TY - JOUR A1 - Bolzoni, Francesco A1 - Esposti, Roberto A1 - Marchese, Silvia M. A1 - Pozzi, Nicoló G. A1 - Ramirez-Pasos, Uri E. A1 - Isaias, Ioannis U. A1 - Cavallari, Paolo T1 - Disrupt of intra-limb APA pattern in parkinsonian patients performing index-finger flexion JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Voluntary movements induce postural perturbations which are counteracted by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). These actions are known to build up long fixation chains toward available support points (inter-limb APAs), so as to grant whole body equilibrium. Moreover, recent studies highlighted that APAs also build-up short fixation chains, within the same limb where a distal segment is moved (intra-limb APAs), aimed at stabilizing the proximal segments. The neural structures generating intra-limb APAs still need investigations; the present study aims to compare focal movement kinematics and intra-limb APA latencies and pattern between healthy subjects and parkinsonian patients, assuming the latter as a model of basal ganglia dysfunction. Intra-limb APAs that stabilize the arm when the index-finger is briskly flexed were recorded in 13 parkinsonian patients and in 10 age-matched healthy subjects. Index-finger movement was smaller in parkinsonian patients vs. healthy subjects (p = 0.01) and more delayed with respect to the onset of the prime mover flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS, p < 0.0001). In agreement with the literature, in all healthy subjects the FDS activation was preceded by an inhibitory intra-limb APA in biceps brachii (BB) and anterior deltoid (AD), and almost simultaneous to an excitatory intra-limb APA in triceps brachii (TB). In parkinsonian patients, no significant differences were found for TB and AD intra-limb APA timings, however only four patients showed an inhibitory intra-limb APA in BB, while other four did not show any BB intra-limb APAs and five actually developed a BB excitation. The frequency of occurrence of normal sign, lacking, and inverted BB APAs was different in healthy vs. parkinsonian participants (p = 0.0016). The observed alterations in index-finger kinematics and intra-limb APA pattern in parkinsonian patients suggest that basal ganglia, in addition to shaping the focal movement, may also contribute to intra-limb APA control. KW - intra-limb anticipatory postural adjustments KW - Parkinson disease KW - basal ganglia KW - motor control KW - human Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-369245 SN - 1664-042X VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hobbs, Christopher A1 - Jaskaniec, Sonia A1 - McCarthy, Eoin K. A1 - Downing, Clive A1 - Opelt, Konrad A1 - Güth, Konrad A1 - Shmeliov, Aleksey A1 - Mourad, Maurice C. D. A1 - Mandel, Karl A1 - Nicolosi, Valeria T1 - Structural transformation of layered double hydroxides: an in situ TEM analysis JF - npj 2D Materials and Applications N2 - A comprehensive nanoscale understanding of layered double hydroxide (LDH) thermal evolution is critical for their current and future applications as catalysts, flame retardants and oxygen evolution performers. In this report, we applied in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to extensively characterise the thermal progressions of nickel-iron containing (Ni-Fe) LDH nanomaterials. The combinative approach of TEM and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) yielded both a morphological and crystallographic understanding of such processes. As the Ni-Fe LDH nanomaterials are heated in situ, an amorphization occurred at 250 °C, followed by a transition to a heterogeneous structure of NiO particles embedded throughout a NiFe2O4 matrix at 850 °C, confirmed by high-resolution TEM and scanning TEM. Further electron microscopy characterisation methodologies of energy-filtered TEM were utilised to directly observe these mechanistic behaviours in real time, showing an evolution and nucleation to an array of spherical NiO nanoparticles on the platelet surfaces. The versatility of this characterisation approach was verified by the analogous behaviours of Ni-Fe LDH materials heated ex situ as well as parallel in situ TEM and SAED comparisons to that of an akin magnesium-aluminium containing (Mg-Al) LDH structure. The in situ TEM work hereby discussed allows for a state-of-the-art understanding of the Ni-Fe material thermal evolution. This is an important first, which reveals pivotal information, especially when considering LDH applications as catalysts and flame retardants. KW - electrocatalysis KW - two-dimensional materials Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-320752 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbst, Stefanie A1 - Soberats, Bartolome A1 - Leowanawat, Pawaret A1 - Stolte, Matthias A1 - Lehmann, Matthias A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Self-assembly of multi-stranded perylene dye J-aggregates in columnar liquid-crystalline phases JF - Nature Communications N2 - Many discoid dyes self-assemble into columnar liquid-crystalline (LC) phases with packing arrangements that are undesired for photonic applications due to H-type exciton coupling. Here, we report a series of crystalline and LC perylene bisimides (PBIs) self-assembling into single or multi-stranded (two, three, and four strands) aggregates with predominant J-type exciton coupling. These differences in the supramolecular packing and optical properties are achieved by molecular design variations of tetra-bay phenoxy-dendronized PBIs with two N–H groups at the imide positions. The self-assembly is driven by hydrogen bonding, slipped π–π stacking, nanosegregation, and steric requirements of the peripheral building blocks. We could determine the impact of the packing motifs on the spectroscopic properties and demonstrate different J- and H-type coupling contributions between the chromophores. Our findings on structure–property relationships and strong J-couplings in bulk LC materials open a new avenue in the molecular engineering of PBI J-aggregates with prospective applications in photonics. KW - liquid crystals KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319914 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Izquierdo, Manuel A1 - Karolak, Michael A1 - Prabhakaran, Dharmalingam A1 - Boothroyd, Andrew T. A1 - Scherz, Andreas O. A1 - Lichtenstein, Alexander A1 - Molodtsov, Serguei L. T1 - Monitoring ultrafast metallization in LaCoO3 with femtosecond soft x-ray spectroscopy JF - Communications Physics N2 - The study of ultrafast dynamics is a new tool to understand and control the properties of correlated oxides. By enhancing some properties and realizing new dynamically excited phrases, this tool has opened new routes for technological applications. LaCoO3 is one paradigmatic example where the strong electron, spin, and lattice coupling induced by electronic correlations results in a low-temperature spin transition and a high-temperature semiconductor-to-metal transition that is still not completely understood. Here, we monitor ultrafast metallization in LaCoO3 using time-resolved soft x-ray reflectivity experiments. While the process is entangled at the Co L3 edge, the time information of the different channels is decrypted at different resonant energies of the O K edge. Metallization is shown to occur via transient electronic, spin, and lattice separation. Our results agree with the thermodynamical model and demonstrate the potential of femtosecond soft x-ray experiments at the O K edge to understand correlated oxides. KW - electronic properties and materials KW - magnetic properties and materials Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323265 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holtfrerich, Sarah K. C. A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - El Gammal, Alexander T. A1 - Bellon, Eugen A1 - Diekhof, Esther K. T1 - Endogenous testosterone and exogenous oxytocin influence the response to baby schema in the female brain JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Nurturing behavior may be critically influenced by the interplay of different hormones. The neuropeptide oxytocin is known to promote maternal behavior and its reduction has been associated with postpartum depression risk and child neglect. Contrariwise, the observed decrease in testosterone level during early parenthood may benefit caretaking behavior, whereas increased testosterone may reduce attention to infants. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the interactive influence of testosterone and oxytocin on selective attention to and neural processing of the baby schema (BS). 