TY - JOUR A1 - Riederer, Peter A1 - ter Meulen, Volker T1 - Coronaviruses: a challenge of today and a call for extended human postmortem brain analyses JF - Journal of Neural Transmission N2 - While there is abounding literature on virus-induced pathology in general and coronavirus in particular, recent evidence accumulates showing distinct and deleterious brain affection. As the respiratory tract connects to the brain without protection of the blood–brain barrier, SARS-CoV-2 might in the early invasive phase attack the cardiorespiratory centres located in the medulla/pons areas, giving rise to disturbances of respiration and cardiac problems. Furthermore, brainstem regions are at risk to lose their functional integrity. Therefore, long-term neurological as well as psychiatric symptomatology and eventual respective disorders cannot be excluded as evidenced from influenza-A triggered post-encephalitic Parkinsonism and HIV-1 triggered AIDS–dementia complex. From the available evidences for coronavirus-induced brain pathology, this review concludes a number of unmet needs for further research strategies like human postmortem brain analyses. SARS-CoV-2 mirroring experimental animal brain studies, characterization of time-dependent and region-dependent spreading behaviours of coronaviruses, enlightening of pathological mechanisms after coronavirus infection using long-term animal models and clinical observations of patients having had COVID-19 infection are calling to develop both protective strategies and drug discoveries to avoid early and late coronavirus-induced functional brain disturbances, symptoms and eventually disorders. To fight SARS-CoV-2, it is an urgent need to enforce clinical, molecular biological, neurochemical and genetic research including brain-related studies on a worldwide harmonized basis. KW - coronavirus KW - COVID-19 KW - SARS-CoV-2 brain disorders KW - cardiorespiratory centre KW - brain pathology KW - neurological symptoms/disorders KW - brain stem KW - Parkinson’s disease KW - Parkinsonism KW - Alzheimer’s disease KW - multiple sclerosis KW - movement disorders KW - neuroinvasion KW - therapy KW - neuroprotection KW - depression KW - cognitive dysfunction KW - brain bank KW - postmortem studies Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-314637 SN - 0300-9564 SN - 1435-1463 VL - 127 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dashkovskiy, Sergey A1 - Kapustyan, Oleksiy A1 - Schmid, Jochen T1 - A local input-to-state stability result w.r.t. attractors of nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations JF - Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems N2 - We establish the local input-to-state stability of a large class of disturbed nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations w.r.t. the global attractor of the respective undisturbed system. KW - local input-to-state stability KW - global attractor KW - lonlinear reaction-diffusion equations Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281099 VL - 32 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elhfnawy, Ahmed Mohamed A1 - Elsalamawy, Doaa A1 - Abdelraouf, Mervat A1 - Schliesser, Mira A1 - Volkmann, Jens A1 - Fluri, Felix T1 - Red flags for a concomitant giant cell arteritis in patients with vertebrobasilar stroke: a cross-sectional study and systematic review JF - Acta Neurologica Belgica N2 - Giant cell arteritis (GCA) may affect the brain-supplying arteries, resulting in ischemic stroke, whereby the vertebrobasilar territory is most often involved. Since etiology is unknown in 25% of stroke patients and GCA is hardly considered as a cause, we examined in a pilot study, whether screening for GCA after vertebrobasilar stroke might unmask an otherwise missed disease. Consecutive patients with vertebrobasilar stroke were prospectively screened for GCA using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, and halo sign of the temporal and vertebral artery on ultrasound. Furthermore, we conducted a systematic literature review for relevant studies. Sixty-five patients were included, and two patients (3.1%) were diagnosed with GCA. Patients with GCA were older in age (median 85 versus 69 years, p = 0.02). ESR and CRP were significantly increased and hemoglobin was significantly lower in GCA patients compared to non-GCA patients (median, 75 versus 11 mm in 1 h, p = 0.001; 3.84 versus 0.25 mg/dl, p = 0.01, 10.4 versus 14.6 mg/dl, p = 0.003, respectively). Multiple stenoses/occlusions in the vertebrobasilar territory affected our two GCA patients (100%), but only five (7.9%) non-GCA patients (p = 0.01). Our literature review identified 13 articles with 136 stroke patients with concomitant GCA. Those were old in age. Headache, increased inflammatory markers, and anemia were frequently reported. Multiple stenoses/occlusions in the vertebrobasilar territory affected around 70% of stroke patients with GCA. Increased inflammatory markers, older age, anemia, and multiple stenoses/occlusions in the vertebrobasilar territory may be regarded as red flags for GCA among patients with vertebrobasilar stroke. KW - giant cell arteritis KW - vertebrobasilar stroke KW - blood sedimentation KW - C-reactive protein KW - hemoglobin KW - stenosis Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-315610 SN - 0300-9009 SN - 2240-2993 VL - 120 IS - 6 ER -