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Das Leitmotiv „Nachhaltigkeit“ durchdringt mit ungebrochener Dynamik das Recht in seiner nationalen, supranationalen und internationalen Ausgestaltung und erweist sich als bestimmendes Momentum der Rechtsetzung. So auch im Rahmen der europäischen Regulierung zu Sustainable Finance, welche die klimaneutrale Transformation der Realwirtschaft über das Vehikel nachhaltiger Finanzprodukte zum Ziel hat. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht nach einem kurzen Abriss zur Zielsetzung und Ausgangslage des Rechtsrahmens dessen einzelne Maßnahmen, namentlich die Offenlegungs-Verordnung (VO), Taxonomie-VO, Benchmark-VO und Green-Bond-VO, unter Berücksichtigung der regulatorischen Leitprinzipien und der rechtlichen Ausgestaltung des Nachhaltigkeitsbegriffs im Verhältnis zu ESG und Sustainable Finance. Dabei wird sich zeigen, dass zwar die Summe der Rechtsakte ein substanzielles Umdenken auf dem Kapitalmarkt zu etablieren vermag, die zugrunde liegende rechtliche Ausgestaltung von „Nachhaltigkeit“ jedoch weder trennscharf noch kongruent gelingt. Alternativ hierzu wird ein kontextabhängiger Definitionsansatz präsentiert, um der überbordenden Regulierung vermöge eines genuin europäischen Nachhaltigkeitskontext entgegenzuwirken und den mit nachhaltigen Finanzprodukten verbundenen Erwartungslagen besser Rechnung zu tragen.
Band 71 der Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi setzt die Publikation der keilschriftlichen Funde aus der Hethiterhauptstadt Boğazköy-Ḫattuša fort. Lieferungen 1–6 enthalten die Textfunde der Grabungskampagnen 2017 (Nr. 26–36), 2018 (Nr. 39–82), 2019 (Nr. 86–95), 2020 (Nr. 96–101), 2021 (Nr. 102–10), 2022 (Nr. 125–41), 2023 (Nr. 142–72) sowie Nachträge zu früheren Heften (Nr. 1–25, 37–38, 83–85, 111–24, 173–74).
Ziel dieser klinisch-experimentellen Studie war die Untersuchung
elektromyographischer Kaumuskelprofile von beschwerdefreien Probandinnen
unterschiedlichen Bruxismusgrades nach sensomotorischem Training. Die aufgestellte
Hypothese postulierte signifikante Unterschiede der EMG-Parameter nach
sensomotorischem Training. Nach einer Ruhephase ohne Intervention sollten die
Unterschiede in den Ausgangszustand zurückkehren. Hierzu wurden 40 Probandinnen
mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 24,58 ± 2,72 Jahren über einen Zeitraum von fünf
Wochen untersucht. Die Probandinnen wurden mittels zufälliger Verteilung und
altersentsprechend gematcht in zwei gleichgroße Gruppen eingeteilt. Sowohl die
Teilnehmerinnen der Kontrollgruppe, als auch die der Interventionsgruppe absolvierten
im Verlauf der Studie drei elektromyographische Messungen. Nach einer einwöchigen
Voruntersuchungsphase fand die erste Messung (T1) statt. Nach drei Wochen und nach
fünf Wochen erfolgten die zweite (T2) und die dritte Messung (T3). Während der
Messungen führten die Probandinnen kraftkontrollierte Übungen mit drei
submaximalen Kraftleveln und maximalen Kräften aus. Zusätzlich absolvierte die
Interventionsgruppe zwischen T1 und T2 ein sensomotorisches Training mit dem
RehaBite®-Gerät. Die bipolaren Oberflächen-EMG-Ableitungen erfolgten für beide Mm.
masseteres und Mm. temporales. Insgesamt wurden acht Muskelareale aufgezeichnet.
Sechs für die Mm. masseteres und zwei für die Mm. temporales. Die submaximalen
Kräfte wurden als RMS %MVC und die maximalen Kräfte als RMS MVC verglichen. Die
statistischen Vergleiche erfolgten anhand von T-Tests und Mixed ANOVAs. Nach
Beurteilung der Ergebnisse konnte kein signifikanter Effekt des sensomotorischen
Trainings identifiziert werden. Die aufgestellte Hypothese muss daher abgelehnt
werden. Für das erste der drei submaximalen Kraftlevel konnte für die Initialmessung
(T1) ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Probandinnen mit und ohne Schlafbruxismus
in zwei der acht Muskelareale festgestellt werden. Für zukünftige Folgeuntersuchungen
zur Wirksamkeit des sensomotorischen Trainings bei Bruxismus ist die Verlängerung des
Interventionsintervalls sowie eine Vergrößerung des Studienkollektivs samt Einschluss
männlicher Probanden empfehlenswert.
Zweck: Obwohl Bruxismus im Wesentlichen als Verhalten mit multifaktorieller Genese gilt, konnten bisher nicht eindeutig die damit assoziierten Komorbiditäten aufgeklärt werden. Die Zielsetzung war, anamnestische und psychosoziale Unterschiede zwischen Proband(inn)en mit und ohne möglichem bzw. definitivem Bruxismus zu ermitteln. Darüber hinaus sollte die Übereinstimmung verschiedener Instrumente zur Bruxismus-Diagnostik und der Effekt von zwei Interventionen (bedingte elektrische Stimulation (CES) und Kautraining) analysiert werden.
