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Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel.
Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE-syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy.
Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods.
Eczema often precedes the development of asthma in a disease course called the 'atopic march'. To unravel the genes underlying this characteristic pattern of allergic disease, we conduct a multi-stage genome-wide association study on infantile eczema followed by childhood asthma in 12 populations including 2,428 cases and 17,034 controls. Here we report two novel loci specific for the combined eczema plus asthma phenotype, which are associated with allergic disease for the first time; rs9357733 located in EFHC1 on chromosome 6p12.3 (OR 1.27; P = 2.1 x 10(-8)) and rs993226 between TMTC2 and SLC6A15 on chromosome 12q21.3 (OR 1.58; P = 5.3 x 10(-9)). Additional susceptibility loci identified at genome-wide significance are FLG (1q21.3), IL4/KIF3A (5q31.1), AP5B1/OVOL1 (11q13.1), C11orf30/LRRC32 (11q13.5) and IKZF3 (17q21). We show that predominantly eczema loci increase the risk for the atopic march. Our findings suggest that eczema may play an important role in the development of asthma after eczema.
Die Ätiologie und Pathogenese der Polyposis nasi ist trotz intensiver Forschung bis heute in vielen Zügen ungeklärt. Deshalb wurde eine histologische und immunhistochemische Arbeit bezüglich Pathomorphologie sowie Vorkommen, Häufigkeit und Verteilung von immunkompetenten Zellen bei Nasenpolypen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung verschiedener histologischer Subtypen durchgeführt. Dazu wurden Proben von 20 Patienten intraoperativ gewonnen und nach Anfertigung von Gefrierschnitten histologisch mit Hämalaun- Eosin und immunhistochemisch mit 8 spezifischen Antikörpern gefärbt. Die lichtmikroskopische Auswertung erfolgte qualitativ durch histologische Subtypisierung in Anlehnung an KAKOI und HIRAIDE (1987) in ödematöse, glandulär- zystische und fibröse Polypen und indem Epithel, Basalmembran (HE), Aktivierungszustand (ICAM- 1) und Gefäßverteilung (Collagen IV) beurteilt wurden. Es folgte eine semiquantitative Analyse des eosinophilen Infiltrates (HE), der Lymphozyten mit Schwerpunkt auf T- Zellen (LFA- 1, CD4, CD8) und der antigenpräsentierenden Zellen (HLA- DR, CD14, CD1). Die Ergebnisse zeigten überall mehrschichtiges Flimmerepithel ohne Metaplasien und zahlreiche Gefäße, die subepithelial mehr rund, im Stroma mehr sinusoid waren. Die Basalmembran war dünn bis stark verdickt. Die basale Epithelschicht war durchweg aktiviert, ebenso wie periglanduläre Zellen beim glandulär- zystischen Typ. Eosinophile Granulozyten fanden sich lediglich beim ödematösen Typ regelmäßig. Lymphozyten waren zahlenmäßig den Eosinophilen überlegen und es zeigte sich ein Überwiegen der CD8+- Zellen beim glandulär- zystischen und der CD4+- Zellen beim ödematösen und fibrösen Typ. Die Expression von CD1 fand sich lediglich beim glandulär- zystischen Typ, während die beiden anderen CD14- und HLA-DR- Expression zeigten. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß es sich bei den Subtypen der Polyposis nasi nicht um vernachlässigbare histologische Varianten, sondern um Stadien der Pathogenese handelt, möglicherweise vom glandulär- zystischen, mit initialem, periglandulärem T8- Killerzellinfiltrat, über den ödematösen, mit eosinophilem Infiltrat und der Entwicklung einer sekundären, APC- vermittelten und auf einer bakteriell/ mykotischen Besiedelung beruhenden T4- Helferzellinfiltration, zum fibrösen Polypen mit Kumulieren der entzündlichen Infiltration und finaler Fibroblasteneinwanderung und Fibrosierung.
The prevalence of germ line mutations in non-BRCA1/2 genes associated with hereditary breast cancer (BC) is low, and the role of some of these genes in BC predisposition and pathogenesis is conflicting. In this study, 5589 consecutive BC index patients negative for pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations and 2189 female controls were screened for germ line mutations in eight cancer predisposition genes (ATM, CDH1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, and TP53). All patients met the inclusion criteria of the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer for germ line testing. The highest mutation prevalence was observed in the CHEK2 gene (2.5%), followed by ATM (1.5%) and PALB2 (1.2%). The mutation prevalence in each of the remaining genes was 0.3% or lower. Using Exome Aggregation Consortium control data, we confirm significant associations of heterozygous germ line mutations with BC for ATM (OR: 3.63, 95%CI: 2.67–4.94), CDH1 (OR: 17.04, 95%CI: 3.54–82), CHEK2 (OR: 2.93, 95%CI: 2.29–3.75), PALB2 (OR: 9.53, 95%CI: 6.25–14.51), and TP53 (OR: 7.30, 95%CI: 1.22–43.68). NBN germ line mutations were not significantly associated with BC risk (OR:1.39, 95%CI: 0.73–2.64). Due to their low mutation prevalence, the RAD51C and RAD51D genes require further investigation. Compared with control datasets, predicted damaging rare missense variants were significantly more prevalent in CHEK2 and TP53 in BC index patients. Compared with the overall sample, only TP53 mutation carriers show a significantly younger age at first BC diagnosis. We demonstrate a significant association of deleterious variants in the CHEK2, PALB2, and TP53 genes with bilateral BC. Both, ATM and CHEK2, were negatively associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumor phenotypes. A particularly high CHEK2 mutation prevalence (5.2%) was observed in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors.