TY - JOUR A1 - Kuhl, Heiner A1 - Guiguen, Yann A1 - Höhne, Christin A1 - Kreuz, Eva A1 - Du, Kang A1 - Klopp, Christophe A1 - Lopez-Roques,, Céline A1 - Yebra-Pimentel, Elena Santidrian A1 - Ciorpac, Mitica A1 - Gessner, Jörn A1 - Holostenco, Daniela A1 - Kleiner, Wibke A1 - Kohlmann, Klaus A1 - Lamatsch, Dunja K. A1 - Prokopov, Dmitry A1 - Bestin, Anastasia A1 - Bonpunt, Emmanuel A1 - Debeuf, Bastien A1 - Haffray, Pierrick A1 - Morvezen, Romain A1 - Patrice, Pierre A1 - Suciu, Radu A1 - Dirks, Ron A1 - Wuertz, Sven A1 - Kloas, Werner A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Stöck, Matthias T1 - A 180 Myr-old female-specific genome region in sturgeon reveals the oldest known vertebrate sex determining system with undifferentiated sex chromosomes JF - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B N2 - Several hypotheses explain the prevalence of undifferentiated sex chromosomes in poikilothermic vertebrates. Turnovers change the master sex determination gene, the sex chromosome or the sex determination system (e.g. XY to WZ). Jumping master genes stay main triggers but translocate to other chromosomes. Occasional recombination (e.g. in sex-reversed females) prevents sex chromosome degeneration. Recent research has uncovered conserved heteromorphic or even homomorphic sex chromosomes in several clades of non-avian and non-mammalian vertebrates. Sex determination in sturgeons (Acipenseridae) has been a long-standing basic biological question, linked to economical demands by the caviar-producing aquaculture. Here, we report the discovery of a sex-specific sequence from sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Using chromosome-scale assemblies and pool-sequencing, we first identified an approximately 16 kb female-specific region. We developed a PCR-genotyping test, yielding female-specific products in six species, spanning the entire phylogeny with the most divergent extant lineages (A. sturio, A. oxyrinchus versus A. ruthenus, Huso huso), stemming from an ancient tetraploidization. Similar results were obtained in two octoploid species (A. gueldenstaedtii, A. baerii). Conservation of a female-specific sequence for a long period, representing 180 Myr of sturgeon evolution, and across at least one polyploidization event, raises many interesting biological questions. We discuss a conserved undifferentiated sex chromosome system with a ZZ/ZW-mode of sex determination and potential alternatives. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)’. KW - acipenseridae KW - sturgeon KW - sex chromosomes KW - female-specific KW - polyploidy KW - evolution Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363050 VL - 376 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graus, Dorothea A1 - Konrad, Kai R. A1 - Bemm, Felix A1 - Nebioglu, Meliha Görkem Patir A1 - Lorey, Christian A1 - Duscha, Kerstin A1 - Güthoff, Tilman A1 - Herrmann, Johannes A1 - Ferjani, Ali A1 - Cuin, Tracey Ann A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. A1 - Schumacher, Karin A1 - Neuhaus, H. Ekkehard A1 - Marten, Irene A1 - Hedrich, Rainer T1 - High V-PPase activity is beneficial under high salt loads, but detrimental without salinity JF - New Phytologist N2 - The membrane-bound proton-pumping pyrophosphatase (V-PPase), together with the V-type H+-ATPase, generates the proton motive force that drives vacuolar membrane solute transport. Transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing V-PPases were shown to have improved salinity tolerance, but the relative impact of increasing PPi hydrolysis and proton-pumping functions has yet to be dissected. For a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying V-PPase-dependent salt tolerance, we transiently overexpressed the pyrophosphate-driven proton pump (NbVHP) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and studied its functional properties in relation to salt treatment by primarily using patch-clamp, impalement electrodes and pH imaging. NbVHP overexpression led to higher vacuolar proton currents and vacuolar acidification. After 3 d in salt-untreated conditions, V-PPase-overexpressing leaves showed a drop in photosynthetic capacity, plasma membrane depolarization and eventual leaf necrosis. Salt, however, rescued NbVHP-hyperactive cells from cell death. Furthermore, a salt-induced rise in V-PPase but not of V-ATPase pump currents was detected in nontransformed plants. The results indicate that under normal growth conditions, plants need to regulate the V-PPase pump activity to avoid hyperactivity and its negative feedback on cell viability. Nonetheless, V-PPase