Methoden: In dieser klinischen, explorativen Studie wurden 76 Proband(inn)en untersucht. Die Proband(inn)en wurden in die drei Gruppen Kontrollgruppe, aktive Interventionsgruppe und Rehabite Interventionsgruppe eingeteilt. Die Kontrollgruppe trug ein portables EMG-Gerät (GrindCare) jede Nacht über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 5 Wochen inaktiv. Die aktive Interventionsgruppe trug es die erste Woche inaktiv, dann 2 Wochen aktiv mit CES und anschließend erneut 2 Wochen inaktiv. Die RehaBite Interventionsgruppe verwendete das GrindCare eine Woche inaktiv, darauf folgte ein zweiwöchiges Kautraining mit einer Bissgabel namens RehaBite aber ohne EMG-Begleitung und die letzten zwei Wochen verliefen ohne Rehabite und GrindCare. Zu Beginn und am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums füllten alle drei Gruppen die gleichen Fragebögen, u.a. die Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC) und verschiedene Fragebögen zu körperlichen und psychologischen Parametern, aus. Das GrindCare misst die Episoden und ermöglicht damit die Diagnose eines definitiven Schafbruxismus (SB).
Ergebnisse: Es existierten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Proband(inn)en mit und ohne Bruxismus (möglicher und definitiver SB, möglicher Wachbruxismus (WB), möglicher kombinierter SB und WB) in diversen anamnestischen und psychosozialen Parametern. Außerdem bestand ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen erhöhter Kieferaktivität (diagnostiziert mittels OBC) und SB- sowie WB-Selbstangabe sowie zwischen den Selbstangaben von SB und WB untereinander, nicht jedoch zwischen Fragebögen und apparativer Diagnostik. Die CES bewirkte keine Reduktion der Episoden, dafür verbesserten sich jedoch einzelne körperliche und psychosoziale Parameter in der aktiven bzw. in der Rehabite Gruppe im Laufe des Beobachtungszeitraums.
Fazit: Personen mit und ohne möglichem bzw. definitivem Bruxismus unterschieden sich in verschiedenen anamnestischen, körperlichen und psychosozialen Eigenschaften voneinander. Außerdem bestehen signifikante Korrelationen zwischen SB und WB laut Selbstangabe, nicht jedoch bezüglich der apparativen Bruxismus-Diagnostik mit dem GrindCare. Während die Episoden nicht durch die CES gesenkt wurden, verringerten sich -eventuell durch RehaBite bzw. CES bedingt- bestimmte Beschwerden. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht, um auf der Basis größerer Stichproben die gefundenen Auffälligkeiten statistisch abzusichern.
Exploring and explaining diversity and patterns of stateness is crucial for understanding causes of efficiency, duration, or the collapse of a state. The new Stateness Index (StIx) contributes to the conceptual and analytical debate on stateness and state fragility. StIx is a tool for measuring stateness and state quality since 1950 that includes country-ranking through aggregated and disaggregated data to advance performance comparison and policy analysis. This article first sums up the main theoretical aspects, followed by descriptive results.
Spielfilme gelten im Sinne einer „Visual History“ als wertvolle medizinhistorische Quellen. Dass die Arztfilme der DDR-Zeit ebenfalls als solche zu betrachten sind, da sie realhistorische Parallelen aufweisen, soll dieses Projekt zeigen. Anhand dreier Spielfilme aus den verschiedenen Jahrzehnten, in denen die DDR Bestand hatte, werden für die damalige Zeit typische Konflikte und Themen des Arztseins in der DDR näher beleuchtet. Die drei Hauptfilme dieses Projekts – „Ärzte“ (1960), „Dr. med. Sommer II“ (1970) und „Ärztinnen“ (1983/84) – wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Hauptfiguren, Filmtechnik und -musik analysiert und mittels Filmkritiken, Werbematerial und Aufsätzen aus der damaligen Zeit in einen realhistorischen Kontext gesetzt. Außerdem wurden zur besseren filmgeschichtlichen Einordnung weitere Arztfilme aus der DDR in die Arbeit miteinbezogen. Das Medium Film spielte in Zeiten der DDR auch zur allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen Beeinflussung eine wichtige Rolle. Durch die Analyse der Filme unter Einbeziehung von historischen Zeitungsartikeln und Werbematerial wird das Bild eines sozialistischen Idealmenschen und -arztes, wie von der SED propagiert, dargestellt und untersucht.
Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der Drittbeteiligung im Verfahren vor dem EGMR. Die Arbeit unterscheidet dabei zwischen vier potentiellen Drittbeteiligungsakteuren und setzt sich spezifisch mit den verschiedenen, bislang wenig behandelten Fragestellungen der Drittbeteiligung anderer Personen als derjenigen des Beschwerdeführers und dem gegnerischen Konventionsstaat auf der Grundlage des Art. 36 Abs. 2 EMRK auseinander. Als Herzstück der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Stellungnahmen Drittbeteiligter auf die Judikatur des EGMR untersucht. Im Wege eines Vergleichs mit der verfahrensrechtlichen Ausgestaltung der Drittbeteiligung vor anderen internationalen Spruchkörpern erfolgt abschließend eine wertende Betrachtung des derzeitigen Rechtsrahmens der Drittbeteiligung vor dem EGMR.
Mit der EEG-Umlage wurden bis zum Jahr 2023 die Förderkosten für den Ökostromausbau auf die Stromverbraucher umgelegt. Ursprünglich knüpfte die Umlagepflicht an eine Stromlieferung an, weshalb der eigenerzeugte Strom nicht erfasst war. Das sog. Eigenstromprivileg wurde mit dem EEG 2014 grundsätzlich abgeschafft. Allerdings führten diverse Ausnahmetatbestände dazu, dass ein Großteil der Eigenverbrauchsmengen weiterhin privilegiert waren.
Die Arbeit untersucht, in welchem Maße dieser Flickenteppich an unterschiedlichen Regelungen auf die verfassungs- und europarechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen zurückzuführen ist. Neben einer systematischen Erfassung des einfachgesetzlichen Rechtsrahmens erfolgt eine Analyse, inwiefern das Verfassungs- und Europarecht den gesetzlichen Gestaltungsspielraum für staatlich veranlasste, jedoch privatrechtlich ausgestaltete Umlagesysteme einschränkt.
