Shoutengai associations as well as city administrations and offices for economic development were conducted. The scientific basis of this work is the theory of actions and how the activities of the business operators influence the arcades positively or negatively. This is supported further by the cyclic theories and the institutional theory, which factors in the influence of political decisions on the Japanese retail business. For the last three decades, the retailers have suffered a nationwide decline. This is especially true for smaller businesses. One third of the surveyed shop owners plan to give up management within the next five years, two thirds of whom have no successor for their business. High vacancy rates of sometimes more than 50% and seemingly abandoned buildings make for an unattractive shopping atmosphere, which results in more and more missing customers. Other factors are insufficient exposure and limited product selection compared to online retailers, supermarkets and shopping malls. There was a diversification and deregulation of businesses starting in the 1960s through the domestic trade policy. These processes promoted the competitive situation of the present and provided the basis for the current downward trend. Real estate companies started to seize the new opportunities and are trying to acquire these properties to convert them into large-scale residential buildings. Thus, changing the original purpose and character of the former shopping arcades. The thesis gives an overview over the Japanese retail landscape and draws conclusions that can support future strategies for urban planning. KW - Einzelhandel KW - Passage KW - Einzelhandel KW - Einkaufspassagen KW - shopping arcades KW - retailing KW - Japan Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156842 ER -