57 nulliparous women performed a target detection task with human faces with varying degree of BS following double-blinded placebo-controlled oxytocin administration in a between-subjects design. Our results support the idea that oxytocin enhances attention to the BS. Oxytocin had a positive effect on activation of the inferior frontal junction during identification of infant targets with a high degree of BS that were presented among adult distractors. Further, activation of the putamen was positively correlated with selective attention to the BS, but only in women with high endogenous testosterone who received oxytocin. These findings provide initial evidence for the neural mechanism by which oxytocin may counteract the negative effects of testosterone in the modulation of nurturing behavior. KW - attention KW - reward Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322285 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kessler, Almuth F. A1 - Frömbling, Greta E. A1 - Gross, Franziska A1 - Hahn, Mirja A1 - Dzokou, Wilfrid A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Löhr, Mario A1 - Hagemann, Carsten T1 - Effects of tumor treating fields (TTFields) on glioblastoma cells are augmented by mitotic checkpoint inhibition JF - Cell Death Discovery N2 - Tumor treating fields (TTFields) are approved for glioblastoma (GBM) therapy. TTFields disrupt cell division by inhibiting spindle fiber formation. Spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) inhibition combined with antimitotic drugs synergistically decreases glioma cell growth in cell culture and mice. We hypothesized that SAC inhibition will increase TTFields efficacy. Human GBM cells (U-87 MG, GaMG) were treated with TTFields (200 kHz, 1.7 V/cm) and/or the SAC inhibitor MPS1-IN-3 (IN-3, 4 µM). Cells were counted after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment and at 24 and 72 h after end of treatment (EOT). Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, Annexin-V staining and TUNEL assay were used to detect alterations in cell cycle and apoptosis after 72 h of treatment. The TTFields/IN-3 combination decreased cell proliferation after 72 h compared to either treatment alone (−78.6% vs. TTFields, P = 0.0337; −52.6% vs. IN-3, P = 0.0205), and reduced the number of viable cells (62% less than seeded). There was a significant cell cycle shift from G1 to G2/M phase (P < 0.0001). The apoptotic rate increased to 44% (TTFields 14%, P = 0.0002; IN-3 4%, P < 0.0001). Cell growth recovered 24 h after EOT with TTFields and IN-3 alone, but the combination led to further decrease by 92% at 72 h EOT if IN-3 treatment was continued (P = 0.0288). The combination of TTFields and SAC inhibition led to earlier and prolonged effects that significantly augmented the efficacy of TTFields and highlights a potential new targeted multimodal treatment for GBM. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325744 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kästner, Niklas A1 - Richter, S. Helene A1 - Urbanik, Sarah A1 - Kunert, Joachim A1 - Waider, Jonas A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter A1 - Kaiser, Sylvia A1 - Sachser, Norbert T1 - Brain serotonin deficiency affects female aggression JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The neurotransmitter serotonin plays a key role in the control of aggressive behaviour. While so far most studies have investigated variation in serotonin levels, a recently created tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) knockout mouse model allows studying effects of complete brain serotonin deficiency. First studies revealed increased aggressiveness in homozygous Tph2 knockout mice in the context of a resident-intruder paradigm. Focussing on females, this study aimed to elucidate effects of serotonin deficiency on aggressive and non-aggressive social behaviours not in a test situation but a natural setting. For this purpose, female Tph2 wildtype (n = 40) and homozygous knockout mice (n = 40) were housed with a same-sex conspecific of either the same or the other genotype in large terraria. The main findings were: knockout females displayed untypically high levels of aggressive behaviour even after several days of co-housing. Notably, in response to aggressive knockout partners, they showed increased levels of defensive behaviours. While most studies on aggression in rodents have focussed on males, this study suggests a significant involvement of serotonin also in the control of female aggression. Future research will show, whether the observed behavioural effects are directly caused by the lack of serotonin or by potential compensatory mechanisms. KW - animal behaviour KW - genetics of the nervous system KW - social behaviour Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325386 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hecht, Markus A1 - Meier, Friedegund A1 - Zimmer, Lisa A1 - Polat, Bülent A1 - Loquai, Carmen A1 - Weishaupt, Carsten A1 - Forschner, Andrea A1 - Gutzmer, Ralf A1 - Utikal, Jochen S. A1 - Goldinger, Simone M. A1 - Geier, Michael A1 - Hassel, Jessica C. A1 - Balermpas, Panagiotis A1 - Kiecker, Felix A1 - Rauschenberg, Ricarda A1 - Dietrich, Ursula A1 - Clemens, Patrick A1 - Berking, Carola A1 - Grabenbauer, Gerhard A1 - Schadendorf, Dirk A1 - Grabbe, Stephan A1 - Schuler, Gerold A1 - Fietkau, Rainer A1 - Distel, Luitpold V. A1 - Heinzerling, Lucie T1 - Clinical outcome of concomitant vs interrupted BRAF inhibitor therapy during radiotherapy in melanoma patients JF - British Journal of Cancer N2 - Background: Concomitant radiation with BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) therapy may increase radiation-induced side effects but also potentially improve tumour control in melanoma patients. Methods: A total of 155 patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma from 17 European skin cancer centres were retrospectively analysed. Out of these, 87 patients received concomitant radiotherapy and BRAFi (59 vemurafenib, 28 dabrafenib), while in 68 patients BRAFi therapy was interrupted during radiation (51 vemurafenib, 17 dabrafenib). Overall survival was calculated from the first radiation (OSRT) and from start of BRAFi therapy (OSBRAFi). Results: The median duration of BRAFi treatment interruption prior to radiotherapy was 4 days and lasted for 17 days. Median OSRT and OSBRAFi in the entire cohort were 9.8 and 12.6 months in the interrupted group and 7.3 and 11.5 months in the concomitant group (P=0.075/P=0.217), respectively. Interrupted vemurafenib treatment with a median OSRT and OSBRAFi of 10.1 and 13.1 months, respectively, was superior to concomitant vemurafenib treatment with a median OSRT and OSBRAFi of 6.6 and 10.9 months (P=0.004/P=0.067). Interrupted dabrafenib treatment with a median OSRT and OSBRAFi of 7.7 and 9.8 months, respectively, did not differ from concomitant dabrafenib treatment with a median OSRT and OSBRAFi of 9.9 and 11.6 months (P=0.132/P=0.404). Median local control of the irradiated area did not differ in the interrupted and concomitant BRAFi treatment groups (P=0.619). Skin toxicity of grade ≥2 (CTCAE) was significantly increased in patients with concomitant vemurafenib compared to the group with treatment interruption (P=0.002). Conclusions: Interruption of vemurafenib treatment during radiation was associated with better survival and less toxicity compared to concomitant treatment. Due to lower number of patients, the relevance of treatment interruption in dabrafenib treated patients should be further investigated. The results of this analysis indicate that treatment with the BRAFi vemurafenib should be interrupted during radiotherapy. Prospective studies are desperately needed. KW - radiation KW - radiotherapy KW - BRAF KW - vemurafenib KW - dabrafenib Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227970 VL - 118 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holzinger, Steffen A1 - Schneider, Christian A1 - Höfling, Sven A1 - Porte, Xavier A1 - Reitzenstein, Stephan T1 - Quantum-dot micropillar lasers subject to coherent time-delayed optical feedback from a short external cavity JF - Scientific Reports N2 - We investigate the mode-switching dynamics of an electrically driven bimodal quantum-dot micropillar laser when subject to delayed coherent optical feedback from a short external cavity. We experimentally characterize how the external cavity length, being on the same order than the microlaser’s coherence length, influences the spectral and dynamical properties of the micropillar laser. Moreover, we determine the