Acceleration is a central aim of clinical and technical research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) today, with the potential to increase robustness, accessibility and patient comfort, reduce cost, and enable entirely new kinds of examinations. A key component in this endeavor is image reconstruction, as most modern approaches build on advanced signal and image processing. Here, deep learning (DL)-based methods have recently shown considerable potential, with numerous publications demonstrating benefits for MRI reconstruction. However, these methods often come at the cost of an increased risk for subtle yet critical errors. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to advance DL-based MRI reconstruction, while ensuring high quality and fidelity with measured data. A network architecture specifically suited for this purpose is the variational network (VN). To investigate the benefits these can bring to non-Cartesian cardiac imaging, the first part presents an application of VNs, which were specifically adapted to the reconstruction of accelerated spiral acquisitions. The proposed method is compared to a segmented exam, a U-Net and a compressed sensing (CS) model using qualitative and quantitative measures. While the U-Net performed poorly, the VN as well as the CS reconstruction showed good output quality. In functional cardiac imaging, the proposed real-time method with VN reconstruction substantially accelerates examinations over the gold-standard, from over 10 to just 1 minute. Clinical parameters agreed on average.
Generally in MRI reconstruction, the assessment of image quality is complex, in particular for modern non-linear methods. Therefore, advanced techniques for precise evaluation of quality were subsequently demonstrated.
With two distinct methods, resolution and amplification or suppression of noise are quantified locally in each pixel of a reconstruction. Using these, local maps of resolution and noise in parallel imaging (GRAPPA), CS, U-Net and VN reconstructions were determined for MR images of the brain. In the tested images, GRAPPA delivers uniform and ideal resolution, but amplifies noise noticeably. The other methods adapt their behavior to image structure, where different levels of local blurring were observed at edges compared to homogeneous areas, and noise was suppressed except at edges. Overall, VNs were found to combine a number of advantageous properties, including a good trade-off between resolution and noise, fast reconstruction times, and high overall image quality and fidelity of the produced output. Therefore, this network architecture seems highly promising for MRI reconstruction.
Articular cartilage defects represent one of the most challenging clinical problem for orthopedic surgeons and cartilage damage after trauma can result in debilitating joint pain, functional impairment and in the long-term development of osteoarthritis. The lateral cartilage-cartilage integration is crucial for the long-term success and to prevent further tissue degeneration. Tissue adhesives and sealants are becoming increasingly more popular and can be a beneficial approach in fostering tissue integration, particularly in tissues like cartilage where alternative techniques, such as suturing, would instead introduce further damage. However, adhesive materials still require optimization regarding the maximization of adhesion strength on the one hand and long-term tissue integration on the other hand. In vitro models can be a valuable support in the investigation of potential candidates and their functional mechanisms. For the conducted experiments within this work, an in vitro disc/ring model obtained from porcine articular cartilage tissue was established. In addition to qualitative evaluation of regeneration, this model facilitates the implementation of biomechanical tests to quantify cartilage integration strength. Construct harvesting for histology and other evaluation methods could be standardized and is ethically less questionable compared to in vivo testing. The opportunity of cell culture technique application for the in vitro model allowed a better understanding of cartilage integration processes.
Tissue bonding requires chemical or physical interaction of the adhesive material and the substrate. Adhesive hydrogels can bind to the defect interface and simultaneously fill the gap of irregularly shaped defect voids. Fibrin gels are derived from the physiological blood-clot formation and are clinically applied for wound closure. Within this work, comparisons of different fibrin glue formulations with the commercial BioGlue® were assessed, which highlighted the need for good biocompatibility when applied on cartilage tissue in order to achieve satisfying long-term integration. Fibrin gel formulations can be adapted with regard to their long-term stability and when applied on cartilage disc/ring constructs improved integrative repair is observable. The kinetic of repairing processes was investigated in fibrin-treated cartilage composites as part of this work. After three days in vitro cultivation, deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) was obvious at the glued interface that increased further over time. Interfacial cell invasion from the surrounding native cartilage was detected from day ten of tissue culture. The ECM formation relies on molecular factors, e.g., as was shown representatively for ascorbic acid, and contributes to increasing integration strengths over time. The experiments performed with fibrin revealed that the treatment with a biocompatible adhesive that allows cartilage neosynthesis favors lateral cartilage integration in the long term. However, fibrin has limited immediate bonding strength, which is disadvantageous for use on articular cartilage that is subject to high mechanical stress. The continuing aim of this thesis was to further develop adhesive mechanisms and new adhesive hydrogels that retain the positive properties of fibrin but have an increased immediate bonding strength.
Two different photochemical approaches with the advantage of on-demand bonding were tested. Such treatment potentially eases the application for the professional user. First, an UV light induced crosslinking mechanism was transferred to fibrin glue to provide additional bonding strength. For this, the cartilage surface was functionalized with highly reactive light-sensitive diazirine groups, which allowed additional covalent bonds to the fibrin matrix and thus increased the adhesive strength. However, the disadvantages of this approach were the multi-step bonding reactions, the need for enzymatic pretreatment of the cartilage, expensive reagents, potential UV-light damage, and potential toxicity hazards. Due to the mentioned disadvantages, no further experiments, including long-term culture, were carried out. A second photosensitive approach focused on blue light induced crosslinking of fibrinogen (RuFib) via a photoinitiator molecule instead of using thrombin as a crosslinking mediator like in normal fibrin glue. The used ruthenium complex allowed inter- and intramolecular dityrosine binding of fibrinogen molecules. The advantage of this method is a one-step curing of fibrinogen via visible light that further achieved higher adhesive strengths than fibrin. In contrast to diazirine functionalization of cartilage, the ruthenium complex is of less toxicological concern. However, after in vitro cultivation of the disc/ring constructs, there was a decrease in integration strength. Compared to fibrin, a reduced cartilage synthesis was observed at the defect. It is also disadvantageous that a direct adjustment of the adhesive can only be made via protein concentration, since fibrinogen is a natural protein that has a fixed number of tyrosine binding sites without chemical modification.