proton pump function becomes increasingly important under salt stress for generating the pH gradient necessary for vacuolar proton-coupled Na+ sequestration. KW - cell death KW - plasma membrane voltage KW - proton pump currents KW - salt KW - vacuolar pH KW - vacuolar proton-ATPase (V-ATPase) KW - vacuolar proton-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227553 VL - 219 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chevalier‐Roignant, Benoît A1 - Flath, Christoph M. A1 - Trigeorgis, Lenos T1 - Disruptive Innovation, Market Entry and Production Flexibility in Heterogeneous Oligopoly JF - Production and Operations Management N2 - We develop a model of oligopoly competition involving innovation effort, market entry and production flexibility under demand uncertainty. Several heterogeneous firms make efforts to develop new prototypes; if they succeed, they hold a shared option to enter a new market under stochastic demand. We derive analytic results for the Markov perfect equilibrium accounting for development effort, market entry and production decisions and complement these by numerical analyses. Firm value—which embeds real options—is not convex increasing in demand but exhibits “competitive waves” due to market entries by rivals. A firm with a development advantage (“innovator”) exerts greater innovation effort if the market is a niche, whereas another benefiting from economies of scale (“incumbent”) invests more if the market is larger. Positive externalities benefit the incumbent in the development stage, whereas the innovator is better off in counteracting negative externalities. Demand volatility raises firm incentives to innovate as it enhances the value of firm market‐entry and production flexibility. KW - disruptive innovation KW - market entry KW - production flexibility KW - oligopoly Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-356226 VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Generalization of appetitive conditioned responses JF - Psychophysiology N2 - A stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) associated with an appetitive unconditioned stimulus (US) acquires positive properties and elicits appetitive conditioned responses (CR). Such associative learning has been examined extensively in animals with food as the US, and results are used to explain psychopathologies (e.g., substance-related disorders or obesity). Human studies on appetitive conditioning exist, too, but we still know little about generalization processes. Understanding these processes may explain why stimuli not associated with a drug, for instance, can elicit craving. Forty-seven hungry participants underwent an appetitive conditioning protocol during which one of two circles with different diameters (CS+) became associated with an appetitive US (chocolate or salty pretzel, according to participants’ preference) but never the other circle (CS−). During generalization, US were delivered twice and the two CS were presented again plus four circles (generalization stimuli, GS) with gradually increasing diameters from CS− to CS+. We found successful appetitive conditioning as reflected in appetitive subjective ratings (positive valence, higher contingency) and physiological responses (startle attenuation and larger skin conductance responses) to CS+ versus CS−, and, importantly, both measures confirmed generalization as indicated by generalization gradients. Small changes in CS-US contingency during generalization may have weakened generalization processes on the physiological level. Considering that appetitive conditioned responses can be generalized to non-US-associated stimuli, a next important step would be to investigate risk factors that mediate overgeneralization. KW - appetitive conditioning; ; KW - generalization KW - primary reinforcer KW - startle reflex Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221132 VL - 56 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Julian A1 - Jørgensen, Morten E. A1 - Fratz, Stefanie A1 - Müller, Heike M. A1 - Kusch, Jana A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Navarro-Retamal, Carlos A1 - Mayer, Dominik A1 - Böhm, Jennifer A1 - Konrad, Kai R. A1 - Terpitz, Ulrich A1 - Dreyer, Ingo A1 - Mueller, Thomas D. A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Geiger, Dietmar A1 - Maierhofer, Tobias T1 - Acidosis-induced activation of anion channel SLAH3 in the flooding-related stress response of Arabidopsis JF - Current Biology N2 - Plants, as sessile organisms, gained the ability to sense and respond to biotic and abiotic stressors to survive