relaxation oscillation frequency of the micropillar by superimposing optical pulse injection to a dc current. It is found that the optical pulse can be used to disturb the feedback-coupled laser within one roundtrip time in such a way that it reaches the same output power as if no feedback was present. Our results do not only expand the understanding of microlasers when subject to optical feedback from short external cavities, but pave the way towards tailoring the properties of this key nanophotonic system for studies in the quantum regime of self-feedback and its implementation to integrated photonic circuits. KW - nanophotonics and plasmonics KW - photonic devices KW - quantum dots KW - semiconductor lasers Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322485 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knödler, Maren A1 - Körfer, Justus A1 - Kunzmann, Volker A1 - Trojan, Jörg A1 - Daum, Severin A1 - Schenk, Michael A1 - Kullmann, Frank A1 - Schroll, Sebastian A1 - Behringer, Dirk A1 - Stahl, Michael A1 - Al-Batran, Salah-Eddin A1 - Hacker, Ulrich A1 - Ibach, Stefan A1 - Lindhofer, Horst A1 - Lordick, Florian T1 - Randomised phase II trial to investigate catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM × anti-CD3) for treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with gastric cancer JF - British Journal of Cancer N2 - Background Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) represents an unfavourable prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer (GC). Intraperitoneal treatment with the bispecific and trifunctional antibody catumaxomab (EpCAM, CD3), in addition to systemic chemotherapy, could improve elimination of PC. Methods This prospective, randomised, phase II study investigated the efficacy of catumaxomab followed by chemotherapy (arm A, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel, FLOT) or FLOT alone (arm B) in patients with GC and PC. Primary endpoint was the rate of macroscopic complete remission (mCR) of PC at the time of second diagnostic laparoscopy/laparotomy prior to optional surgery. Results Median follow-up was 52 months. Out of 35 patients screened, 15 were allocated to arm A and 16 to arm B. mCR rate was 27% in arm A and 19% in arm B (p = 0.69). Severe side effects associated with catumaxomab were nausea, infection, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. Median progression-free (6.7 vs. 5.4 months, p = 0.71) and overall survival (13.2 vs. 13.0 months, p = 0.97) were not significantly different in both treatment arms. Conclusions Addition of catumaxomab to systemic chemotherapy was feasible and tolerable in advanced GC. Although the primary endpoint could not be demonstrated, results are promising for future investigations integrating intraperitoneal immunotherapy into a multimodal treatment strategy. KW - cancer immunotherapy KW - gastric cancer Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325938 VL - 119 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heil, Hannah S. A1 - Schreiber, Benjamin A1 - Götz, Ralph A1 - Emmerling, Monika A1 - Dabauvalle, Marie-Christine A1 - Krohne, Georg A1 - Höfling, Sven A1 - Kamp, Martin A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Heinze, Katrin G. T1 - Sharpening emitter localization in front of a tuned mirror JF - Light: Science & Applications N2 - Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) aims for maximized precision and a high signal-to-noise ratio1. Both features can be provided by placing the emitter in front of a metal-dielectric nanocoating that acts as a tuned mirror2,3,4. Here, we demonstrate that a higher photon yield at a lower background on biocompatible metal-dielectric nanocoatings substantially improves SMLM performance and increases the localization precision by up to a factor of two. The resolution improvement relies solely on easy-to-fabricate nanocoatings on standard glass coverslips and is spectrally and spatially tunable by the layer design and wavelength, as experimentally demonstrated for dual-color SMLM in cells. KW - imaging and sensing KW - super-resolution microscopy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228080 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Altieri, Barbara A1 - Di Dato, Carla A1 - Martini, Chiara A1 - Sciammarella, Concetta A1 - Di Sarno, Antonella A1 - Colao, Annamaria A1 - Faggiano, Antongiulio T1 - Bone Metastases in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Management JF - Cancers N2 - Bone represents a common site of metastases for several solid tumors. However, the ability of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) to localize to bone has always been considered a rare and late event. Thanks to the improvement of therapeutic options, which results in longer survival, and of imaging techniques, particularly after the introduction of positron emission tomography (PET) with gallium peptides, the diagnosis of bone metastases (BMs) in NENs is increasing. The onset of BMs can be associated with severe skeletal complications that impair the patient's quality of life. Moreover, BMs negatively affect the prognosis of NEN patients, bringing out the lack of curative treatment options for advanced NENs. The current knowledge on BMs in gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) and bronchopulmonary (BP) NENs is still scant and is derived from a few retrospective studies and case reports. This review aims to perform a critical analysis of the evidence regarding the role of BMs in GEP- and BP-NENs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlining the development of BMs, as well as clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of BMs, in an attempt to provide suggestions that can be used in clinical practice. KW - neuroendocrine neoplasms KW - bone metastases KW - bone microenvironment KW - skeletal-related events KW - epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition KW - microRNA KW - prognosis KW - treatment KW - denosumab Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221079 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - El-Helou, Sabine M. A1 - Biegner, Anika-Kerstin A1 - Bode, Sebastian A1 - Ehl, Stephan R. A1 - Heeg, Maximilian A1 - Maccari, Maria E. A1 - Ritterbusch, Henrike A1 - Speckmann, Carsten A1 - Rusch, Stephan A1 - Scheible, Raphael A1 - Warnatz, Klaus A1 - Atschekzei, Faranaz A1 - Beider, Renata A1 - Ernst, Diana A1 - Gerschmann, Stev A1 - Jablonka, Alexandra A1 - Mielke, Gudrun A1 - Schmidt, Reinhold E. A1 - Schürmann, Gesine A1 - Sogkas, Georgios A1 - Baumann, Ulrich H. A1 - Klemann, Christian A1 - Viemann, Dorothee A1 - Bernuth, Horst von A1 - Krüger, Renate A1 - Hanitsch, Leif G. A1 - Scheibenbogen, Carmen M. A1 - Wittke, Kirsten A1 - Albert, Michael H. A1 - Eichinger, Anna A1 - Hauck, Fabian A1 - Klein, Christoph A1 - Rack-Hoch, Anita A1 - Sollinger, Franz M. A1 - Avila, Anne A1 - Borte, Michael A1 - Borte, Stephan A1 - Fasshauer, Maria A1 - Hauenherm, Anja A1 - Kellner, Nils A1 - Müller, Anna H. A1 - Ülzen, Anett A1 - Bader, Peter A1 - Bakhtiar, Shahrzad A1 - Lee, Jae-Yun A1 - Heß, Ursula A1 - Schubert, Ralf A1 - Wölke, Sandra A1 - Zielen, Stefan A1 - Ghosh, Sujal A1 - Laws, Hans-Juergen A1 - Neubert, Jennifer A1 - Oommen, Prasad T. A1 - Hönig, Manfred A1 - Schulz, Ansgar A1 - Steinmann, Sandra A1 - Klaus, Schwarz A1 - Dückers, Gregor A1 - Lamers, Beate A1 - Langemeyer, Vanessa A1 - Niehues, Tim A1 - Shai, Sonu A1 - Graf, Dagmar A1 - Müglich, Carmen A1 - Schmalzing, Marc T. A1 - Schwaneck, Eva C. A1 - Tony, Hans-Peter A1 - Dirks, Johannes A1 - Haase, Gabriele A1 - Liese, Johannes G. A1 - Morbach, Henner A1 - Foell, Dirk A1 - Hellige, Antje A1 - Wittkowski, Helmut A1 - Masjosthusmann, Katja A1 - Mohr, Michael A1 - Geberzahn, Linda A1 - Hedrich, Christian M. A1 - Müller, Christiane A1 - Rösen-Wolff, Angela A1 - Roesler, Joachim A1 - Zimmermann, Antje A1 - Behrends, Uta A1 - Rieber, Nikolaus A1 - Schauer, Uwe A1 - Handgretinger, Rupert A1 - Holzer, Ursula A1 - Henes, Jörg A1 - Kanz, Lothar A1 - Boesecke, Christoph A1 - Rockstroh, Jürgen K. A1 - Schwarze-Zander, Carolynne A1 - Wasmuth, Jan-Christian A1 - Dilloo, Dagmar A1 - Hülsmann, Brigitte A1 - Schönberger, Stefan A1 - Schreiber, Stefan A1 - Zeuner, Rainald A1 - Ankermann, Tobias A1 - Bismarck, Philipp von A1 - Huppertz, Hans-Iko A1 - Kaiser-Labusch, Petra A1 - Greil, Johann A1 - Jakoby, Donate A1 - Kulozik, Andreas E. A1 - Metzler, Markus A1 - Naumann-Bartsch, Nora A1 - Sobik, Bettina A1 - Graf, Norbert A1 - Heine, Sabine A1 - Kobbe, Robin A1 - Lehmberg, Kai A1 - Müller, Ingo A1 - Herrmann, Friedrich A1 - Horneff, Gerd A1 - Klein, Ariane A1 - Peitz, Joachim A1 - Schmidt, Nadine A1 - Bielack, Stefan A1 - Groß-Wieltsch, Ute A1 - Classen, Carl F. A1 - Klasen, Jessica A1 - Deutz, Peter A1 - Kamitz, Dirk A1 - Lassy, Lisa A1 - Tenbrock, Klaus A1 - Wagner, Norbert A1 - Bernbeck, Benedikt A1 - Brummel, Bastian A1 - Lara-Villacanas, Eusebia A1 - Münstermann, Esther A1 - Schneider, Dominik T. A1 - Tietsch, Nadine A1 - Westkemper, Marco A1 - Weiß, Michael A1 - Kramm, Christof A1 - Kühnle, Ingrid A1 - Kullmann, Silke A1 - Girschick, Hermann A1 - Specker, Christof A1 - Vinnemeier-Laubenthal, Elisabeth A1 - Haenicke, Henriette A1 - Schulz, Claudia A1 - Schweigerer, Lothar A1 - Müller, Thomas G. A1 - Stiefel, Martina A1 - Belohradsky, Bernd H. A1 - Soetedjo, Veronika A1 - Kindle, Gerhard A1 - Grimbacher, Bodo T1 - The German national registry of primary immunodeficiencies (2012-2017) JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE-syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment. KW - registry for primary immunodeficiency KW - primary immunodeficiency (PID) KW - German PID-NET registry KW - PID prevalence KW - European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) KW - IgG substitution therapy KW - CVID Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226629 VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butt, Elke A1 - Raman, Dayanidhi T1 - New frontiers for the cytoskeletal protein LASP1 JF - Frontiers in Oncology N2 - In the recent two decades, LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) has been developed from a simple actin-binding structural protein to a tumor biomarker and subsequently to a complex, nuclear transcriptional regulator. Starting with a brief historical perspective, this review will mainly compare and contrast LASP1 and LASP2 from the angle of the newest data and importantly, examine their role in transcriptional regulation. We will summarize the current knowledge through pictorial models and tables including the roles of different microRNAs in the differential regulation of LASP1 levels and patient outcome rather than specify in detail all tumor entities. Finally, the novel functional roles of LASP1 in secretion of vesicles, expression of matrix metalloproteinases and transcriptional regulation as well as the activation of survival and proliferation pathways in different cancer types are described. KW - LASP1 KW - LASP2 KW - transcriptional regulation KW - nuclear role KW - matrix metalloproteinases KW - AP1 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221975 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Doppler, Christopher E. J. A1 - Meyer, Linda A1 - Dovern, Anna A1 - Stühmer-Beckh, Jaro A1 - Weiss, Peter H. A1 - Fink, Gereon R. T1 - Differential impact of social and monetary reward on procedural learning and consolidation in aging and its structural correlates JF - Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience N2 - In young (n = 36, mean +/- SD: 24.8 +/- 4.5 years) and older (n = 34, mean +/- SD: 65.1 +/- 6.5 years) healthy participants, we employed a modified version of the Serial Reaction Time task to measure procedural learning (PL) and consolidation while providing monetary and social reward. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we additionally determined the structural correlates of reward-related motor performance (RMP) and PL. Monetary reward had a beneficial effect on PL in the older subjects only. In contrast, social reward significantly enhanced PL in the older and consolidation in the young participants. VBM analyses revealed that motor performance related to monetary reward was associated with larger grey matter volume (GMV) of the left striatum in the young, and motor performance related to social reward with larger GMV of the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the older group. The differential effects of social reward in young (improved consolidation) and both social and monetary rewards in older (enhanced PL) healthy subjects point to the potential of rewards for interventions targeting aging-associated motor decline or stroke-induced motor deficits. KW - serial reaction time task KW - procedural learning KW - reinforcement learning KW - voxel-based morphometry KW - motor aging Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222394 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cook, Nigel A1 - Geier, Andreas A1 - Schmid, Andreas A1 - Hirschfeld, Gideon A1 - Kautz, Achim A1 - Schattenberg, Jörn M. A1 - Balp, Maria-Magdalena T1 - The patient perspectives on future therapeutic options in NASH and patient needs JF - Frontiers in Medicine N2 - Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease with severe complications and without approved therapies. Currently, there is limited data on the overall burden of the disease for patients or on patient needs and preferences. This study investigates patient preferences in relation to potential future therapies for NASH. In addition, the factors that are relevant to patients and their importance in relation to future treatment options are explored. Method: Telephone in-depth interviews (TDIs) preceded an online 30-min quantitative survey. The online survey included (1) multiple choice questions (MCQs) on NASH diagnosis and disease background. (2) An exercise to determine patients' satisfaction levels with information provided at diagnosis, and to explore symptomatology in detail. (3) Exercises to evaluate potential new products and product attributes, including a "drag and drop" ranking exercise, and an adaptive choice-based conjoint exercise (ACBC). (4) The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which measures patients' health status. (5) Collection of socio-demographic data, and (6) Questions to measure patient satisfaction with the survey. Results: There were 166 patients included in this study from Canada [n = 36], Germany [n = 50], the UK [n = 30], and USA [n = 50]. Fifty seven percent of patients [n = 94] had had a liver biopsy for confirmation of NASH. Patients were often unable to link their symptoms to NASH or other conditions. ACBC results showed that efficacy, defined as "impact on liver status" was the single most important attribute of a potential future NASH therapy. Other attributes considered to have secondary importance included impact on weight, symptom control and the presence of side effects. The EQ-5D utility score was 0.81 and VAS = 67.2. Conclusion: "Impact on liver status" is the primary outcome sought. Patients demonstrate a general lack of understanding of their disease and appeared to be unfamiliar with longer-term consequences of NASH. It is necessary to improve patient understanding of NASH and its progressive nature, and there is a need for improving confirmatory diagnosis and monitoring. KW - patient preference KW - non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) KW - non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) KW - adaptive choice-based conjoint KW - liver disease KW - EQ5D-5L KW - patient-based evidence KW - patient-reported outcomes Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223268 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Doppler, Kathrin A1 - Brockmann, Kathrin A1 - Sedghi, Annahita A1 - Wurster, Isabel A1 - Volkmann, Jens A1 - Oertel, Wolfgang H. A1 - Sommer, Claudia T1 - Dermal phospho-alpha-synuclein deposition in patients with Parkinson's disease and mutation of the glucocerebrosidase gene JF - Frontiers in Neurology N2 - Heterozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) represent the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and are histopathologically associated with a widespread load of alpha-synuclein in the brain. Therefore, PD patients with GBA1 mutations are a cohort of high interest for clinical trials on disease-modifying therapies targeting alpha-synuclein. There is evidence that detection of phospho-alpha-synuclein (p-syn) in dermal nerve fibers might be a biomarker for the histopathological identification of PD patients even at premotor or very early stages of disease. It is so far unknown whether dermal p-syn deposition can also be found in PD patients with GBA1 mutations and may serve as a biomarker for PD in these patients. Skin biopsies of 10 PD patients with different GBA1 mutations (six N3705, three E326K, one L444P) were analyzed by double-immunofluorescence labeling with anti-p-syn and anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5, axonal marker) to detect intraaxonal p-syn deposition. Four biopsy sites (distal, proximal leg, paravertebral Th10, and C7) per patient were studied. P-syn was found in six patients (three