An additional cartilage adhesive was developed that is based on a mussel-inspired adhesive mechanism in which reactivity to a variety of substrates is enabled via free DOPA amino acids. DOPA-based adhesion is known to function in moist environments, a major advantage for application on water-rich cartilage tissue surrounded by synovial liquid. Reactive DOPA groups were synthetically attached to a polymer, here POx, to allow easy chemical modifiability, e.g. insertion of hydrolyzable ester motifs for tunable degradation. The possibility of preparing an adhesive hybrid hydrogel of POx in combination with fibrinogen led to good cell compatibility as was similarly observed with fibrin, but with increased immediate adhesive strength. Degradation could be adjusted by the amount of ester linkages on the POx and a direct influence of degradation rates on the development of integration in the in vitro model could be shown.
Hydrogels are well suited to fill defect gaps and immediate integration can be achieved via adhesive properties. The results obtained show that for the success of long-term integration, a good ability of the adhesive to take up synthesized ECM components and cells to enable regeneration is required. The degradation kinetics of the adhesive must match the remodeling process to avoid intermediate loss of integration power and to allow long-term firm adhesion to the native tissue.
Hydrogels are not only important as adhesives for smaller lesions, but also for filling large defect volumes and populating them with cells to produce tissue engineered cartilage. Many different hydrogel types suitable for cartilage synthesis are reported in the literature. A long-term stable fibrin formulation was tested in this work not only as an adhesive but also as a bulk hydrogel construct. Agarose is also a material widely used in cartilage tissue engineering that has shown good cartilage neosynthesis and was included in integration assessment. In addition, a synthetic hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel (HA SH/P(AGE/G)) was used. The disc/ring construct was adapted for such experiments and the inner lumen of the cartilage ring was filled with the respective hydrogel. In contrast to agarose, fibrin and HA-SH/P(AGE/G) gels have a crosslink mechanism that led to immediate bonding upon contact with cartilage during curing. The enhanced cartilage neosynthesis in agarose compared to the other hydrogel types resulted in improved integration during in vitro culture. This shows that for the long-term success of a treatment, remodeling of the hydrogel into functional cartilage tissue is a very high priority. In order to successfully treat larger cartilage defects with hydrogels, new materials with these properties in combination with chemical modifiability and a direct adhesion mechanism are one of the most promising approaches.
In the initiation phase of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), CD4+ T cells are activated by hematopoietic antigen presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs whereas in effector phase by non-hematopoietic cells in the small intestine. We hypothesized that alloreactive CD4+ T cells primarily home to the secondary lymphoid organs subsequent to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in the initiation phase of aGvHD and are activated by the non-hematopoietic lymph node stromal cells via MHC class II. To test this hypothesis, we employed CD4+ T cell-dependent major mismatch aGvHD mouse model to study this correlation.
Upon analyzing the early events following allo-HCT with bioluminescence imaging, flow cytometry and whole-mount light sheet fluorescence microscopy, we found that allogeneic T cells exclusively home to the spleen, lymph nodes and the Peyer’s patches and not to the intestinal lamina propria in the initiation phase of aGvHD. Utilizing mice devoid of partial or complete hematopoietic antigen presentation we could show allogeneic CD4+ T cells activation in the lymphoid organs of MHCIIΔCD11c and MHCIIΔ BM chimeric mice early after allo-HCT. MHCIIΔ BM chimeras failure of thymic negative selection and developing tissue wasting disease upon syn-HCT deemed them unsuitable to study non-hematopoietic antigen presentation in aGvHD. To overcome this challenge, we generated MHCIIΔVav1 mice that lack MHC class II expression on all hematopoietic cells. MHCIIΔVav1 mice were susceptible to aGvHD and LNSCs from these animals activated allogeneic CD4+ T cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction. Likewise, mesenteric lymph nodes from CD11c.DTR mice surgically transplanted into a MHCIIΔ mouse could activate CD4+ T cells in vivo, clearly demonstrating LNSCs as non-hematopoietic APCs of the lymphoid organs.
We specifically target lymph node stromal cell subsets via the Cre/loxP system, we employed single cell RNA sequencing and selected Ccl19 and VE-Cadherin to specifically target the fibroblastic reticular cells and endothelial cells of the lymph nodes respectively. In MHCIIΔCcl19 mice, alloreactive CD4+ T cells activation was discreetly reduced in the initiation phase of aGvHD whereas absence of MHCII on fibroblastic reticular cells resulted in hyper-activation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells leading to poor survival. This phenotype was modulated by the regulatory T cells that were able to rescue H2-Ab1fl mice but not the MHCIIΔCcl19 subsequent to GvHD.
Knock-out of MHCII on endothelial cells MHCIIΔVE Cadherin, resulted only in modest reduction of CD4+ T cells activation in the initiation phase of GvHD, conversely MHCIIΔVE Cadherin mice showed a protective phenotype compared against littermates H2-Ab1fl mice in long-term survival. Furthermore, to pin-point endothelial cells MHCII antigen presentation we generated MHCIIΔVE Cadherin ΔVav1 animals devoid of antigen presentation in both endothelial and hematopoietic compartments. LNSCs from MHCIIΔVE Cadherin ΔVav1 were unable to activate alloreactive CD4+ T cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction.
Altogether, we demonstrate for the first time that MHC class II on the lymph node stromal cells plays a crucial role in the modulation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells in the initiation and later in the effector phase of graft-versus-host-disease.
This paper examines the potential reinforcement of motivated beliefs when individuals with identical biases communicate. We propose a controlled online experiment that allows to manipulate belief biases and the communication environment. We find that communication, even among like-minded individuals, diminishes motivated beliefs if it takes place in an environment without previously declared external opinions. In the presence of external plural opinions, however, communication does not reduce but rather aggravates motivated beliefs. Our results indicate a potential drawback of the plurality of opinions - it may create communication environments wherein motivated beliefs not only persist but also become contagious within social networks.