severe changes in their environments. The change in our climate comes with extreme dry periods but also episodes of flooding. The latter stress condition causes anaerobiosis-triggered cytosolic acidosis and impairs plant function. The molecular mechanism that enables plant cells to sense acidity and convey this signal via membrane depolarization was previously unknown. Here, we show that acidosis-induced anion efflux from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots is dependent on the S-type anion channel AtSLAH3. Heterologous expression of SLAH3 in Xenopus oocytes revealed that the anion channel is directly activated by a small, physiological drop in cytosolic pH. Acidosis-triggered activation of SLAH3 is mediated by protonation of histidine 330 and 454. Super-resolution microscopy analysis showed that the increase in cellular proton concentration switches SLAH3 from an electrically silent channel dimer into its active monomeric form. Our results show that, upon acidification, protons directly switch SLAH3 to its open configuration, bypassing kinase-dependent activation. Moreover, under flooding conditions, the stress response of Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) plants was significantly higher compared to SLAH3 loss-of-function mutants. Our genetic evidence of SLAH3 pH sensor function may guide the development of crop varieties with improved stress tolerance. KW - SLAH3 KW - S-type anion channel KW - hypoxia KW - pH KW - cytosolic acidification KW - flooding KW - PALM KW - stoichiometry Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363320 VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jotz Lean, Madeleine A1 - Mackenzie, Kirill C. H. T1 - Transitive double Lie algebroids via core diagrams JF - Journal of Geometric Mechanics N2 - The core diagram of a double Lie algebroid consists of the core of the double Lie algebroid, together with the two core-anchor maps to the sides of the double Lie algebroid. If these two core-anchors are surjective, then the double Lie algebroid and its core diagram are called transitive. This paper establishes an equivalence between transitive double Lie algebroids, and transitive core diagrams over a fixed base manifold. In other words, it proves that a transitive double Lie algebroid is completely determined by its core diagram. The comma double Lie algebroid associated to a morphism of Lie algebroids is defined. If the latter morphism is one of the core-anchors of a transitive core diagram, then the comma double algebroid can be quotiented out by the second core-anchor, yielding a transitive double Lie algebroid, which is the one that is equivalent to the transitive core diagram. Brown's and Mackenzie's equivalence of transitive core diagrams (of Lie groupoids) with transitive double Lie groupoids is then used in order to show that a transitive double Lie algebroid with integrable sides and core is automatically integrable to a transitive double Lie groupoid. KW - double Lie algebroids KW - double Lie groupoids KW - comma category KW - representations up to homotopy KW - matched pairs KW - Lie bialgebroids KW - infinitesimal ideal systems KW - integration Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363224 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Le Provost, Gaëtane A1 - Thiele, Jan A1 - Westphal, Catrin A1 - Penone, Caterina A1 - Allan, Eric A1 - Neyret, Margot A1 - van der Plas, Fons A1 - Ayasse, Manfred A1 - Bardgett, Richard D. A1 - Birkhofer, Klaus A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Bonkowski, Michael A1 - Buscot, Francois A1 - Feldhaar, Heike A1 - Gaulton, Rachel A1 - Goldmann, Kezia A1 - Gossner, Martin M. A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Kleinebecker, Till A1 - Krauss, Jochen A1 - Renner, Swen A1 - Scherreiks, Pascal A1 - Sikorski, Johannes A1 - Baulechner, Dennis A1 - Blüthgen, Nico A1 - Bolliger, Ralph A1 - Börschig, Carmen A1 - Busch, Verena A1 - Chisté, Melanie A1 - Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Arndt, Hartmut A1 - Hoelzel, Norbert A1 - John, Katharina A1 - Jung, Kirsten A1 - Lange, Markus A1 - Marzini, Carlo A1 - Overmann, Jörg A1 - Paŝalić, Esther A1 - Perović, David J. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Schäfer, Deborah A1 - Schöning, Ingo A1 - Schrumpf, Marion A1 - Sonnemann, Ilja A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Tschapka, Marco A1 - Türke, Manfred A1 - Vogt, Juliane A1 - Wehner, Katja A1 - Weiner, Christiane A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang A1 - Wells, Konstans A1 - Werner, Michael A1 - Wolters, Volkmar A1 - Wubet, Tesfaye A1 - Wurst, Susanne A1 - Zaitsev, Andrey S. A1 - Manning, Peter T1 - Contrasting responses of above- and belowground diversity to multiple components of land-use intensity JF - Nature Communications N2 - Land-use intensification is a major driver of biodiversity loss. However, understanding how different components of land use drive biodiversity loss requires the investigation of multiple trophic levels across spatial scales. Using data from 150 agricultural grasslands in central Europe, we assess the influence of multiple components of local- and landscape-level land use on more than 4,000 above- and belowground taxa, spanning 20 trophic groups. Plot-level land-use intensity is strongly and negatively associated with aboveground trophic groups, but positively or not associated with belowground trophic groups. Meanwhile, both above- and belowground trophic groups respond to landscape-level land use, but to different drivers: aboveground diversity of grasslands is promoted by diverse surrounding land-cover, while belowground diversity is positively related to a high permanent forest cover in the surrounding landscape. These results highlight a role of landscape-level land use in shaping belowground communities, and suggest that revised agroecosystem management strategies are needed to conserve whole-ecosystem biodiversity. KW - biodiversity KW - community ecology KW - grassland ecology Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-371552 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Landing, Ed A1 - Geyer, Gerd A1 - Schmitz, Mark D. A1 - Wotte, Thomas A1 - Kouchinsky, Artem T1 - (Re)proposal of three Cambrian Subsystems and their Geochronology JF - Episodes N2 - The Cambrian is anomalous among geological systems as many reports divide it into three divisions of indeterminate rank. This use of “lower”, “middle”, and “upper” has been a convenient way to subdivide the Cambrian despite agreement it consists of four global series. Traditional divisions of the system into regional series (Lower, Middle, Upper) reflected local biotic developments not interprovincially correlatable with any precision. However, use of “lower”, “middle”, and “upper” is unsatisfactory. These adjectives lack standard definition, evoke the regional series, and are misused. Notably, there is an almost 50 year use of three Cambrian subsystems and a 1997 proposal to divide the Avalonian and global Cambrian into four series and three subsystems. The global series allow proposal of three formal subsystems: a ca. 32.6 Ma Lower Cambrian Subsystem (Terreneuvian and Series 2/proposed Lenaldanian Series), a ca. 9.8 Ma Middle, and a ca. 10 Ma Upper Cambrian Subsystem (=Furongian Series). Designations as “Lower Cambrian Subsystem” or “global Lower Cambrian” distinguish the new units from such earlier units as “Lower Cambrian Series” and substitute for the de facto subsystem terms “lower”, “middle”, and “upper”. Cambrian subsystems are comparable to the Carboniferous’ Lower (Mississippian) and Upper (Pennsylvanian) Subsystems. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363144 VL - 44 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Larrieu, Laurent A1 - Cabanettes, Alain A1 - Courbaud, Benoit A1 - Goulard, Michel A1 - Heintz, Wilfried A1 - Kozák, Daniel A1 - Kraus, Daniel A1 - Lachat, Thibault A1 - Ladet, Sylvie A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Paillet, Yoan A1 - Schuck, Andreas A1 - Stillhard, Jonas A1 - Svoboda, Miroslav T1 - Co-occurrence patterns of tree-related microhabitats: A method to simplify routine monitoring JF - Ecological Indicators N2 - A Tree-related Microhabitat (TreM) is a distinct, well-delineated morphological singularity occurring on living or standing dead trees, which constitutes a crucial substrate or life site for various species. TreMs are widely recognized as key features for biodiversity. Current TreM typology identifies 47 TreM types according to their morphology and their associated taxa. In order to provide a range of resolutions and make the typology more user-friendly, these 47 TreM types have been pooled into 15 groups and seven forms. Depending on the accuracy required and the time available, a user can now choose to describe TreMs at resolution levels corresponding to type, group or form. Another way to more easily record TreMs during routine management work would be to use co-occurrence patterns to reduce the number of observed TreMs required. Based on a large international TreM database (2052 plots; 70,958 individual trees; 78 tree species), we evaluated both the significance and the