N370S, three E326K). P-syn deposition was mainly detected in autonomic nerve fibers, but also in somatosensory fibers and was not restricted to a certain GBA1 mutation. In summary, dermal p-syn in PD patients with GBA1 mutations seems to offer a similar distribution and frequency as observed in patients without a known mutation. Skin biopsy may be suitable to study p-syn deposition in these patients or even to identify premotor patients with GBA1 mutations. KW - Parkinson's disease KW - glucocerebrosidase mutation KW - alpha-synuclein KW - skin biopsy KW - biomarker Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222828 VL - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - van Dorp, Joel T1 - Site-specific biomolecule modification for directed surface attachment T1 - Ortsspezifische Biomolekülmodifikation zur gezielten Oberflächenanbindung N2 - Site-directed bioorthogonal conjugation techniques have substantially advanced research in numerous areas. Their exceptional value reflects in the extent of applications, that have been realized with spacial-controlled bioorthogonal reactions. Specific labeling of surfaces, proteins, and other biomolecule allows for new generations of drug delivery, tracking, and analyzing systems. With the continuous advance and refinement of available methods, this field of research will become even more relevant in the time to come. Yet, as individual as the desired purpose is, as different can be the most suitable modification strategy. In this thesis, two different bioconjugation approaches, namely CuAAC and factor XIIIa mediated ligation, are used in distinct application fields, featuring eGFP as a model protein showcasing the advantages as well as the challenges of each technique. The introduction of a unique accessible functionality is the most critical feature of a site-specific reaction, and the first considerable hurdle to clear. While most surfaces, peptides, or small molecules might require less expenditure to modulate, equipping large biomolecules like proteins with additional traits requires careful consideration to preserve the molecule’s stability and function. Therefore, the first section of this project comprises the engineering of eGFP via rational design. Initially, wild-type eGFP was subcloned, expressed, and characterized to serve as a reference value for the designed variants. Subsequently, eGFP was mutated and expressed to display a recognition site for factor XIIIa. Additionally, a second mutant harbored a TAG-codon to enable amber codon suppression and consequently the incorporation of the alkyne bearing unnatural amino acid Plk to support a CuAAC reaction. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to confirm that the fluorescent properties of all expressed muteins were identically equal to wild-type eGFP, which is a reliable marker for the intact barrel structure of the protein. Trypsin digestion and HPLC were deployed to confirm each protein variant's correct sequence and mass. The second part of this work focuses on the conjugation of cargo molecules deploying the chosen approaches. Solid-phase peptide synthesis was used to create a peptide that served as a lysine donor substrate in the crosslinking mechanism of FXIIIa. Additionally, the peptide was provided with a cysteine moiety to allow for highly flexible and simple loading of desired cargo molecules via conventional thiol-Michael addition, thus establishing an adaptive labeling platform. The effective ligation was critically reviewed and confirmed by monitoring the exact mass changes by HPLC. Protocols for attaching payloads such as biotin and PEG to the linker peptide were elaborated. While the biotin construct was successfully conjugated to the model protein, the eGFP-PEG linkage was not achieved judging by SDS-PAGE analysis. Furthermore, featuring isolated peptide sequences, the properties of the FXIIIa-mediated reaction were characterized in detail. Relative substrate turnover, saturation concentrations, by-product formation, and incubation time were comprehensively analyzed through HPLC to identify optimal reaction conditions. CuAAC was successfully used to label the Plk-eGFP mutein with Azide-biotin, demonstrated by western blot imaging. Within the last part of this study, the application of the conjugation systems was extended to different surfaces. As regular surfaces do not allow for immediate decoration, supplementary functionalization techniques like gold-thiol interaction and silanization on metal oxides were deployed. That way gold-segmented nanowires and Janus particles were loaded with enoxaparin and DNA, respectively. Nickel and cobalt nanowires were modified with silanes that served as linker molecules for subsequent small molecule attachment or PEGylation. Finally, the eGFP muteins were bound to a particle surface in a site-specific manner. Beads displaying amino groups were utilized to demonstrate the effective use of FXIIIa in surface modification. Moreover, the bead’s functional moieties were converted to azides to enable CuAAC “Click Chemistry” and direct comparison. Each modification was analyzed and confirmed through fluorescence microscopy. N2 - Techniken zur ortsspezifischen bioorthogonalen Konjugation von Biomolekülen haben die Forschung in zahlreichen Bereichen erheblich vorangebracht. Ihr außerordentlicher Wert spiegelt sich in der Vielzahl der Anwendungen wider, die mit bioorthogonalen Reaktionen realisiert werden konnten. Die kontrollierte Bestückung von Oberflächen, Proteinen und anderen Biomolekülen ermöglicht neue Generationen von Systemen zur Arzneimittelapplikation als auch zu Tracking- und Analyseverfahren. Mit der kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung und Verfeinerung der verfügbaren Methoden wird dieses Forschungsgebiet in Zukunft noch mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. Doch so individuell wie der gewünschte Zweck ist, so unterschiedlich kann auch die am besten geeignete Modifikationsstrategie sein. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei verschiedene Biokonjugationsansätze, nämlich CuAAC und Faktor-XIIIa-vermittelte Ligation, in unterschiedlichen Anwendungsbereichen eingesetzt, wobei eGFP als Modellprotein dient, um sowohl die Vorteile als auch die Herausforderungen der jeweiligen Technik aufzuzeigen. Die Einführung einer genau abgrenzbaren Funktionalität ist das wichtigste Merkmal einer ortsspezifischen Reaktion und die erste große Hürde, die es zu nehmen gilt. Während die meisten Oberflächen, Peptide oder kleinen Moleküle mit geringem Aufwand moduliert werden können, erfordert das Ausstatten von Proteinen mit zusätzlichen Merkmalen sorgfältige Überlegung und weitreichende Kenntnis, um die Stabilität und Funktion der Molekülstruktur zu erhalten. Der erste Abschnitt dieses Projekts umfasst daher das Protein-Engineering von eGFP durch rationales Design. Zunächst wurde der Wildtyp von eGFP subkloniert, exprimiert und charakterisiert, um als Referenzwert für die entworfenen Varianten zu dienen. Anschließend wurde eGFP so mutiert und exprimiert, dass es eine Erkennungsstelle für Faktor XIIIa aufweist. Zusätzlich enthielt eine zweite Mutante ein TAG-Codon, um die Unterdrückung des Amber-Codons und damit den Einbau der Alkin-tragenden unnatürlichen Aminosäure Plk zu ermöglichen, um wiederum eine CuAAC-Reaktion zu unterstützen. Mit Hilfe von Fluoreszenzspektroskopie wurde bestätigt, dass die Fluoreszenzeigenschaften aller exprimierten Muteine identisch mit denen des Wildtyps eGFP sind, was ein zuverlässiger Marker für die intakte Barrel-Struktur des Proteins ist. Trypsinverdau und HPLC wurden eingesetzt, um die korrekte Sequenz und Masse der einzelnen Proteinvarianten zu bestätigen. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Konjugation von „Cargo-Molekülen“ unter Verwendung der gewählten Ansätze. Mittels Festphasen-Peptidsynthese wurde ein Peptid hergestellt, das als Lysin-Donor-Substrat im Vernetzungsmechanismus von FXIIIa diente. Zusätzlich wurde das Peptid mit einem Cystein-Element versehen, um eine hochflexible und einfache Beladung mit gewünschten Frachtmolekülen durch konventionelle Thiol-Michael-Addition zu ermöglichen und so eine adaptive Koppelungsplattform zu schaffen. Die effektive Ligation wurde durch die Überwachung der genauen Massenänderungen mittels HPLC kritisch überprüft und bestätigt. Es wurden Protokolle für die Anbringung von Nutzlasten wie Biotin und PEG an das Linker-Peptid ausgearbeitet. Während das Biotin-Konstrukt erfolgreich an das Modellprotein konjugiert wurde, konnte die eGFP-PEG-Bindung nach Auswertung der SDS-PAGE-Analyse nicht erreicht werden. Darüber hinaus wurden anhand der isolierten Peptidsequenzen die Eigenschaften der FXIIIa-vermittelten Reaktion im Detail charakterisiert. Relativer Substratumsatz, Sättigungskonzentrationen, Nebenproduktbildung und Inkubationszeit wurden mittels HPLC umfassend analysiert, um optimale Reaktionsbedingungen zu ermitteln. CuAAC wurde erfolgreich zur Markierung des Plk-eGFP-Muteins mit Azid-Biotin eingesetzt, was durch Western-Blot-Darstellung nachgewiesen wurde. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Anwendung der Konjugationssysteme auf verschiedene Oberflächen übertragen. Da normale Oberflächen keine unmittelbare Dekoration erlauben, wurden zusätzliche Funktionalisierungstechniken wie Gold-Thiol-Wechselwirkung und Silanisierung auf Metalloxiden eingesetzt. Auf diese Weise wurden goldsegmentierte Nanowires und Januspartikel mit Enoxaparin bzw. DNA beladen. Nickel- und Kobalt-Nanowires wurden mit Silanen modifiziert, die als Verbindungsmoleküle für die anschließende Anlagerung kleiner Moleküle oder PEGylierung dienten. Schließlich wurden die eGFP-Muteine ortsspezifisch an eine Partikeloberfläche gebunden. Beads mit Aminogruppen wurden verwendet, um den effektiven Einsatz von FXIIIa bei der Oberflächenmodifikation zu demonstrieren. Darüber hinaus wurden die funktionellen Einheiten der Beads in Azide umgewandelt, um eine CuAAC-„Klickchemie" und somit einen direkten Vergleich zu ermöglichen. Jede Modifikation wurde mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie analysiert und bestätigt. KW - Proteinglutamin-Glutamyltransferase KW - Click-Chemie KW - Rekombinantes Protein KW - Nanodraht KW - Bioengineering KW - Surface modification KW - Site-specific modification KW - CuAAC Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-369536 ER - TY - THES A1 - Mathew-Schmitt, Sanjana T1 - Development of blood-brain barrier spheroid models based on human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and investigation of shear stress on hiPSC-derived brain capillary endothelial-like cells T1 - Entwicklung von Sphäroid-Modellen der Blut-Hirn-Schranke basierend auf menschlichen induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen (hiPSCs) und Untersuchung der Scherbeanspruchung von hiPSC-abgeleiteten Hirnkapillarendothel-ähnlichen Zellen N2 - A highly regulated microenvironment is essential in maintaining normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). The existence of a biological barrier, termed as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), at the blood to brain interface effectively allows for selective passage of substances and pathogens into the brain (Kadry, Noorani et al. 2020). The BBB chiefly serves in protecting the brain from extrinsic toxin entry and pathogen invasions. The BBB is formed mainly by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) which are responsible for excluding ∼ 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all small-molecule drugs from entry into the brain. Minimal BBB transport of major potential CNS drugs allows for attenuated effective treatments for majority of CNS disorders (Appelt-Menzel, Oerter et al. 2020). Animals are generally used as model systems to study neurotherapeutic delivery into the brain, however due to species based disparity, experimental animal models lead to several false positive or false negative drug efficacy predictions thereby being unable to fully predict effects in humans (Ruck, Bittner et al. 2015). An example being that over the last two decades, much of the studies involving animals lead to high failure rates in drug development with ~ 97% failure in cancers and ~ 99% failure for Alzheimer´s disease (Pound 2020). Widespead failures in clinical trials associated with neurological disorders have resulted in questions on whether existing preclinical animal models are genuinely reflective of the human condition (Bhalerao, Sivandzade et al. 2020). Apart from high failure rates in humans, the costs for animal testings is extremely high. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), responsible for determining animal testing guidelines and methodology for government, industry, and independent laboratories the average cost of a single two-generation reproductive animal toxicity study worldwide is 318,295 € and for Europe alone is ~ 285,842 € (Van Norman 2019). Due to these reasons two separate movements exist within the scientific world, one being to improve animal research and the other to promote new approach methodologies with the European government setting 2025 - 2035 as a deadline for gradually disposing the use of animals in pharmaceutical testing (Pound 2020). The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in 2006 (Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006, Takahashi, Tanabe et al. 2007) revolutionized the field of drug discovery in-vitro. HiPSCs can be differentiated into various tissue types that mimic disease phenotypes, thereby offering the possibility to deliver humanized in-vitro test systems. With respect to the BBB, several strategies to differentiate hiPSCs to BCECs (iBCECs) are reported over the years (Appelt-Menzel, Oerter et al. 2020). However, iBCECs are said to possess an epithelial or undifferentiated phenotype causing incongruity in BBB lineage specifications (Lippmann, 7 Azarin et al. 2020). Therefore, in order to identify a reliable differentiation strategy in deriving iBCECs possessing hallmark BBB characteristics, which can be used for downstream applications, the work in this thesis compared two methods, namely the co-differentiation (CD) and the directed differentiation (DD). Briefly, CD mimics a brain like niche environment for iBCEC specification (Lippmann, Al-Ahmad et al. 2014), while DD focuses on induction of the mesoderm followed by iBCEC specification (Qian, Maguire et al. 2017). The results obtained verified that while iBCECs derived via CD, in comparison to human BCEC cell line hCMEC/D3 showed the presence of epithelial transcripts such as E-Cadherin (CDH1), and gene level downregulation of endothelial specific platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and VE-cadherin (CDH5) but demonstrated higher barrier integrity. The CD strategy essentially presented iBCECs with a mean trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of ~ 2000 – 2500 Ω*cm2 and low permeability coefficients (PC) of < 0.50 μm/min for small molecule transport of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and characteristic BCEC tight junction (TJ) protein expression of claudin-5 and occludin. Additionally, iBCECs derived via CD did not form tubes in response to angiogenic stimuli. DD on the other hand resulted in iBCECs with similar down regulations in PECAM-1 and CDH5 gene expression. They were additionally characterized by lower barrier integrity, measured by mean TEER of only ~ 250 – 450 Ω*cm2 and high PC of > 5 μm/min in small molecule transport of NaF. Although iBCECs derived via DD formed tubes in response to angiogenic stimuli, they did not show positive protein expression of characteristic BCEC TJs such as claudin-5 and occludin. These results led to the hypothesis that maturity and lineage specification of iBCECs could be improved by incorporating in-vivo like characteristics in-vitro, such as direct co-culture with neurovascular unit (NVU) cell types via spheroid formation and by induction of shear stress and fluid flow. In comparison to standard iBCEC transwell mono-cultures, BBB spheroids showed enhanced transcript expression of PECAM-1 and reduced expression of epithelial markers such as CDH1 and claudin-6 (CLDN6). BBB spheroids showed classical BCEC-like ultrastructure that was identified by TJ particles on the protoplasmic face (P-face) and exoplasmic face (E-face) of the plasma membrane. TJ strands were organized as particles and particle-free grooves on the E-face, while on the P-face, partly beaded particles and partly continuous strands were identified. BBB spheroids also showed positive protein expression of claudin-5, VE-cadherin, PECAM-1, glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and transferrin receptor-1 (Tfr-1). BBB spheroids demonstrated higher relative impedance percentages in comparison to spheroids without an iBCEC barrier. Barrier integrity assessments additionally corresponded with lower permeability to small molecule tracer NaF, with spheroids containing iBCECs showing higher relative fluorescence unit percentages (RFU%) of ~ 90% in apical compartments, compared to ~ 80% in spheroids without iBCECs. In summary, direct cellular contacts in the complex spheroid model resulted in enhanced maturation of iBCECs. 