In the face of threat, animals react with a defensive reaction to avoid or reduce harm. This defensive reaction encompasses apart from behavioral changes also physiological, analgetic, and endocrine adaptations. Nonetheless, most animal studies on fear and anxiety are based on behavioral observations only, disregarding other aspects of the defensive reaction, or integrating their inter-related dynamics only insufficiently. The first part of this thesis aimed in characterizing patterned associations of behavioral and physiological responses, termed integrated defensive states. Analyzing cardiac and behavioral responses in mice undergoing multiple fear and anxiety paradigms revealed a complex and dynamic interaction of those readouts on both, short and long timescales. Microstates, stereotypical combinations of i.e. freezing and decelerating heart rates, are short-lasting and were, in turn, shown to be influenced by slow acting macrostate changes. One of those higher order macrostates, called `rigidity`, was defined as a latent process that constrains the range of momentary displayed heart rate values. Furthermore, integrated defensive states were found to be highly dependent on the cue and the context the animals are confronted with. Importantly, same behavioral observations, i.e. freezing, were associated with distinct cardiac responses, highlighting the importance of multivariate analysis of integrated defensive states. Defensive states are orchestrated by the brain, which has evolved evolutionary conserved survival circuits. A central brain area of these circuits is the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the midbrain. It plays a pivotal role in mediating defensive states, as it receives signals about external and internal information from multiple brain regions and sends information to both, higher order brain areas as well as to the brainstem ultimately causing the execution of threat responses. In the second part of this thesis, different neuronal circuit elements in the PAG were optically manipulated in order to gain mechanistic insight into the defense network in the brain underlying the previously delineated cardio-behavioral defensive states. Optical activation of glutamatergic PAG neurons evoked heterogeneous, light-intensity dependent responses. However, a further molecular restriction of the glutamatergic neuronal population targeting only Chx10+ neurons, led to a cardio-behavioral state that resembled spontaneous freezing-bradycardia bouts.
In summary, this thesis presents a multivariate description of defensive states, which includes the complex interaction of cardiac and behavioral responses on different timescales and, furthermore, functionally dissects different excitatory and inhibitory PAG circuit elements mediating these defensive states.
This Ph.D. thesis has addressed several main issues in current ASSB research within four studies. Ceramic ASSBs are meant to enable the implementation of Li-metal anodes and high voltage cathode materials, which would increase energy density, power density, life time as well as safety aspects in comparison with commercially available liquid electrolyte LiBs. In this thesis, several scientific questions arising on the cathode side of ASSBs have been focused on. With respect to the target system of a ternary composite bulk cathode consisting of ceramic active material, ceramic SSE and an electrically conductive component, studies about the thermal stabilities of these components and their impact on the electrochemical performance have been conducted. Particulate bulk cathode composites have to fulfil electrochemical, chemical, mechanical and structural requirements in order to compete with commercial LiBs. Particularly, the production process requires high-temperature sintering to obtain firmly bonded contacts in order to maximize the electrochemically active area, charge transfer and ionic conduction. However, interdiffusion, intermixing and decomposition of the initial components during sintering result in low-performing ASSBs so far.
These side reactions during high-temperature treatment have been investigated in order to gain a better understanding of these mechanisms and to enable a better controlling of the manufacturing process as well as to simplify the choice of material combinations. The first two parts of this thesis deal with the thermal stability of the ceramic SSE LATP in combination with various active materials and with the validation of a probable improvement of the sintering process due to liquid phase sintering of LATP by adding Li3PO4. In the third and fourth parts, the impact of interdiffusion, intermixing and decomposition on the electrochemical performance of TF-SSBs based on the active material LMO and the ceramic SSE Ga-LLZO has been investigated.
The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the rise of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology innovated the research platform for scientists based on living human pluripotent cells. The revolutionary combination of both Nobel Prize-honored techniques enables direct disease modeling especially for research focused on genetic diseases. To allow the study on mutation-associated pathomechanisms, we established robust human in vitro systems of three inherited cardiomyopathies: arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), dilated cardiomyopathy with juvenile cataract (DCMJC) and dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA).
Sendai virus vectors encoding OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC were used to reprogram human healthy control or mutation-bearing dermal fibroblasts from patients to an embryonic state thereby allowing the robust and efficient generation of in total five transgene-free iPSC lines. The nucleofection-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery in healthy control iPSCs enabled precise and efficient genome editing by mutating the respective disease genes to create isogenic mutant control iPSCs. Here, a PKP2 knock-out and a DSG2 knock-out iPSC line were established to serve as a model of ACM. Moreover, a DNAJC19 C-terminal truncated variant (DNAJC19tv) was established to mimic a splice acceptor site mutation in DNAJC19 of two patients with the potential of recapitulating DCMA-associated phenotypes. In total eight self-generated iPSC lines were assessed matching internationally defined quality control criteria. The cells retained their ability to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers in vitro and maintained a stable karyotype. All iPSC lines exhibited a typical stem cell-like morphology as well as expression of characteristic pluripotency markers with high population purities, thus validating the further usage of all iPSC lines in in vitro systems of ACM, DCMA and DCMJC.
