Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (124)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (124)
Year of publication
- 2021 (124) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (123)
- Journal article (1)
Keywords
- Melanom (3)
- Angst (2)
- Angststörung (2)
- Arteriosklerose (2)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (2)
- Chromatin (2)
- DNA repair (2)
- Entzündung (2)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- Fuchsbandwurm (2)
- Furcht (2)
- Furchtkonditionierung (2)
- G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (2)
- GPCR (2)
- Genetik (2)
- HUWE1 (2)
- Induzierte pluripotente Stammzelle (2)
- MAP-Kinase (2)
- MYC (2)
- MYCN (2)
- Maus (2)
- Mausmodell (2)
- Megakaryozyt (2)
- Multiple Sklerose (2)
- Multiples Myelom (2)
- Neisseria meningitidis (2)
- Neuroblastom (2)
- Neurodegeneration (2)
- Plasmozytom (2)
- Resistenz (2)
- Serotonin (2)
- Sphingolipide (2)
- Stammzelle (2)
- Thrombozyt (2)
- Tissue Engineering (2)
- Transcription (2)
- TrkB (2)
- Ubiquitin (2)
- Zellskelett (2)
- cAMP (2)
- cell wall (2)
- host-pathogen interaction (2)
- neuroblastoma (2)
- neuropathy (2)
- regulation (2)
- 177Lu-OPS201 (1)
- 3D models (1)
- 3D tissue model (1)
- 3D-Gewebemodell (1)
- 5`-UTR (1)
- 68Ga-OPS202 (1)
- 7T (1)
- ACC (1)
- ADGRL3 (1)
- ADHD (1)
- AI (1)
- ATF5 (1)
- ATGL (1)
- Acetylation (1)
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (1)
- Adhesion GPCR (1)
- Adipose (1)
- Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells (1)
- Adrenalin (1)
- Adrenokortikales Karzinom (1)
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) (1)
- Adventitia (1)
- Agarose (1)
- Aiolos (1)
- Airway epithelia (1)
- Alzheimerkrankheit (1)
- Angstverhalten (1)
- Anthropocene (1)
- Anti-CD52-Antikörper (1)
- Antibody (1)
- Antigen CD44 (1)
- Antioxidantien (1)
- Aortenaneurysma (1)
- Arbeitsteilung (1)
- Arid biomes (1)
- Arrestine (1)
- Artesunate (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Arzneimitteldesign (1)
- Arzneimittelzulassung (1)
- Aspergillus fumigatus (1)
- Atherosklerose (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom (1)
- Aurora-A (1)
- Aussterbedynamik (1)
- Autoantikörper (1)
- B cells (1)
- BDNF (1)
- BRCA1 (1)
- BTB domain (1)
- Bacillus subtilis (1)
- Bahnung (1)
- Bakterienzellwand (1)
- Basal Ganglia (1)
- Basalganglien (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Biodistribution (1)
- Biogenese (1)
- Biolayerinterferometrie (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Bioprinting (1)
- Bioreactor (1)
- Bioreaktor (1)
- Bitopic Ligands (1)
- Bitopische Liganden (1)
- Blickbewegung (1)
- Blickinteraktion (1)
- Blut-Rückenmarkschranke (1)
- Bordetella (1)
- Brain (1)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (1)
- C. elegans (1)
- CCR4 (1)
- CD28 (1)
- CD28-SA (1)
- CD44 (1)
- CD84 (1)
- CDK4 Inhibitor (1)
- CDK4 inhibitor (1)
- CIDP (1)
- CMT1A (1)
- Caenorhabditis elegans (1)
- Camponotus rufipes (1)
- Candida albicans (1)
- Cardiac (1)
- Cardiomyocyte (1)
- Cartilage (1)
- Cartilage Tissue Engineering (1)
- Cataglyphis (1)
- Ccr4-Not (1)
- Celecoxib (1)
- Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (1)
- Chemotaxis (1)
- Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) (1)
- Chimpanzee (1)
- Chronobiologie (1)
- Ciliary neurotrophic factor (1)
- Click-Chemie (1)
- Co-Kultur (1)
- Co-culture system (1)
- Cochlear-Implantat (1)
- Comoé National Park (1)
- Complement system (1)
- Conditioning (1)
- Cortico-striatal projection neurons (1)
- Craniosynostosis (1)
- Cushing-Syndrom (1)
- Cuticular transpiration (1)
- Cuticular waxes (1)