8 A bioreactor system was used to further assess the effect of shear stress. This system enabled inclusion of fluidic flow and shear stress conditions in addition to non-invasive barrier integrity measurements (Choi, Mathew et al. 2022). iBCECs were cultured for a total of seven days post differentiation (d17) within the bioreactor and barrier integrity was non-invasively monitored. Until d17 of long-term culture, TEER values of iBCECs steadily dropped from ~ 1800 Ω*cm2 ~ 400 Ω*cm2 under static conditions and from ~ 2500 Ω*cm2 to ~ 250 Ω*cm2 under dynamic conditions. Transcriptomic analyses, morphometric analyses and protein marker expression showed enhanced maturation of iBECs under long-term culture and dynamic flow. Importantly, on d10 claudin-5 was expressed mostly in the cytoplasm with only ~ 5% iBCECs showing continuous staining at the cell borders. With increase in culture duration, iBCECs at d17 of static culture showed ~ 18% of cells having continuous cell border expression, while dynamic conditions showed upto ~ 30% of cells with continuous cell-cell border expression patterns. Similarly, ~ 33% of cells showed cell-cell border expression of occludin on d10 with increases to ~ 55% under d17 static and up to ~ 65% under d17 dynamic conditions, thereby indicating iBCEC maturation. In conclusion, the data presented within this thesis demonstrates the maturation of iBCECs in BBB spheroids, obtained via direct cellular contacts and by the application of flow and shear stress. Both established novel models need to be further validated for pharmaceutical drug applications together with in-vitro-in-vivo correlations in order to exploit their full potential. N2 - Eine hochregulierte Mikroumgebung ist für die Aufrechterhaltung der normalen Funktion des Zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) unerlässlich. Das Vorhandensein einer biologischen Barriere, der so genannten Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BHS), als Schnittstelle zwischen Blutkreislauf und Gehirn ermöglicht den selektiven Durchgang von Substanzen und Pathogenen in das Gehirn (Kadry, Noorani et al. 2020). Die BHS dient hauptsächlich dazu, das Gehirn vor dem Eindringen von Toxinen von außen und dem Eindringen von Krankheitserregern zu schützen. Die BHS wird hauptsächlich von Hirnkapillarendothelzellen (engl. brain capillary endothelial cells, BCECs) gebildet, die dafür verantwortlich sind, dass ∼ 100% der großmolekularen Neurotherapeutika und mehr als 98% aller kleinmolekularen Medikamente nicht in das Gehirn gelangen können. Ein eingeschränkter BHS-Transport wichtiger potenzieller Wirkstoffe führt zu einer abgeschwächten Wirksamkeit der Behandlung der meisten ZNS-Erkrankungen (Pardridge 2005). Mäuse, Ratten, Schweine und Rinder werden in der Regel als Modellsysteme verwendet, um die Verabreichung von Neurotherapeutika in das Gehirn zu untersuchen. Aufgrund der Unterschiede zwischen den Spezies führen experimentelle Tiermodelle jedoch vermehrt zu falsch positiven oder falsch negativen Vorhersagen über die Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten, so dass sie nicht in der Lage sind, die Wirkungen beim Menschen vollständig vorherzusagen (Ruck, Bittner et al. 2015). Ein Beispiel dafür ist, dass in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ein Großteil der Studien an Tieren zu Misserfolgsraten in der Wirkstoffzulassung geführt hat. Bei einer Fehlerrate von 97% im Zusammenhang mit Krebs und ~99% bei Alzheimer führt dies zum Therapieversagen (Pound 2020). Die weit verbreiteten Misserfolge bei klinischen Versuchen im Zusammenhang mit neurologischen Erkrankungen haben zu der Frage geführt, ob die bestehenden präklinischen Tiermodelle wirklich die Physiologie des Menschen widerspiegeln (Bhalerao, Sivandzade et al. 2020). Abgesehen von den hohen Ausfallraten sind die Kosten für Tierversuche extrem hoch. Nach Angaben der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (engl. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD), welche für die Festlegung von Tierversuchsrichtlinien und -methoden für die Regierung, die Industrie und unabhängige Labore zuständig ist, belaufen sich die durchschnittlichen Kosten für eine einzige Zwei-Generationen-Studie zur Reproduktionstoxizität an Tieren weltweit auf 318.295 € und allein für Europa auf ~ 285.842 € (Van Norman 2019). Aus diesen Gründen gibt es zwei unterschiedliche Bemühungen unter den Wissenschaftlern. Zum einen zur Verbesserung der Tierforschung und zum anderen zur Förderung neuer Methoden gemäß den 3R (eng. replace, reduce, refine), wobei die europäische Regierung die Jahre 2025 bis 2035 als Frist für den schrittweisen Verzicht auf Tierversuche in der Forschung festgelegt hat (Pound 2020). Die 10 Entdeckung der humanen induziert pluripotenten Stammzell (hiPSC)-Technologie im Jahr 2006 (Takahashi und Yamanaka 2006, Takahashi, Tanabe et al. 2007) hat den Bereich der Arzneimittelforschung revolutioniert, da hiPSCs in verschiedene Gewebetypen differenziert werden können und damit die Möglichkeit bieten, humanisierte in-vitro-Testsysteme bereitzustellen, die zur Untersuchung verschiedener Krankheiten verwendet werden können. In Bezug auf die BHS wurde im Laufe der Jahre mehrere Strategien zur Differenzierung von hiPSCs zu BCECs (iBCECs) etabliert (Appelt-Menzel, Oerter et al. 2020), allerdings wird ihnen ein epithelialer Phänotyp nachgesagt, was zu Fragen in der Spezifikation der BBB führt (Lippmann, Azarin et al. 2020). Um eine verlässliche Differenzierungsstrategie für die Gewinnung von iBCECs mit charakteristischen BHS-Merkmalen zu finden, welche für Downstream-Anwendungengenutztwerden können, wurden in dieser Arbeit zwei Methoden verglichen. Die Ko-Differenzierung (engl. co-differentiation, CD) und die gerichtete Differenzierung (engl. directed differentiation, DD). Zusammengefasst simuliert die CD eine ZNS-ähnliche Mikroumgebung für die Spezifikation der iBCECs nach (Lippmann, Al-Ahmad et al. 2014), während sich die DD auf die Induktion des Mesoderms und die anschließende iBCEC-Spezifikation konzentriert (Qian, Maguire et al. 2017). Die erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigten, dass iBCECs, welche mittels CD abgeleitet wurden, im Vergleich zur humanen BCEC-Zelllinie (hCMEC/D3) zwar epitheliale Transkripte wie E-Cadherin (CDH1) besitzen, aber eine Herabregulierung von Thrombozyten-Endothelzell-Adhäsionsmolekül-1 (PECAM-1) und VE-Cadherin (CDH5) aufweisen. Die von CD abgeleiteten iBCECs hatten zudem eine höhere Barriere-Integrität und Funktionalität gezeigt. Im Wesentlichen führte die CD-Strategie zu iBCECs mit einem hohen transendothelialen elektrischen Widerstand (engl. Transendothelialelectrical resistance, TEER) von 2000 - 2500Ω*cm2, einem niedrigen Permeabilitätskoeffizienten (eng. Permeability co-efficient, PC) von < 0,50 μm/min für den Transport kleiner Moleküle wie Natriumfluorescein (NaF) und einer charakteristischen Expression von BCEC-spezifischen Tight Junction (TJ)-Proteinen wie Claudin-5 und Occludin. Außerdem bildeten iBCECs, welche über CD gewonnen wurden, keine Gefäßstrukturen als Reaktion auf angiogene Stimuli. DD hingegen führte zu iBCECs mit einer ähnlichen Herabregulierung der PECAM-1- und CDH5-Genexpression, die zusätzlich durch eine geringere Barriereintegrität, gemessen an einem niedrigen TEER von nur ~ 250 - 450 Ω*cm2 und einem hohen PC von > 5 μm/min, bei dem Transport von NaF gekennzeichnet war. Obwohl die über DD gewonnenen iBCECs in der Lage waren Gefäßnetze auszubilden, zeigten sie keine Expression der charakteristischen BCEC-TJs wie Claudin-5 und Occludin. Diese Ergebnisse führten zu der Hypothese, die in-vitro Differenzierung und Reifung von iBCECs zu verbessern, indem in-vivo-ähnliche Stimuli in-vitro angewandt werden, wie z. B. die direkte Kokultur mit Zelltypen der neurovaskulären Einheit (NVE) durch Sphäroidbildung und die Induktion von Scherstress in einem dynamischen Flussmodell. Im Vergleich zu iBCEC- 11 basierten Transwellmodellen, die zumeist in Monokulturen aufgebaut werden, zeigten die BHS-Sphäroide eine erhöhte Expression von PECAM-1 und eine reduzierte Expression von Epithelmarkern wie E-Cadherin (CDH1) und Claudin-6 (CLDN6). BHS-Sphäroide zeigten eine klassische BCEC-ähnliche Ultrastruktur, die durch TJ-Partikel auf der protoplasmatischen Phase (P-Phase) und der exoplasmatischen Phase (E-Phase) der Plasmamembran gekennzeichnet war. Die TJ-Stränge waren als Partikel und partikelfreie Rillen auf der E-Phase organisiert, während auf der P-Phase teils Partikel und teils kontinuierliche Stränge zu erkennen waren. BHS-Sphäroide zeigten auch eine positive Proteinexpression von Claudin-5, VE-Cadherin, PECAM-1, Glukose-Transporter-1 (GLUT-1), P-Glykoprotein (P-gp) und Transferrin-Rezeptor-1 (Tfr-1). Die BHS-Sphäroide wiesen ebenfalls höhere relative Impedanzwerte im Vergleich zu Sphäroiden ohne iBCEC-Barriere auf. Die Bewertung der Integrität der Barriere korrespondierte zudem mit einer geringeren Permeabilität für den niedermolekularen Tracer NaF, wobei Sphäroide mit iBCECs einen höheren Prozentsatz an relativen Fluoreszenzeinheiten (RFU%) von etwa 90% in den apikalen Kompartimenten aufwiesen, verglichen mit etwa 80% in Sphäroiden ohne iBCECs. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass direkte zelluläre Kontakte im komplexen Sphäroidmodell zu einer verstärkten Reifung von iBCECs führten. In-vivo ist die BHS Scherbelastungen ausgesetzt, die einen wichtigen und oft vernachlässigten physiologischen Stimulus darstellen (Cucullo, Hossain et al. 2011). Um die Auswirkung von Scherstress auf die Eigenschaften und die Reifung von iBCECs zu messen, wurden diese in einem Bioreaktorsystem kultiviert.(Choi, Mathew et al. 2022). Hier war es möglich, iBCECs für insgesamt sieben Tage nach der Differenzierung (d17) erfolgreich in diesem System zu kultivieren und zusätzlich die Barriereintegrität nicht-invasiv zu überwachen. Bis d17 der Langzeitkultur fielen die TEER-Werte von iBCECs stetig von ~ 1800 Ω*cm2 ~ 400 Ω*cm2 unter statischen Bedingungen bzw. von ~ 2500 Ω*cm2 auf ~ 250 Ω*cm2 unter dynamischen Bedingungen. Zusätzliche Untersuchungen und Vergleiche von iBCECs unter diesen Kulturbedingungen mittels transkriptioneller und morphometrischer Analysen, sowie Expression von Proteinmarkern zeigten, dass iBCECs aufgrund der Langzeitkultur und des dynamischen Flusses eine verstärkte Reifung vorweisen. Wichtig ist, dass Claudin-5 bei d10 hauptsächlich im Zytoplasma exprimiert wurde und nur etwa 5% der iBCECs eine kontinuierliche Färbung an den Zellgrenzen aufwiesen. Mit zunehmender Kulturdauer zeigten iBCECs bei d17 in statischer Kultur ~ 18% der Zellen mit kontinuierlicher Zellrandexpression, während unter dynamischen Bedingungen bis zu ~ 30% der Zellen kontinuierliche Zellrandexpressionsmuster aufwiesen. In ähnlicher Weise zeigten ~ 33% der Zellen eine Zell-Zell-Grenzexpression von Occludin an d10 mit einem Anstieg auf ~ 55% unter d17 statischen und bis zu ~ 65% unter d17 dynamischen Bedingungen, was auf eine iBCEC-Reifung hinweist. Zusammenfassend zeigen die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Daten die Reifung von iBCECs in 12 BHS Sphäroiden, die durch direkte Zell - Zell Kontakte und in dynamischen Strömungsmodellen durch die Anwendung von Scherspannungen erreicht wird. Beide etablierten neuen Modelle müssen für pharmazeutische Anwendungen zusammen mit In-vitro-in-vivo-Korrelationen weiter validiert werden, um ihr volles Potential zu beweisen. KW - Blut-Hirn-Schranke KW - Blood-brain barrier Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322475 ER - TY - THES A1 - Diehl, Janina Marie Christin T1 - Ecology and evolution of symbiont management in ambrosia beetles T1 - Ökologie und Evolution des Symbiontenmanagements bei Ambrosiakäfern N2 - The relationship between a farmer and their cultivated crops in agriculture is multifaceted, with pathogens affecting both the farmer and crop, and weeds that take advantage of resources provided by farmers. For my doctoral thesis, I aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the ecology and symbiosis of fungus farming ambrosia beetles. Through my research, I discovered that the microbial composition of fungus gardens, particularly the mutualists, is significantly influenced by the presence of both adults and larvae. The recognition of both beneficial and harmful symbionts is crucial for the success of ambrosia beetles, who respond differently depending on their life stage and the microbial species they encounter, which can contribute to the division of labour among family groups. The presence of antagonists and pathogens in the fungus garden depends on habitat and substrate quality, and beetle response to their introduction results in behavioural and developmental changes. Individual and social immunity measures, as well as changes in bacterial and fungal communities, were detected as a result of pathogen introduction. Additionally, the ability of ambrosia beetles to establish two nutritional fungal species depends on several factors. These insects must strike a balance between their essential functions and adapt to the constantly changing ecological and social conditions, which demonstrates their adaptive flexibility. However, interpreting data from laboratory studies should be approached with caution, as the natural environment allows for more flexibility and the potential for other beneficial symbionts to become more prominent if required. To aid in my research, I designed primers that use the ‘fungal large subunit’ (LSU) as genetic marker to identify and differentiate mutualistic and antagonistic fungi in X. saxesenii. The primers were able to distinguish closely related species of the Ophiostomataceae and other fungal symbionts. This allowed me to associate the abundance of key fungal taxa with factors such as the presence of beetles, the nest's age and condition, and the various developmental stages present. My primers are a valuable tool for understanding fungal communities, including their composition and the identification of previously unknown functional symbionts. However, some aspects should be approached with caution due to the exclusion of non-amplified taxa in the relative fungal community compositions. N2 - Die Beziehung zwischen einem Landwirt und der von ihm angebauten Nahrung in der Landwirtschaft ist vielschichtig: Pathogene, die sowohl den Landwirt als auch die Pflanzen befallen, und Unkräuter, die sich die von Landwirten bereitgestellten Ressourcen zunutzen machen. In meiner Doktorarbeit wollte ich ein umfassendes Verständnis der Ökologie und der Symbiose von pilzzüchtenden Ambrosiakäfern erlangen. Im Rahmen meiner Forschung fand ich heraus, dass die mikrobielle Zusammensetzung von Pilzgärten, insbesondere der Mutualisten, durch die Anwesenheit sowohl der erwachsenen Tiere als auch der Larven erheblich beeinflusst wird. Die Erkennung sowohl nützlicher als auch schädlicher Symbionten ist entscheidend für den Erfolg der Ambrosiakäfer, die je nach Lebensstadium und den angetroffenen Mikrobenarten unterschiedlich reagieren, was zur Arbeitsteilung zwischen Familiengruppen beitragen kann. Das Vorhandensein von Antagonisten und Krankheitserregern im Pilzgarten hängt von der Qualität des Lebensraums und des Substrats ab, und die Reaktion der Käfer auf ihre Einschleppung führt zu Veränderungen im Verhalten und in der Entwicklung. Individuelle und soziale Immunitätsmaßnahmen sowie Veränderungen der Bakterien- und Pilzgemeinschaften wurden als Folge der Einführung von Krankheitserregern festgestellt. Darüber hinaus hängt die Fähigkeit von Ambrosiakäfern, zwei Nährpilzarten zu etablieren, von mehreren Faktoren ab. Diese Insekten müssen ein Gleichgewicht zwischen ihren lebenswichtigen Funktionen herstellen und sich an die ständig ändernden ökologischen und sozialen Bedingungen anpassen, was ihre Anpassungsfähigkeit zeigt. Bei der Interpretation von Daten aus Laborstudien ist jedoch Vorsicht geboten, da die natürliche Umgebung mehr Flexibilität zulässt und die Möglichkeit bietet, dass andere nützliche Symbionten bei Bedarf stärker in Erscheinung treten. Um meine Forschung zu unterstützen, habe ich Primer entwickelt, die die ‘fungal large subunit‘ (LSU) als genetischen Marker verwenden, um mutualistische und antagonistische Pilze in X. saxesenii zu identifizieren und zu unterscheiden. Die Primer waren in der Lage, eng verwandte Arten der Ophiostomataceae und andere Pilzsymbionten zu unterscheiden. Auf diese Weise konnte ich die Häufigkeit der wichtigsten Pilztaxa mit Faktoren wie dem Vorhandensein von Käfern, dem Alter und Zustand des Nests und den verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien in Verbindung bringen. Meine Primer sind ein wertvolles Instrument für das Verständnis von Pilzgemeinschaften, einschließlich ihrer Zusammensetzung und der Identifizierung von bisher unbekannten funktionellen Symbionten. Einige Aspekte sind jedoch mit Vorsicht zu genießen, da nicht amplifizierte Taxa in den relativen Zusammensetzungen der Pilzgemeinschaften nicht berücksichtigt werden. KW - ambrosia beetles KW - symbiont management KW - amplicon sequencing KW - fungus farming KW - microbial communities KW - social behaviour KW - Ökologie KW - Evolution Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321213 ER -