Furthermore, cardiac-specific disease mechanisms underlying DCMA were investigated using in vitro generated iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). DCMA is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by life threatening early onset cardiomyopathy associated with a metabolic syndrome. Causal mutations were identified in the DNAJC19 gene encoding an inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) protein with a presumed function in mitochondrial biogenesis and cardiolipin (CL) remodeling. In total, two DCMA patient-derived iPSC lines (DCMAP1, DCMAP2) of siblings with discordant cardiac phenotypes, a third isogenic mutant control iPSC line (DNAJC19tv) as well as two control lines (NC6M and NC47F) were directed towards the cardiovascular lineage upon response to extracellular specification cues. The monolayer cardiac differentiation approach was successfully adapted for all five iPSC lines and optimized towards ventricular subtype identity, higher population purities and enhanced maturity states to fulfill all DCMA-specific requirements prior to phenotypic investigations. To provide a solid basis for the study of DCMA, the combination of lactate-based metabolic enrichment, magnetic-activated cell sorting, mattress-based cultivation and prolonged cultivation time was performed in an approach-dependent manner. The application of the designated strategies was sufficient to ensure adult-like characteristics, which included at least 60-day-old iPSC-CMs. Therefore, the novel human DCMA platform was established to enable the study of the pathogenesis underlying DCMA with respect to structural, morphological and functional changes.
The disease-associated protein, DNAJC19, is constituent of the TIM23 import machinery and can directly interact with PHB2, a component of the membrane bound hetero-oligomeric prohibitin ring complexes that are crucial for phospholipid and protein clustering in the IMM. DNAJC19 mutations were predicted to cause a loss of the DnaJ interaction domain, which was confirmed by loss of full-length DNAJC19 protein in all mutant cell lines. The subcellular investigation of DNAJC19 demonstrated a nuclear restriction in mutant iPSC-CMs. The loss of DNAJC19 co-localization with mitochondrial structures was accompanied by enhanced fragmentation, an overall reduction of mitochondrial mass and smaller cardiomyocytes. Ultrastructural analysis yielded decreased mitochondria sizes and abnormal cristae providing a link to defects in mitochondrial biogenesis and CL remodeling. Preliminary data on CL profiles revealed longer acyl chains and a more unsaturated acyl chain composition highlighting abnormities in the phospholipid maturation in DCMA.
However, the assessment of mitochondrial function in iPSCs and dermal fibroblasts revealed an overall higher oxygen consumption that was even more enhanced in iPSC-CMs when comparing all three mutants to healthy controls. Excess oxygen consumption rates indicated a higher electron transport chain (ETC) activity to meet cellular ATP demands that probably result from proton leakage or the decoupling of the ETC complexes provoked by abnormal CL embedding in the IMM.
Moreover, in particular iPSC-CMs presented increased extracellular acidification rates that indicated a shift towards the utilization of other substrates than fatty acids, such as glucose, pyruvate or glutamine. The examination of metabolic features via double radioactive tracer uptakes (18F-FDG, 125I-BMIPP) displayed significantly decreased fatty acid uptake in all mutants that was accompanied by increased glucose uptake in one patient cell line only, underlining a highly dynamic preference of substrates between mutant iPSC-CMs.
To connect molecular changes directly to physiological processes, insights on calcium kinetics, contractility and arrhythmic potential were assessed and unraveled significantly increased beating frequencies, elevated diastolic calcium concentrations and a shared trend towards reduced cell shortenings in all mutant cell lines basally and upon isoproterenol stimulation. Extended speed of recovery was seen in all mutant iPSC-CMs but most striking in one patient-derived iPSC-CM model, that additionally showed significantly prolonged relaxation times. The investigations of calcium transient shapes pointed towards enhanced arrhythmic features in mutant cells comprised by both the occurrence of DADs/EADs and fibrillation-like events with discordant preferences.
Taken together, new insights into a novel in vitro model system of DCMA were gained to study a genetically determined cardiomyopathy in a patient-specific manner upon incorporation of an isogenic mutant control. Based on our results, we suggest that loss of full-length DNAJC19 impedes PHB2-complex stabilization within the IMM, thus hindering PHB-rings from building IMM-specific phospholipid clusters. These clusters are essential to enable normal CL remodeling during cristae morphogenesis. Disturbed cristae and mitochondrial fragmentation were observed and refer to an essential role of DNAJC19 in mitochondrial morphogenesis and biogenesis. Alterations in mitochondrial morphology are generally linked to reduced ATP yields and aberrant reactive oxygen species production thereby having fundamental downstream effects on the cardiomyocytes` functionality. DCMA-associated cellular dysfunctions were in particular manifested in excess oxygen consumption, altered substrate utilization and abnormal calcium kinetics. The summarized data highlight the usage of human iPSC-derived CMs as a powerful tool to recapitulate DCMA-associated phenotypes that offers an unique potential to identify therapeutic strategies in order to reverse the pathological process and to pave the way towards clinical applications for a personalized therapy of DCMA in the future.
Based on previous results showing that thioether modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), especially coating with a multivalent system, yielded in excellent colloidal stability, the first aim of this thesis was to prove whether functionalization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with thioether also has a comparable or even enhanced stabilization efficacy compared with the gold standard of coating with thiols and, particularly, whether the multivalency of polymers leads to stable AgNPs conjugates. Herein, AgNPs coated with mono- and multivalent thiol- and thioether polymers were prepared to systematically investigate the adsorption kinetics onto the silver surface as well as the colloidal stability after exposure to different conditions relevant for biomedical application. Although the thioether-polymers showed a slower immobilization onto AgNPs, same or mostly even better stabilization was exhibited than for the thiol analogs.
As multivalent thioether-poly(glycidol) (PG) is already proven as a promising candidate for AuNP modification and stabilization, the second aim of this thesis was to examine the stealth behavior of thioether-PG, side-chain functionalized with various hydrophobic (alkyl and cholesteryl) units, to gain a deeper understanding of AuNP surface functionalization in terms of protein adsorption and their subsequent cellular uptake by human monocyte-derived macrophages. For this purpose, citrate-stabilized AuNPs were modified with the amphiphilic polymers by ligand exchange reaction, followed by incubation in human serum. The various surface amphiphilicities affected protein adsorption to a certain extent, with less hydrophobic particle layers leading to a more inhibited protein binding. Especially AuNPs functionalized with PG carrying the longest alkyl chain showed differences in the protein corona composition compared to the other polymer-coated NPs. In addition, PGylation, and especially prior serum incubation, of the NPs exhibited reduced macrophage internalization.