magnitude of TreM co-occurrence on living trees for 11 TreM groups. We highlighted 33 significant co-occurrences for broadleaves and nine for conifers. Bark loss, rot hole, crack and polypore had the highest number of positive co-occurrences (N = 8) with other TreMs on broadleaves; bark loss (N = 4) had the highest number for conifers. We found mutually exclusive occurrences only for conifers: Exposed Heartwood excluded both dendrotelm and sap run. Among the four variables we tested for their positive contribution to significant co-occurrences, tree diameter at breast height was the most consistent. Based on our results and practical considerations, we selected three TreM groups for broadleaves, and nine for conifers, and formed useful short lists to reduce the number of TreM groups to assess during routine forest management work in the field. In addition, detecting potential similarities or associations between TreMs has potential theoretical value, e.g. it may help researchers identify common factors favouring TreM formation or help managers select trees with multiple TreMs as candidates for retention. KW - TreM monitoring KW - biodiversity-friendly forest management Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363158 VL - 127 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Banas, Bernhard A1 - Steubl, Dominik A1 - Renders, Lutz A1 - Chittka, Dominik A1 - Banas, Miriam C. A1 - Wekerle, Thomas A1 - Koch, Martina A1 - Witzke, Oliver A1 - Mühlfeld, Anja A1 - Sommerer, Claudia A1 - Habicht, Antje A1 - Hugo, Christian A1 - Hünig, Thomas A1 - Lindemann, Monika A1 - Schmidt, Traudel A1 - Rascle, Anne A1 - Barabas, Sascha A1 - Deml, Ludwig A1 - Wagner, Ralf A1 - Krämer, Bernhard K. A1 - Krüger, Bernd T1 - Clinical validation of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay-based in vitro diagnostic assay to monitor cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity in kidney transplant recipients: a multicenter, longitudinal, prospective, observational study JF - Transplant International N2 - Impaired cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMV-CMI) is a major cause of CMV reactivation and associated complications in solid-organ transplantation. Reliably assessing CMV-CMI is desirable to individually adjust antiviral and immunosuppressive therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of T-Track® CMV, a novel IFN-γ ELISpot assay based on the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with pp65 and IE-I CMV proteins, to monitor CMV-CMI following kidney transplantation. A prospective longitudinal multicenter study was conducted in 86 intermediate-risk renal transplant recipients. CMV-CMI, CMV viral load, and clinical complications were monitored over 6 months post-transplantation. Ninety-five percent and 88–92% ELISpot assays were positive pre- and post-transplantation, respectively. CMV-specific response was reduced following immunosuppressive treatment and increased in patients with graft rejection, indicating the ability of the ELISpot assay to monitor patients' immunosuppressive state. Interestingly, median pp65-specific response was ninefold higher in patients with self-clearing viral load compared to antivirally treated patients prior to first viral load detection (P < 0.001), suggesting that reactivity to pp65 represents a potential immunocompetence marker. Altogether, T-Track® CMV is a highly sensitive IFN-γ ELISpot assay, suitable for the immunomonitoring of CMV-seropositive renal transplant recipients, and with a potential use for the risk assessment of CMV-related clinical complications (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02083042). KW - CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity KW - cytomegalovirus KW - IFN‐γ ELISpot KW - immunomonitoring KW - in vitro diagnostic KW - kidney or renal transplantation Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221468 VL - 31 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Waadt, Rainer A1 - Nuhkat, Maris A1 - Kollist, Hannes A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. T1 - Calcium signals in guard cells enhance the efficiency by which abscisic acid triggers stomatal closure JF - New Phytologist N2 - During drought, abscisic acid (ABA) induces closure of stomata via a signaling pathway that involves the calcium (Ca2+)-independent protein kinase OST1, as well as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases. However, the interconnection between OST1 and Ca2+ signaling in ABA-induced stomatal closure has not been fully resolved. ABA-induced Ca2+ signals were monitored in intact Arabidopsis leaves, which express the ratiometric Ca2+ reporter R-GECO1-mTurquoise and the Ca2+-dependent activation of S-type anion channels was recorded with intracellular double-barreled microelectrodes. ABA triggered Ca2+ signals that occurred during the initiation period, as well as in the acceleration phase of stomatal closure. However, a subset of stomata closed in the absence of Ca2+ signals. On average, stomata closed faster if Ca2+ signals were elicited during the ABA response. Loss of OST1 prevented ABA-induced stomatal closure and repressed Ca2+ signals, whereas elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration caused a rapid activation of SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels. Our data show that the majority of Ca2+ signals are evoked during the acceleration phase of stomatal closure, which is initiated by OST1. These Ca2+ signals are likely to activate Ca2+-dependent protein kinases, which enhance the activity of S-type anion channels and boost stomatal closure. KW - abscisic acid (ABA) KW - Ca2+- indicator KW - cytosolic Ca2+ signals KW - OST1 protein kinase KW - R-GECO1-mTurquoise KW - SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels KW - stomata Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322716 VL - 224 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehnert, Teresa A1 - Prauße, Maria T. E. A1 - Hünniger, Kerstin A1 - Praetorius, Jan-Philipp A1 - Kurzai, Oliver A1 - Figge, Marc Thilo T1 - Comparative assessment of immune evasion mechanisms in human whole-blood infection assays by a systems biology approach JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Computer simulations of mathematical models open up the possibility of assessing hypotheses generated by experiments on pathogen immune evasion in human whole-blood infection assays. We apply an interdisciplinary systems biology approach in which virtual infection models implemented for the dissection of specific immune mechanisms are combined with experimental studies to validate or falsify the respective hypotheses. Focusing on the assessment of mechanisms that enable pathogens to evade the immune response in the early time course of a whole-blood infection, the least-square error (LSE) as a measure for the quantitative agreement between the theoretical and experimental kinetics is combined with the Akaike information criterion (AIC) as a measure for the model quality depending on its complexity. In particular, we compare mathematical models with three different types of pathogen immune evasion as well as all their combinations: (i) spontaneous immune evasion, (ii) evasion mediated by immune cells, and (iii) pre-existence of an immune-evasive pathogen subpopulation. For example, by testing theoretical predictions in subsequent imaging experiments, we demonstrate that the simple hypothesis of having a subpopulation of pre-existing immune-evasive pathogens can be ruled out. Furthermore, in this study we extend our previous whole-blood infection assays for the two fungal pathogens Candida albicans and C. glabrata by the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and calibrated the model predictions to the time-resolved experimental data for each pathogen. Our quantitative assessment generally reveals that models with a lower number of parameters are not only scored with better AIC values, but also exhibit lower values for the LSE. Furthermore, we describe in detail model-specific and pathogen-specific patterns in the kinetics of cell populations that may be measured in future experiments to distinguish and pinpoint the underlying immune mechanisms. Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363343 VL - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehnert, Teresa A1 - Leonhardt, Ines A1 - Timme, Sandra A1 - Thomas-Rüddel, Daniel A1 - Bloos, Frank A1 - Sponholz, Christoph A1 - Kurzai, Oliver A1 - Figge, Marc Thilo A1 - Hünniger, Kerstin T1 - Ex vivo immune profiling in patient blood enables quantification of innate immune effector functions JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The assessment of a patient’s immune function is critical in many clinical situations. In complex clinical immune dysfunction like sepsis, which results from a loss of immune homeostasis due to microbial infection, a plethora of pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli may occur consecutively or simultaneously. Thus, any immunomodulatory therapy would require in-depth knowledge of an individual patient’s immune status at a given time. Whereas lab-based immune profiling often relies solely on quantification of cell numbers, we used an ex vivo whole-blood infection model in combination with biomathematical modeling to quantify functional parameters of innate immune cells in blood from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These patients experience a well-characterized inflammatory insult, which results in mitigation of the pathogen-specific response patterns towards Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans that are characteristic of healthy people and our patients at baseline. This not only interferes with the elimination of these pathogens from blood, but also selectively augments the escape of C. albicans from phagocytosis. In summary, our model could serve as a valuable functional immune assay for recording and evaluating innate responses to infection. KW - computational biology and bioinformatics KW - computational models KW - immunology KW - infection KW - inflammation KW - innate immunity Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363337 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lebedev, N. A1 - Stehno, M. A1 - Rana, A. A1 - Reith, P. A1 - Gauquelin, N. A1 - Verbeeck, J. A1 - Hilgenkamp, H. A1 - Brinkman, A. A1 - Aarts, J. T1 - Gate-tuned anomalous Hall effect driven by Rashba splitting in intermixed LaAlO3/GdTiO3/SrTiO3 JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The Anomalous Hall Effect (AHE) is an important quantity in determining the properties and understanding the behaviour of the two-dimensional electron system forming at the interface of SrTiO3-based oxide heterostructures. The occurrence of AHE is often interpreted as a signature of ferromagnetism, but it is becoming more and more clear that also paramagnets may contribute to AHE. We studied the influence of magnetic ions by measuring intermixed LaAlO3/GdTiO3/SrTiO3 at temperatures below 10 K. We find that, as function of gate voltage, the system undergoes a Lifshitz transition while at the same time an onset of AHE is observed. However, we do not observe clear signs of ferromagnetism. We argue the AHE to be due to the change in Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the Lifshitz transition and conclude that also paramagnetic moments which are easily polarizable at low temperatures and high magnetic fields lead to the presence of AHE, which needs to be taken into account when extracting carrier densities and mobilities. KW - materials science KW - surfaces, interfaces and thin films Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363244 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lee, Duk Hyun A1 - Choi, Sang-Jun A1 - Kim, Hakseong A1 - Kim, Yong-Sung A1 - Jung, Suyong T1 - Direct probing of phonon mode specific electron–phonon scatterings in two-dimensional semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides JF - Nature Communications N2 - Electron–phonon scatterings in solid-state systems are pivotal processes in determining many key physical quantities such as charge carrier mobilities and thermal conductivities. Here, we report direct probing of phonon mode specific electron–phonon scatterings in layered semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides WSe2, MoSe2, WS2, and MoS2 through inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy measurements, quantum transport simulations, and density functional calculation. We experimentally and theoretically characterize momentum-conserving single- and two-phonon electron–phonon scatterings involving up to as many as eight individual phonon modes in mono- and bilayer films, among which transverse, longitudinal acoustic and optical, and flexural optical phonons play significant roles in quantum charge flows. Moreover, the layer-number sensitive higher-order inelastic electron–phonon scatterings, which are confirmed to be generic in all four semiconducting layers, can be attributed to differing electronic structures, symmetry, and quantum interference effects during the scattering processes in the ultrathin semiconducting films. KW - electronic properties and materials KW - two-dimensional materials Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363261 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lackner, L. A1 - Dusel, M. A1 - Egorov, O. A. A1 - Han, B. A1 - Knopf, H. A1 - Eilenberger, F. A1 - Schröder, S. A1 - Watanabe, K. A1 - Taniguchi, T. A1 - Tongay, S. A1 - Anton-Solanas, C. A1 - Höfling, S. A1 - Schneider, C. T1 - Tunable exciton-polaritons emerging from WS2 monolayer excitons in a photonic lattice at room temperature JF - Nature Communications N2 - Engineering non-linear hybrid light-matter states in tailored lattices is a central research strategy for the simulation of complex Hamiltonians. Excitons in atomically thin crystals are an ideal active medium for such purposes, since they couple strongly with light and bear the potential to harness giant non-linearities and interactions while presenting a simple sample-processing and room temperature operability. We demonstrate lattice polaritons, based on an open, high-quality optical cavity, with an imprinted photonic lattice strongly coupled to excitons in a WS2 monolayer. We experimentally observe the emergence of the canonical band-structure of particles in a one-dimensional lattice at room temperature, and demonstrate frequency reconfigurability over a spectral window exceeding 85 meV, as well as the systematic variation of the nearest-neighbour coupling, reflected by a tunability in the bandwidth of the p-band polaritons by 7 meV. The technology presented in this work is a critical demonstration towards reconfigurable photonic emulators operated with non-linear photonic fluids, offering a simple experimental implementation and working at ambient conditions. KW - Bose–Einstein condensates KW - nonlinear optics Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363080 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lauruschkat, Chris D. A1 - Page, Lukas A1 - Etter, Sonja A1 - Weis, Philipp A1 - Gamon, Florian A1 - Kraus, Sabrina A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Wurster, Sebastian A1 - Loeffler, Juergen T1 - T-Cell Immune Surveillance in Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Are Whole Blood–Based Assays Ready to Challenge ELISPOT? JF - Open Forum Infectious Diseases N2 - We compared the feasibility of 4 cytomegalovirus (CMV)- and Aspergillus-reactive T-cell immunoassay protocols in allogenic stem cell transplant recipients. While enzyme-linked immunospot performed best overall, logistically advantageous whole blood–based assays performed comparably in patients with less severe lymphocytopenia. CMV-induced interferon-gamma responses correlated strongly across all protocols and showed high concordance with serology. KW - immunoassay KW - biomarker KW - aspergillosis KW - cytomegalovirus KW - T cells KW - cytokines KW - flow cytometry KW - ELISPOT Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363164 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lobbezoo, Frank A1 - Aarab, Ghizlane A1 - Ahlers, M. Oliver A1 - Baad-Hansen, Lene A1 - Bernhardt, Olaf A1 - Castrillon, Eduardo E. A1 - Giannakopoulos, Nikolaos Nikitas A1 - Grønbeck, Anders A1 - Hauschild, Justus A1 - Holst-Knudsen, Marianne A1 - Skovlund, Naja A1 - Thymi, Magdalini A1 - Svensson, Peter T1 - Consensus-based clinical guidelines for ambulatory electromyography and contingent electrical stimulation in sleep bruxism JF - Journal of Oral Rehabilitation N2 - As yet, there are still no evidence-based clinical diagnostic and management guidelines for ambulatory single-channel EMG devices, like the BUTLER® GrindCare® (GrindCare), that are used in patients with sleep bruxism. Therefore, a consensus meeting was organised with GrindCare developers, researchers, and academic and non-academic clinicians experienced with the use of ambulatory EMG devices. The aim of the meeting was to discuss and develop recommendations for clinical guidelines for GrindCare usage, based on the existing clinical and research experience of the consensus meeting's participants. As an important outcome of the consensus meeting, clinical guidelines were proposed in which an initial 2-week baseline phase with the device in its inactive (non-stimulus) mode for habituation and assessment of the number of jaw-muscle activities is followed by a 4-week active phase with contingent electrical stimuli suppressing the jaw-muscle activities. As to avoid the commonly reported reduction in sensitivity to the stimuli, a 2-week inactive phase is subsequently installed, followed by a repetition of active and inactive phases until a lasting reduction in the number of jaw-muscle activities and/or associated complaints has been achieved. This proposal has the characteristics of a single-patient clinical trial. From a research point of view, adoption of this approach by large numbers of GrindCare users creates a great opportunity to recruit relatively large numbers of study participants that follow the same protocol. KW - assessment KW - clinical guideline KW - contingent electrical stimulation KW - electromyography KW - management KW - sleep bruxism Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237032 VL - 47 ER -