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Band 71 der Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi setzt die Publikation der keilschriftlichen Funde aus der Hethiterhauptstadt Boğazköy-Ḫattuša fort. Lieferungen 1–6 enthalten die Textfunde der Grabungskampagnen 2017 (Nr. 26–36), 2018 (Nr. 39–82), 2019 (Nr. 86–95), 2020 (Nr. 96–101), 2021 (Nr. 102–10), 2022 (Nr. 125–41) sowie Nachträge zu früheren Heften (Nr. 1–25, 37–38, 83–85, 111–24).
Geoarchaeological information presented here pertains to a subsidiary Nile channel that once flowed west of the main Sebennitic distributary and discharged its water and sediments at Egypt’s then north-central deltaic coast. Periodical paleoclimatic episodes during the later Middle and Upper Holocene included decreased rainfall and increased aridity that reduced the Nile’s flow levels and thus likely disrupted nautical transport and anthropogenic activity along this channel. Such changes in this deltaic sector, positioned adjacent to the Levantine Basin in the Eastern Mediterranean, can be attributed to climatic shifts triggered as far as the North Atlantic to the west, and African highland source areas of the Egyptian Nile to the south. Of special interest in a study core recovered along the channel are several sediment sequences without anthropogenic material that are interbedded between strata comprising numerous potsherds. The former are interpreted here as markers of increased regional aridity and reduced Nile flow which could have periodically disrupted the regional distribution of goods and nautical activities. Such times occurred ~5000 years B.P., ~4200–4000 years B.P., ~3200–2800 years B.P., ~2300–2200 years B.P., and more recently. Periods comparable to these are also identified by altered proportions of pollen, isotopic and compositional components in different radiocarbon-dated Holocene cores recovered elsewhere in the Nile delta, the Levantine region to the east and north of Egypt, and in the Faiyum depression south of the delta.
Für den Atharvaveda (AV), die nach dem Rigveda zweitälteste vedische Saṃhitā, sind nur zwei Rezensionen, Paippalāda- (AVP) und Śaunaka-Saṃhitā (AVŚ), überliefert. Die editio princeps der AVŚ erschien 1856, herausgegeben von Rudolf Roth und William Dwight Whitney (\(^1\)R/WH). Erst 1905, also 49 Jahre nach der Publikation von \(^1\)R/WH, wurde die Atharva-Veda Saṃhitā. Translated with a Critical and Exegetical Commentary, revised and brought nearer to completion and edited by Charles Rockwell Lanman (WH/L) gedruckt. Trotz der Bombayer Edition (SPP 1895‒1898), der 2. Auflage des Berliner Textes durch Max Lindenau (\(^2\)R/WH, ohne Kāṇḍa 20) und der Ausgabe des Atharvaveda (Śaunaka) with the Padapāṭha and Sāyaṇācārya’s commentary. Hoshiarpur 1960‒1964 durch Vishva Bandhu war der Editionsstand der AVŚ fragmentiert, was eine neue Edition veranlasste. Das Teilergebnis des DFG-Projektes (2018‒2021) liegt nun vor. Zur Textetablierung trugen das Handexemplar von Roth, zwei Newārī-Manuskripten und Deshpande 2002 maßgeblich bei. Ausschlaggebend für das Verfassen einer Neuedition der AVŚ war auch die Ausgabe der AVP durch Bhattacharya 1997‒2016. Denn diese Textedition enthält viele Parallelstellen zur AVŚ, die die Verbesserung zahlreicher korrupter Stellen ermöglichten. Die vorliegende Edition war schon fertig, als Mitte August 2021 Professor Witzel (Harvard) dem Verfasser mitteilte, dass Whitneys Kollationsbuch an der Yale University digitalisiert zur Verfügung stand. Wenn Mss.-Varianten in die neue Edition aufzunehmen waren, fand das Kollationsbuch im 20. Kāṇḍa besondere Berücksichtigung, weil dieses letzte Buch bei WH/L ohne Übersetzung und Kommentar blieb. Es lieferte auch genaue Mss.-Angaben zu den Pratīka-Strophen. Die Aufnahme des tatsächlich in den Manuskripten belegten Textes war erforderlich, weil R/WH, SPP und Deshpande 2002 die Pratīka-Strophen dort, wo nur Anfangswörter standen, in vollem Umfang drucken. Aus dem Kollaktionsbuch stammen schließlich die Kolophone aller Kāṇḍas.
Within the ‘market of healing’ of Christian Egypt (here broadly considered as the fourth through twelfth centuries CE), ‘magical’ practitioners represent an elusive yet recurrent category. This article explores the evidence for magical healing from three perspectives – first, literary texts which situate ‘magicians’ in competition with medical and ecclesiastical healing; second, the papyrological evidence of Coptic-language magical texts, which provide evidence for concepts of disease, wellness, and their mediation; and finally confronting the question of how these healing traditions might be understood within the methodologically materialistic framework of academic history, using the concepts of placebo and healing as a performance.
A note on Vedic cīti-
(2021)
Vedic cīti-, attested in the Atharvaveda, is argued to be related to Av. ṣ̌āitī-, OP šiyāti- ‘happiness’ built to PIE *kʷi̯eh₁- ‘to (come to) rest’.
The paper argues that a) Germanic *tauf/ƀra- (Germ. Zauber, etc.) is related to a root PIE *deu̯p- ‘beat; make a hollow sound, resound’ found in Greek δοῦπος ‘thud’, etc., b) Greek φάρμακον goes back to the root PIE *gʷʰer- ‘heat’ (Gk. θερμός, etc.) implying healing by fomentation, and c) Armenian hiwand ‘sick’, borrowed from Iranian, to PIE *sh₂ei̯- ‘bind’ relying on the notion of disease as a supernatural bond.
The IE languages developed different strategies for the encoding of the passive function. In some language branches, the middle voice extended to the passive function to varying extents. In addition, dedicated derivational formations arose in a number of languages, such as the Greek -ē-/-thē- aorist and the Indo-Aryan -ya-presents. Periphrastic formations involving a verbal adjective or a participle are also widely attested, and played an important role in the building of the passive paradigm in e.g. Romance and Germanic languages. As the periphrastic passive is also attested in Hittite alongside passive use of the middle, both strategies seem to be equally ancient. Some minor strategies include lexical passives and the extensive lability of verbs. A survey of possible strategies provides evidence for the rise of a disparate number of morphemes and constructions, and for their ongoing incorporation into the inflectional paradigms (paradigmaticization) of given languages, thus adding to our knowledge about cross-linguistic sources of passive morphology and grammaticalization processes involved.
Key elements of sacred landscapes of the Nile Delta were lakes, canals and artificial basins connected to temples, which were built on elevated terrain. In the case of temples of goddesses of an ambivalent, even dangerous, nature, i.e. lioness goddesses and all female deities who could appear as such, the purpose of sacred lakes and canals exceeded their function as a water resource for basic practical and religious needs. Their pleasing coolness was believed to calm the goddess' fiery nature, and during important religious festivals, the barques of the goddesses were rowed on those waters. As archaeological evidence was very rare in the past, the study of those sacred waters was mainly confined to textual sources. Recently applied geoarchaeological methods, however, have changed this situation dramatically: they allow in-depth investigations and reconstructions of these deltaic sacred landscapes. Exploring these newly available data, the paper presented here focuses on the sites of Buto, Sais and Bubastis, by investigating the characteristics of their sacred lakes, canals and marshes with respect to their hydrogeographical and geomorphological context and to their role in ancient Egyptian religion and mythology as well.