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ΙΟΥΔΙΘ und IUDITH: Überlegungen zum Verhätlnis der Judit-Erzählung in der LXX und der Vulgata
(2012)
“Das Buch Judit ist in zwei wesentlich voneinander unterschiedenen Textformen überliefert: einerseits in der griechischen Fassung und den sich daran anschließenden alten Übersetzungen (vetus latina, syr., aeth., sah., arm.), zum anderen in der Fassung der lateinischen Vulgata und, mit dieser durchweg parallel laufend, in mittelalterlichen hebräischen Hss.” – so fasst Helmut Engel die Textsituation des Buches Judit prägnant zusammen. Damit liegen heute zwei unterschiedliche Textformen der Juditerzählung vor: Die griechische Juditerzählung in der Septuaginta und die lateinische Iuditherzählung in der Vulgata. Beide Textfassungen unterscheiden sich deutlich voneinander: Die Vulgata-Fassung ist gegenüber der LXX-Fassung um 20 Prozent kürzer; weil die Vulgata-Fassung aber auch umfangreiche Erweiterungen aufweist, teilen LXX und Vulgata nur ungefähr die Hälfte des Textbestandes. Lange ist man davon ausgegangen, dass hinter der Septuaginta- und der Vulgata-Fassung der Juditerzählung ein hebräischer “Ur”-Text gestanden habe. Diese Annahme, die die Forschung seit dem 19. Jh. prägt, gründet sich im Wesentlichen auf zwei Argumenten:
Erstens sei der griechische Text der Septuaginta so durchgehend von einem hebräischen Sprachduktus geprägt, dass man hier von einem hebräischen Originaltext, der recht wörtlich ins Griechische übertragen worden sei, ausgehen müsse.
Zweitens spreche Hieronymus (ca. 347–420) in seiner praefatio zu seiner lateinischen Übertragung von einem ihm vorliegenden “chaldäischen” Text, der ihm als Vorlage gedient habe.
Beide Argumente werden im Folgenden diskutiert: Im ersten Teil wird auf die in den letzten Jahren neu aufgerollte Frage nach der Originalsprache der LXX-Fassung der Juditerzählung eingegangen; der zweite Teil ist der Analyse der praefatio des Hieronymus gewidmet.
Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungen zur französischen Umgangssprache von den Anfängen bis etwa 1992 in vier Abschnitten: 1. Die Anfänge, 2. die Sprachschichtenforschung, 3. die Beiträge von Soziolinguistik und Varietätenlinguistik und 4. die Arbeiten der "Gegenwart" um 1990. Eine Zusammenfassung und eine ausführliche Bibliographie schließen den Forschungsbericht ab. Berücksichtigt werden alle sprachlichen Ebenen von der Aussprache über den Wortschatz bis zur Grammatik. Wo es angebracht erscheint, sind Hinweise auf Arbeiten zu anderen Umgangssprachen angeführt.
Why is our universe so fine-tuned? In this preprint we discuss that this is not a strange accident but that fine-tuned universes can be considered to be exceedingly large if one counts the number of observable different states (i.e. one aspect of the more general preprint http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3353/). Looking at parameter variation for the same set of physical laws simple and complex processes (including life) and worlds in a multiverse are compared in simple examples. Next the anthropocentric principle is extended as many conditions which are generally interpreted anthropocentric only ensure a large space of different system states. In particular, the observed over-tuning beyond the level for our existence is explainable by these system considerations. More formally, the state space for different systems becomes measurable and comparable looking at their output behaviour. We show that highly interacting processes are more complex then Chaitin complexity, the latter denotes processes not compressible by shorter descriptions (Kolomogorov complexity). The complexity considerations help to better study and compare different processes (programs, living cells, environments and worlds) including dynamic behaviour and can be used for model selection in theoretical physics. Moreover, the large size (in terms of different states) of a world allowing complex processes including life can in a model calculation be determined applying discrete histories from quantum spin-loop theory. Nevertheless there remains a lot to be done - hopefully the preprint stimulates further efforts in this area.
This paper discusses the categorization of Quranic chapters by major phases of Prophet Mohammad’s messengership using machine learning algorithms. First, the chapters were categorized by places of revelation using Support Vector Machine and naïve Bayesian classifiers separately, and their results were compared to each other, as well as to the existing traditional Islamic and western orientalists classifications. The chapters were categorized into Meccan (revealed in Mecca) and Medinan (revealed in Medina). After that, chapters of each category were clustered using a kind of fuzzy-single linkage clustering approach, in order to correspond to the major phases of Prophet Mohammad’s life. The major phases of the Prophet’s life were manually derived from the Quranic text, as well as from the secondary Islamic literature e.g hadiths, exegesis. Previous studies on computing the places of revelation of Quranic chapters relied heavily on features extracted from existing background knowledge of the chapters. For instance, it is known that Meccan chapters contain mostly verses about faith and related problems, while Medinan ones encompass verses dealing with social issues, battles…etc. These features are by themselves insufficient as a basis for assigning the chapters to their respective places of revelation. In fact, there are exceptions, since some chapters do contain both Meccan and Medinan features. In this study, features of each category were automatically created from very few chapters, whose places of revelation have been determined through identification of historical facts and events such as battles, migration to Medina…etc. Chapters having unanimously agreed places of revelation were used as the initial training set, while the remaining chapters formed the testing set. The classification process was made recursive by regularly augmenting the training set with correctly classified chapters, in order to classify the whole testing set. Each chapter was preprocessed by removing unimportant words, stemming, and representation with vector space model. The result of this study shows that, the two classifiers have produced useable results, with an outperformance of the support vector machine classifier. This study indicates that, the proposed methodology yields encouraging results for arranging Quranic chapters by phases of Prophet Mohammad’s messengership.
Cyclic diboranes(4) based on a chelating monoanionic, benzylphosphine linker were prepared by boron-silicon exchange between arylsilanes and B\(_2\)Br\(_4\). Coordination of Lewis bases to the remaining sp\(^2\) boron atom yielded unsymmetrical sp\(^3\)-sp\(^3\) diboranes, which were reduced with KC\(_8\) to their corresponding trans-diborenes. These compounds were studied by a combination of spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations. PMe\(_3\)-stabilized diborene 6 was found to undergo thermal rearrangement to gem- diborene 8. DFT calculations on 8 reveal a polar boron-boron bond, and indicate that the compound is best described as a borylborylene.
The Visual Editor for XML (Vex)[1] used by TextGrid [2]and other applications has got rendering and layout engines. The layout engine is well documented but the rendering engine is not. This lack of documenting the rendering engine has made refactoring and extending the editor hard and tedious. For instance many CSS2.1 and upcoming CSS3 properties have not been implemented. Software developers in different projects such as TextGrid using Vex would like to update its CSS rendering engine in order to provide advanced user interfaces as well as support different document types. In order to minimize the effort of extending Vex functionality, I found it beneficial to write a basic documentation about Vex software architecture in general and its CSS rendering engine in particular. The documentation is mainly based on the idea of architectural layered diagrams. In fact layered diagrams can help developers understand software’s source code faster and easier in order to alter it, and fix errors. This paper is written for the purpose of providing direct support for exploration in the comprehension process of Vex source code. It discusses Vex software architecture. The organization of packages that make up the software, the architecture of its CSS rendering engine, an algorithm explaining the working principle of its rendering engine are described.
We have investigated the photodynamics of \(\beta\)-D-glucose employing our field-induced surface hopping method (FISH), which allows us to simulate the coupled electron-nuclear dynamics, including explicitly nonadiabatic effects and light-induced excitation. Our results reveal that from the initially populated S\(_{1}\) and S\(_{2}\) states, glucose returns nonradiatively to the ground state within about 200 fs. This takes place mainly via conical intersections (CIs) whose geometries
in most cases involve the elongation of a single O-H bond, while in some instances ring-opening due to dissociation of a C-O bond is observed. Experimentally, excitation to a distinct excited electronic state is improbable due to the presence of a dense manifold of states bearing similar oscillator strengths. Our FISH simulations explicitly including a UV laser pulse of 6.43 eV photon energy reveals that after initial excitation the population is almost equally spread over several close-lying electronic states. This is followed by a fast nonradiative decay on the time scale of 100-200 fs, with the final return to the ground state proceeding via the S\(_{1}\) state through the same types of CIs as observed in the field-free simulations.
Whereas the reduction of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-stabilised cymantrenyldibromoboranes, (NHC)BBr\(_2\)Cym, in benzene results in formation of the corresponding diborenes (NHC)\(_2\)B\(_2\)Cym\(_2\), a change of solvent to THF yields a borylene of the form (NHC)\(_2\)BCym, stabilised through its boratafulvene resonance form.
The reductive coupling of an NHC-stabilized aryldibromoborane yields a mixture of trans- and cis-diborenes in which the aryl groups are coplanar with the diborene core. Under dilute reduction conditions two diastereomers of a borirane-borane intermediate are isolated, which upon further reduction give rise to the aforementioned diborene mixture. DFT calculations suggest a mechanism proceeding via nucleophilic attack of a dicoordinate borylene intermediate on the aryl ring and subsequent intramolecular B-B bond formation.