As the use of mammals for in vivo experiments faces various challenges including increasing regulatory hurdles and costs, the third aim of this thesis was to validate larvae of the domestic silkworm Bombyx mori as an alternative invertebrate model for preliminary in vivo research, using AuNPs with various surface chemistry (one PEG-based modification and three PG-coatings with slightly hydrophobic functionalization, as well as positively and negatively charges) for studying their biodistribution and elimination. 6 h and 24 h after intra-hemolymph injection the Au content in different organ compartments was measured with ICP-MS, showing that positively charged particles appeared to be eliminated most rapidly through the midgut, while AuNPs modified with PEG, alkyl-functionalized PG and negatively charged PG exhibited long-term bioavailability in the silkworm body.
Deep Learning (DL) models are trained on a downstream task by feeding (potentially preprocessed) input data through a trainable Neural Network (NN) and updating its parameters to minimize the loss function between the predicted and the desired output. While this general framework has mainly remained unchanged over the years, the architectures of the trainable models have greatly evolved. Even though it is undoubtedly important to choose the right architecture, we argue that it is also beneficial to develop methods that address other components of the training process. We hypothesize that utilizing domain knowledge can be helpful to improve DL models in terms of performance and/or efficiency. Such model-agnostic methods can be applied to any existing or future architecture. Furthermore, the black box nature of DL models motivates the development of techniques to understand their inner workings. Considering the rapid advancement of DL architectures, it is again crucial to develop model-agnostic methods.
In this thesis, we explore six principles that incorporate domain knowledge to understand or improve models. They are applied either on the input or output side of the trainable model. Each principle is applied to at least two DL tasks, leading to task-specific implementations. To understand DL models, we propose to use Generated Input Data coming from a controllable generation process requiring knowledge about the data properties. This way, we can understand the model’s behavior by analyzing how it changes when one specific high-level input feature changes in the generated data. On the output side, Gradient-Based Attribution methods create a gradient at the end of the NN and then propagate it back to the input, indicating which low-level input features have a large influence on the model’s prediction. The resulting input features can be interpreted by humans using domain knowledge.
To improve the trainable model in terms of downstream performance, data and compute efficiency, or robustness to unwanted features, we explore principles that each address one of the training components besides the trainable model. Input Masking and Augmentation directly modifies the training input data, integrating knowledge about the data and its impact on the model’s output. We also explore the use of Feature Extraction using Pretrained Multimodal Models which can be seen as a beneficial preprocessing step to extract useful features. When no training data is available for the downstream task, using such features and domain knowledge expressed in other modalities can result in a Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL) setting, completely eliminating the trainable model. The Weak Label Generation principle produces new desired outputs using knowledge about the labels, giving either a good pretraining or even exclusive training dataset to solve the downstream task. Finally, improving and choosing the right Loss Function is another principle we explore in this thesis. Here, we enrich existing loss functions with knowledge about label interactions or utilize and combine multiple task-specific loss functions in a multitask setting.
We apply the principles to classification, regression, and representation tasks as well as to image and text modalities. We propose, apply, and evaluate existing and novel methods to understand and improve the model. Overall, this thesis introduces and evaluates methods that complement the development and choice of DL model architectures.
Für Kinder und Jugendliche stellt die Blutentnahme im Rahmen des Therapeutischen Drug Monitorings (TDM) aufgrund der Invasivität häufig eine große physische sowie psychische Belastung dar. Diese Stresssituation kann durch Speichelsammlung aufgrund des nicht invasiven Prozederes vermieden und zusätzlich der Material-, Personal- und Zeitaufwand im Vergleich zu einer Blutentnahme minimiert werden. Da die therapeutischen Referenzbereiche in der AGNP Konsensus-Leitlinie zum TDM von Psychopharmaka nur für Serum und Plasma validiert sind, sind vergleichende Untersuchungen von alternativen Matrizes mit Serum oder Plasma sowie eine klinische Validierung essenziell für die Implementierung in die klinische Praxis.
Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es daher, den Zusammenhang zwischen Speichel- und Serumkonzentrationen von Amphetamin und Guanfacin zu untersuchen, um zukünftig das Prozedere der Probenahme für TDM bei Kinder und Jugendliche unter ADHS-Pharmakotherapie durch ein nicht invasives Verfahren zu erleichtern. Zur quantitativen Bestimmung wurden zwei unterschiedliche Methoden aus der Literatur weiterentwickelt. So war es möglich, aus Speichel- und Serumproben Amphetamin mittels HPLC-FL Analytik sowie Guanfacin mittels LC-MS/MS Analytik zu quantifizieren. Die chromatographischen Methoden wurden in Anlehnung an die Richtlinien der Gesellschaft für toxikologische und forensische Chemie (GTFCh) erfolgreich validiert.
Zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Speichel- und Serumkonzentrationen von Amphetamin und Guanfacin bei Kinder und Jugendlichen wurde eine klinische Studie in der Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Universitätsklinikum Würzburgs initiiert. Von 34 Probanden, die mit Lisdexamphetamin und/oder Guanfacin behandelt wurden, konnte jeweils eine korrespondierende Speichel- und Serumprobe gewonnen und quantifiziert werden. Für Amphetamin wurde belegt, dass der Speichel-pH-Wert einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Wirkstoffverteilung, den Quotienten aus Speichel- und Serumkonzentration, hat (ρ = -0,712; P < 0,001). Dadurch konnte erstmalig unter Berücksichtigung des Speichel-pH-Wertes eine Berechnung der theoretischen Serumkonzentration aus der Speichelkonzentration durchgeführt werden. Es wurde zwar gezeigt, dass sich sowohl der Mittelwert der Differenzen durch die Berechnung theoretischen Serumkonzentration von -343 auf 12 ng/mL als auch die Anzahl der Messwert innerhalb des Akzeptanzintervalls von 20 % verbessern, jedoch war auch nach der Umrechnung die Differenz der Messwerte zu groß, sodass eine klinische Validierung für Amphetamin nicht möglich war. In dieser Studie wurde auch erstmals Guanfacin im Speichel nachgewiesen und quantifiziert, die Konzentrationen lagen zwischen 0,45 und 5,55 ng/mL und waren im Mittel dreifach niedriger als im Serum (2,36 ng/mL vs. 7,47 ng/mL; t (8) = 5,94; P < 0,001).
Die Speichelguanfacinkonzentration wies einen starken Zusammenhang mit der korrespondierenden Serumkonzentration auf (r = 0,758; P = 0,018). Obwohl ein nicht signifikanter Trend für den Einfluss des Speichel-pH-Wertes auf den Quotienten aus Speichel- und Serumkonzentration zu erkennen war, scheint dieser weniger stark ausgeprägt zu sein als bei Amphetamin und anderen basischen Arzneistoffen (r = -0,574; P = 0,106).
Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zum einen gezeigt werden, dass sich die Speichelbestimmung von Amphetamin nur zum qualitativen Nachweis für TDM eignet. Zum anderen konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Speichel-pH-Wert einen geringeren Einfluss auf die Speichelkonzentration von Guanfacin zu haben scheint, als es bei Amphetamin der Fall ist, und sich Guanfacin somit potenziell für TDM in Speichel eignet. Zukünftig könnten Speichelproben zur Kontrolle der Adhärenz sowohl von Amphetamin als auch von Guanfacin verwendet werden und die Probenahme für die Patienten vereinfachen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden erstmalig laryngeale Konstriktionen quantitativ und qualitativ in den frühesten Lautäußerungen von Säuglingen mit angeborenen Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Segelspalten (LKGS) in den ersten 3 Lebensmonaten im Längsschnitt untersucht. Als theoretische Grundlage diente Eslings Modell des Laryngealen Artikulators, wonach artikulatorische Entwicklungsvorgänge bereits in den ersten Lebensmonaten der Säuglinge mit der Erzeugung einer Vielzahl laryngealer Lautphänomene beginnen. Potenzielle Einflüsse auf diese präartikulatorischen Vorgänge durch den Ausprägungsgrad der Spaltbildung, das Lebensalter und die kieferorthopädische Frühbehandlung mit Gaumenplatte wurden mittels deskriptiver und interferenzstatistischer Verfahren analysiert.
Von einer sorgfältig ausgewählten Stichprobe, bestehend aus 27 Säuglingen, wurden mehr als 10.000, im Rahmen der interdisziplinären Spaltsprechstunde routinemäßig aufgezeichneten Einzelsignale, retrospektiv untersucht.
Das regelhafte Auftreten von laryngealen Konstriktionen konnte im Untersuchungszeitraum nachgewiesen werden und bestätigt, dass präartikulatorische Übungen primitiver Artikulationsmuster bei Säuglingen mit LKGS in gleicher Weise erfolgen wie bei Säuglingen ohne LKGS.
Die Bedeutung der propriozeptiven Rückkopplung für die Erzeugung von laryngealen Konstriktionen wurde herausgearbeitet und potenzielle marginale Einflüsse der Vokaltraktmalformation diskutiert. Es wird ein früher artikulatorischer Substitutionsmechanismus für die präartikulatorische Entwicklung der Säuglinge mit ausgeprägten Spaltbildungen postuliert.
Hinsichtlich der temporalen Eigenschaften laryngealer Konstriktionen bestätigte ein Vergleich mit Silbenlängen aus der Fachliteratur die Annahme, dass laryngeale Konstriktionen möglicherweise ein konstantes Element zur Rhythmisierung von Lauten im Sinne der artikulatorischen Silbenentwicklung sein könnten.
71 Studierende nahmen am Universitätsklinikum Würzburg in der Abteilung für Zahnärztliche Prothetik an einem freiwilligen Übungsseminar zum Aufpassen von Kronen mit Störstellen, die im 3D-Druckverfahren hergestellt wurden, teil. Das Übungsseminar fand an zwei Terminen statt. Zum Identifizieren der Störstellen standen Xantopren und Okklusionsspray zur Verfügung. Nach dem praktischen Teil der Übung wurde ein Fragebogen ausgefüllt. Zusätzlich wurden die aufgepassten Kronen mittels Laborscanner digitalisiert und mit einer Krone ohne Störstellen überlagert. Dadurch konnten positive und negative Oberflächenabweichungen für die Bereiche der Störstellen sowie der Gesamtinnenfläche der Kronen ermittelt werden.
Die flächenbezogenen Abweichungswerte zeigten einen signifikanten Lernerfolg – gemessen anhand der Passungsparameter - zwischen den beiden Terminen des Übungsseminars. Hierbei erreichten Kronen, die mit Okklusionsspray aufgepasst wurden, signifikant geringere flächenbezogene Abweichungswerte im Vergleich zu Kronen, die mit Xantopren aufgepasst wurden.
Die Auswertung der mit Schulnoten skalierten Fragen ergab signifikante Unterschiede bei der Bewertung der Härte, eines realitätsnahen Gefühls beim Einschleifen bzw. beim Aufpassen und Details wie Randschluss. Beim Vergleich der Aufpassmethoden im Fragebogen ergaben die Einfachheit beim Aufpassen, das Identifizieren der Störstellen und das präferierte Material signifikante Unterschiede. Der subjektive Lernerfolg mit den Materialien zeigte ebenfalls signifikante Unterschiede. Insbesondere die Materialeigenschaften und die Randgenauigkeit der Druckkronen wurden häufig kritisiert, die schnelle und einfache Möglichkeit zur Herstellung von Übungsmaterialien sowie deren Reproduzierbarkeit wurden von den Studierenden hingegen begrüßt.