- Cyclo-AMP (1)
- Cystein (1)
- Cytoskeleton (1)
- DC (1)
- DNS-Reparatur (1)
- DOT1 (1)
- DTI (1)
- Danio rerio (1)
- Decapping (1)
- Deeplearning (1)
- Deletion (1)
- Dendritische Zelle (1)
- Depletion (1)
- Depression (1)
- Diabetes mellitus (1)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (1)
- Diffusionsgewichtete Magnetresonanztomografie (1)
- Drosophila (1)
- Drug resistance (1)
- Duplikation (1)
- E2 (1)
- ECAP (1)
- ECG-gated PET (1)
- EEG (1)
- Early-Life Stress (1)
- Echinococcus multilocularis (1)
- Effect anticipation (1)
- Effektantizipation (1)
- Einzelmolekülmikroskopie (1)
- Elektrostimulation (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Eosinophiler Granulozyt (1)
- Epigenetic (1)
- Epigenetik (1)
- Evolution (1)
- Expansion microscopy (1)
- Expansionsmikroskopie (1)
- Experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis (1)
- Exposition (1)
- Expositionslernen (1)
- Expositionstherapie (1)
- Extinktion (1)
- Extracellular Vesicles (1)
- FLT3 inhibitor (1)
- FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) (1)
- FRET (1)
- FT-IR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Ferroptosis (1)
- Fertilization in angiosperm (1)
- Fibromyalgia (1)
- Fibromyalgie (1)
- Fitness (1)
- Flavonoide (1)
- Flippase (1)
- Flow (1)
- Fluconazol (1)
- Fluconazole (1)
- Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1)
- Fluss (1)
- Folliculin (1)
- Foxo1 (1)
- Fragmentscreening (1)
- Functional analyses (1)
- Furagieraktivität (1)
- Furchtgeneralisierung (1)
- Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (1)
- G glycoprotein (1)
- G-Protein gekoppelter Rezeptor (1)
- G-protein-coupled receptors (1)
- GMP (1)
- Gaze interaction (1)
- Gefäßwand (1)
- Gefäßwand-residente Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Gen BRCA 1 (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genotoxicity (1)
- Genotoxizität (1)
- Genregulation (1)
- Gewebekultur (1)
- Glia (1)
- Glioblastom (1)
- Gliom (1)
- Glucose Starvation (1)
- Glutathion (1)
- Glycinrezeptor (1)
- Glycophyten (1)
- Glykomodifizierung (1)
- Glykosylierung (1)
- Gonococcal invasion (1)
- GvHD (1)
- H2A.Z (1)
- HECTD1 (1)
- HFpEF (1)
- Halophyten (1)
- Halophytes (1)
- Heart (1)
- Heart development (1)
- Heat stress (1)
- Helicobacter pylori (1)
- Herz (1)
- Herzinfarkt (1)
- Heubacillus (1)
- High-thropughput screening (1)
- Hippo pathway (1)
- Hippocampus (1)
- Hirnhaut (1)
- Histon-Methyltransferase (1)
- Histonacetyltransferase (1)
- Histone (1)
- Histone Acetylation (1)
- Histone modification (1)
- Histone variant (1)
- Hochauflösungsmikroskopie (1)
- Hochdurchsatz-Screening (1)
- Hornhaut (1)
- Huh6 (1)
- Human Transcriptome (1)
- Human-pathogenic (1)
- Hyaliner Knorpel (1)
- Hyaluronsäure (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hypoxia (1)
- Hypoxie (1)
- Hämophilie A (1)
- Höhenangst (1)
- IKZF1 (1)
- IKZF3 (1)
- IRAK2 (1)
- Ideomotor gaze control (1)
- Ideomotorik (1)
- Ideomotorische Blickkontrolle (1)
- Ikaros (1)
- Immunological synapse (1)
- Immunozyt (1)
- Immunsystem (1)
- Immunzellrekrutierung (1)
- In-vitro-Kultur (1)
- Individualisierte Medizin (1)
- Infektion (1)
- Inflammation (1)
- Inhibitor (1)
- Insektenstaaten (1)
- Insulin (1)
- Interleukin (1)
- Interleukin 5 (1)
- Interleukin-4 Antagonist (1)
- Intracellular bacteria (1)
- Intrazelluläre Bakterien (1)
- Ischemia (1)
- Karotis-Intima-Media-Dicke (1)
- Kleine Proteine (1)
- Kleinkern (1)
- Knorpel (1)
- Kofaktorbindung (1)
- Kognition (1)
- Kognitive Beeinträchtigung (1)
- Komplement (1)
- Konditionierung (1)
- Konnektivitätsschätzung (1)
- Kopienzahlvariation (1)
- Kraniosynostose (1)
- Krebsforschung (1)
- Kutikula (1)
- Kutikularwachs (1)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (1)
- LPS Biosynthese (1)
- Labeling (1)
- Langerhans cells (1)
- Lasiocarpin (1)
- Latrophilin (1)
- Lebendzellmikroskopie (1)
- Leber-Metabolismus (1)
- Leishmania (1)
- Lenalidomid (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Letalität (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Lipid Raft (1)
- Lipid Transfer Protein (1)
- Lipide (1)
- Lipolysis (1)
- Lung (1)
- Lunge (1)
- M1 Muscarinic Receptor (1)
- MEK5/ERK5 (1)
- MGMT (1)
- MIZ1 (1)
- MS2-affinity purification and RNA-seq (1)
- Macrophages (1)
- Magnetresonanztomographie (1)
- Makrophage (1)
- Marketing authorisation of pharmaceuticals (1)
- Mauerbiene (1)
- Mechanical deformation (1)
- Mechanismus (1)
- Medium spiny neurons (1)
- Megakaryocyte (1)
- Meninges (1)
- Merkel cell carcinoma (1)
- Merkel cell polyomavirus (1)
- Mesenchymal stem cell (1)
- Mesenchymal stromal cells (1)
- Mesenchymzelle (1)
- Metabolism (1)
- Metabolismus (1)
- Methylierung (1)
- MgrB (1)
- Microglia (1)
- Micronucleus (1)
- Microvesicle (1)
- Mikroglia (1)
- Mitochondria (1)
- Mitochondrien (1)
- Mitochondrium (1)
- Mittelohrimplantat (1)
- Model Organism (1)
- Modellorganismus (1)
- Modellsystem (1)
- Modifizierung (1)
- Monozyt (1)
- Morbus Alzheimer (1)
- Motor learning (1)
- Motorisches Lernen (1)
- Mouse Model (1)
- Mucormykose (1)
- Multiproteinkomplex (1)
- Mundschleimhautzellen (1)
- Muscarinrezeptor (1)
- Mutagenität (1)
- Myb-MuvB complex (1)
- Myeloid (1)
- Myokardinfarkt (1)
- N-Myc (1)
- NK cell (1)
- NK-DC cross-talk (1)
- NRF2 (1)
- NTRK fusions (1)
- Nasenschleimhaut (1)
- Natürliche Killerzelle (1)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1)
- Neuartige Arzneimittel (1)
- Neuralgie (1)
- Neuroanatomie (1)
- Neuroethologie (1)
- Neuroinflammation (1)
- Neuronales visuelles System (1)
- Neuropathie (1)
- Neuropathischer Schmerz (1)
- Neuropeptide (1)
- Neuroprotektivum (1)
- Neuroscience (1)
- Neutrophil (1)
- Neutrophil granulocyte (1)
- Neutrophiler Granulozyt (1)
- Nozizeption (1)
- Nucleotide excision repair (1)
- Nukleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur (1)
- O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (1)
- Obesity (1)
- Opiatrezeptor (1)
- Opioide (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- Oxygen partial pressure (1)
- P4-ATPase (1)
- PAF1c (1)
- PDE (1)
- PRR (1)
- PVM (1)
- Palbociclib (1)
- Parc National de la Comoé (1)
- Parkinson Krankheit (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Pathogenität (1)
- Pathophysiologie (1)
- Pathophysiologische Mechanismen (1)
- Pattern-Recognition-Receptors (1)
- Persistence (1)
- Pertussis (1)
- Pflanzenaussterben (1)
- Phasenvariation (1)
- Phenotypic switch (1)
- Phosphodiesterase (1)
- Pilzkörper (1)
- PinT (1)
- Plant cuticle (1)
- Plasmamembran (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Pneumoviruses (1)
- Pollen (1)
- Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (1)
- Preclinical studies (1)
- Primäre Ziliendyskinesie (1)
- Primärelement (1)
- Primärzellen (1)
- Progenitor (1)
- Protein purification (1)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (1)
- Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkung (1)
- Proteinkinase D (1)
- Proteinmodifizierung (1)
- Präklinische Studien (1)
- Präzisionsmedizin (1)
- Psychotherapie (1)
- Punktmutation (1)
- Pyrrolizidinalkaloide (1)
- QPCR (1)
- Qualitätsindikator (1)
- RNS-Interferenz (1)
- RSV (1)
- Receptor dynamics (1)
- Regenerative Medicine (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Respiratorisches System (1)
- Rezeptorblocker (1)
- Rezidiv (1)
- Rhizopus arrhizus (1)
- Ribonuclease H2 (1)
- Riboregulation (1)
- Risikofaktoren (1)
- Rossameise (1)
- Röntgenkristallographie (1)
- SLC2A3 (1)
- SMN (1)
- Salmonella (1)
- Salmonella Typhimurium (1)
- Scaffold bone implant (1)
- Schimpanse (1)
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1)
- Schlaganfall (1)
- Schließzellfunktion (1)
- Secretion (1)
- Sekundäre Inflammation (1)
- Selective extraction (1)
- Senecionin (1)
- Seneciphyllin (1)
- Sequenzwiederholung (1)
- Serotonindefizienz (1)
- Signaltransduktion (1)
- Sleeping Beauty Transposon System (1)
- Small RNA (1)
- Small angle X-ray scattering (1)
- Social action effects (1)
- Sociomotor gaze control (1)
- Soziale Handlungseffekte (1)
- Soziomotorische Blickkontrolle (1)
- SteC (1)
- Sterblichkeit (1)
- Stiff-Person Syndrom (1)
- Stiff-person syndrome (1)
- Stress (1)
- Striatum (1)
- Strukturbiologie (1)
- Superresolution microscopy (1)
- Survival Motor Neuron (1)
- Synaptic plasticity (1)
- Synchronitätsmessung (1)
- T cell engaging Antibody (1)
- TFIIH (1)
- TH2 Immunantwort (1)
- TLR signaling (1)
- Telomerase (1)
- Thebain (1)
- Therapie (1)
- Therapieresistenz (1)
- Thrombopoiesis (1)
- Tight junction (1)
- Tissue engineering (1)
- Toll-like-Rezeptoren (1)
- TraDIS (1)
- Transkription (1)
- Transkriptionsfaktor (1)
- Transkriptomanalyse (1)
- Transkriptomik anlyze (1)
- Transpiration <Pflanzen> (1)
- Transposon (1)
- Treg (1)
- Trend (1)
- Trophic Factors (1)
- Trypanosoma Brucei (1)
- Trypanosoma brucei (1)
- UBE2S (1)
- Ubiquitin-PA (1)
- Ubiquitin-Protein-Ligase (1)
- Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (1)
- Ubiquitinierung (1)
- VW-SCs (1)
- Validierung (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verhaltenskontrolle (1)
- Very-long-chain aliphatic (1)
- Vesikelbildung (1)
- Vessel wall (1)
- Virtuelle Realität (1)
- Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Vorläufer (1)
- Water stress (1)
- Wirkstoffdesign (1)
- X-ray crystallography (1)
- X-ray diffraction (1)
- Yeast (1)
- Zellzyklus (1)
- Zink-Finger-Proteine (1)
- aGPCR (1)
- acute graft-versus host disease (1)
- adhesion-GPCR (1)
- adrenal gland (1)
- adrenergic receptor (1)
- adrenocortical carcinoma (1)
- airways (1)
- allogeneic stem cell transplantation (1)
- alloreactive T cells (1)
- antimicrobial (1)
- anxiety disorders (1)
- articular cartilage progenitor cells (1)
- atopic diseases (1)
- attributable fraction (1)
- attributable risk (1)
- autoantibody (1)
- autophagocytose (1)
- autophagy (1)
- bacterial lipid rafts (1)
- behavior (1)
- beta-Arrestin2 (1)
- bicuculline (1)
- binding mode (1)
- biochemistry (1)
- biodistribution (1)
- bioimage analysis (1)
- biokinetics (1)
- biolayerinterferometry (1)
- bioreactor (1)
- blood nerve barrier (1)
- bone marrow (1)
- bumblebee*s (1)
- cancer (1)
- candida (1)
- candida albicans (1)
- cartilage (1)
- chlamydia (1)
- chondrogene Differenzierung (1)
- circadian rhythms (1)
- claudin-12 (1)
- co-culture (1)
- cochlea implant (1)
- cofactorbinding (1)
- compartments (1)
- corneal confocal microscopy (1)
- correlation (1)
- cushing's syndrome (1)
- cytokine release syndrome (1)
- cytoskeleton (1)
- dCIRL (1)
- dSTORM (1)
- developmental differentiation (1)
- diabetic cardiomyopathy (1)
- diagnostics (1)
- diastolic dysfunction (1)
- diet (1)
- disease model (1)
- distance (1)
- distribution (1)
- double-strand break repair (1)
- drug repurposing (1)
- dual RNA-seq (1)
- ecology (1)
- effector protein (1)
- electron microscopy (1)
- eosinophil (1)
- evozierte Potentiale (1)
- exposition training (1)
- expression (1)
- extinction dynamics (1)
- fabry disease (1)
- fear conditioning (1)
- fibromyalgia sydrome (1)
- foraging activity (1)
- foxtapeworm (1)
- fragment screening (1)
- functional membrane microdomains (1)
- functional studies (1)
- fungus (1)
- genotoxicity (1)
- germinative cell (1)
- gezielte Therapie (1)
- glycine receptor autoantibodies (1)
- glycophytes (1)
- guard cells (1)
- habitat (1)
- hematopoiesis (1)
- hippocampus (1)
- homoFRET (1)
- honeybee (1)
- honeybee*s (1)
- huh6 (1)
- iPSC (1)
- in vitro Kulturmodelle (1)
- in vitro Testsystem (1)
- interleukin-5 signaling (1)
- internal dosimetry (1)
- interphase gap (1)
- interpulse interval (1)
- intraoperative Ankopplungseffizienz (1)
- kinase (1)
- labeling techniques (1)
- lasiocarpine (1)
- learning (1)
- lipid rafts (1)
- lymph node stromal cells (1)
- lymph node transplantation (1)
- mechanistische Modellierung (1)
- melanoma dedifferentiation (1)
- membrane dynamics (1)
- mesenteric lymph node (1)
- metabolic theory of ecology (1)
- microelectrode array (1)
- mouse models (1)
- mucormycosis (1)
- myelin barrier (1)
- neuroethology (1)
- neuromodulation (1)
- neuronal visual system (1)
- neuropeptides (1)
- neutrophil (1)
- nociception (1)
- nutrients (1)
- nutrition (1)
- p97 (1)
- pain (1)
- pathophysiological mechanisms (1)
- peptide (1)
- peptide engineering (1)
- peptide-based interleukin-5 inhibitor (1)
- perception (1)
- phosphorylation (1)
- platelets (1)
- polarized epithelium (1)
- pollen (1)
- polyethism (1)
- polyradiculoneuropathy (1)
- population attributable fraction (1)
- precision medicine (1)
- preclinical PET (1)
- primary ciliary dyskinesia (1)
- primate (1)
- proboscis extension response (1)
- protease (1)
- protein kinase a (1)
- protein regulation and expression (1)
- protein-protein-interaction (1)
- psychosocial resilience (1)
- rapid evolution (1)
- reception (1)
- receptor (1)
- replication (1)
- resilience (1)
- salinen Wachstumsbedingungen (1)
- salt stress (1)
- schnelle Evolution (1)
- self-activation (1)
- senecionine (1)
- seneciphylline (1)
- shRNA (1)
- signalling (1)
- similarity (1)
- skin (1)
- skin biopsy (1)
- small RNA (1)
- small fiber pathology (1)
- small proteins (1)
- somatic resilience (1)
- somatostatin receptor antagonists (1)
- sphingolipids (1)
- ssVEP (1)
- stiff person syndrome (1)
- structural mechanism (1)
- structure analysis (1)
- super-resolution microscopy (1)
- synaptic plasticity (1)
- synaptische Plastizität (1)
- targeted therapy (1)
- tdcs (1)
- temporal information transfer (1)
- test system (1)
- therapy (1)
- time-resolved anisotropy (1)
- tool (1)
- tool-use (1)
- tracheal cytotoxin (1)
- trachomatis (1)
- transcription/replication conflicts (1)
- transcriptome data analysis (1)
- transcriptomic analysis (1)
- transient dynamics (1)
- tumour (1)
- tyrosine kinase (1)
- virulence (1)
- yeast (1)
- zeitlich Informationsübertragung (1)
- zonal Hydrogels (1)
- µ-Opioid Rezeptor (1)
- Ängstliche Depression (1)
Institute
- Graduate School of Life Sciences (124) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Biomedical Center Munich, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1)
- Max-Delbrück-Center für molekulare Medizin, Berlin (1)
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg (1)
- Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) (1)
- Technische Universität Darmstadt (1)
- University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg (1)
- University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute for Biology (1)
- Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (ZINF) Würzburg (1)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a human specific pathogenic bacterium. Currently, N. gonorrhoeae developed resistance to virtually all the available antibiotics used for treatment. N. gonorrhoeae starts infection by colonizing the cell surface, followed by invasion of the host cell, intracellular persistence, transcytosis and exit into the subepithelial space. Subepithelial bacteria can reach the bloodstream and disseminate to other tissues causing systemic infections, which leads to serious conditions such as arthritis and pneumonia. A number of studies have well established the host-pathogen interactions during the initial adherence and invasion steps. However, the mechanism of intracellular survival and traversal is poorly understood so far. Hence, identification of novel bacterial virulence factors and host factors involved in the host-pathogen interaction is a crucial step in understanding disease development and uncovering novel therapeutic approaches. Besides, most of the previous studies about N. gonorrhoeae were performed in the conventional cell culture. Although they have provided insights into host-pathogen interactions, much information about the native infection microenvironment, such as cell polarization and barrier function, is still missing.
This work focused on determining the function of novel bacterial virulence factor NGFG_01605 and host factor (FLCN) in gonococcal infection. NGFG_01605 was identified by Tn5 transposon library screening. It is a putative U32 protease. Unlike other proteins in this family, it is not secreted and has no ex vivo protease activity. NGFG_01605 knockout decreases gonococcal survival in the epithelial cell. 3D models based on T84 cell was developed for the bacterial transmigration assay. NGFG_01605 knockout does not affect gonococcal transmigration.
The novel host factor FLCN was identified by shRNA library screening in search for factors that affected gonococcal adherence and/or internalization. We discovered that FLCN did not affect N. gonorrhoeae adherence and invasion but was essential for bacterial survival. Since programmed cell death is a host defence mechanism against intracellular pathogens, we further explored apoptosis and autophagy upon gonococcal infection and determined that FLCN did not affect apoptosis but inhibited autophagy. Moreover, we found that FLCN inhibited the expression of E-cadherin. Knockdown of E- cadherin decreased the autophagy flux and supported N. gonorrhoeae survival. Both non-polarized and polarized cells are present in the cervix, and additionally, E-cadherin represents different polarization properties on these different cells. Therefore, we established 3-D models to better understand the functions of FLCN. We discovered that FLCN was critical for N. gonorrhoeae survival in the 3-D environment as well, but not through inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, FLCN inhibits the E-cadherin expression and disturbs its polarization in the 3-D models. Since N. gonorrhoeae can cross the epithelial cell barriers through both cell-cell junctions and transcellular migration, we further explored the roles FLCN and E-cadherin played in transmigration. FLCN delayed N. gonorrhoeae transmigration, whereas the knockdown of E-cadherin increased N. gonorrhoeae transmigration.
In summary, we revealed roles of the NGFG_01605 and FLCN-E-cadherin axis play in N. gonorrhoeae infection, particularly in relation to intracellular survival and transmigration. This is also the first study that connects FLCN and human-specific pathogen infection.