Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (2)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (2)
Year of publication
- 2008 (2) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
Keywords
- Proliferation (2) (remove)
Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a life-threatening disease with limited options of chemotherapeutic treatment. Anti-AE chemotherapy is currently based on a single class of drugs, the benzimidazoles. Although acting parasitocidic in vitro, benzimidazoles are merely parasitostatic during in vivo treatment of AE and cause severe site effects. In the case of operable lesions, the resection of parasite tissue needs to be supported by a prolonged chemotherapy. Thus, the current treatment options for AE are inadequate and require alternatives. In the present work, the flatworm signaling pathways were analyzed to establish potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches. I focused on factors that are involved in development and proliferation of E. multilocularis using molecular, biochemical and cell biological methods. Among the analysed factors were three MAP kinases of the parasite, EmMPK1, an Erk-1/2 orthologue, EmMPK2, a p38 orthologue and EmMPK3, an Erk7/8 orthologue. Further, I identified and characterized EmMKK2, a MEK1/2 orthologue of the parasite, which, together with the known kinases EmRaf and EmMPK1, forms an Erk1/2-like MAPK module. Moreover, I was able to demonstrate several influences of host growth factors such as EGF (epidermal growth factor) and insulin on worm signaling mechanisms and larval growth, including the phosphorylation of Elp, an ezrin-radixin-moesin like protein, EmMPK1, EmMPK3 and increased mitotic activity of Echinococcus cells. In addition, several substances were examined for their efficacy against the parasite including (i) general tyrosine kinase inhibitors (PP2, leflunamide), (ii) compounds designed to inhibit the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases, (iii) anti-neoplastic agents (miltefosine, perifosine), (iv) serine/threonine kinase inhibitors that have been designed to block the Erk1/2 MAPK cascade and (v) inhibitors of p38 MAPKs. In these studies, EmMPK2 proved to be a promising drug target for the following reasons. Amino acid sequence analysis disclosed several differences to human p38 MAPKs, which is likely to be the reason for the observed enhanced basal activity of recombinant EmMPK2 towards myelin basic protein in comparison to human recombinant p38 MAPK-α. In addition, the prominent auto-phosphorylation activity of the recombinant EmMPK2 protein together with the absence of an interaction with the Echinococcus MKKs suggest a different mechanism of regulation compared to the human enzyme. EmMPK2 activity could be effectively inhibited in vitro and in cultivated metacestode vesicles by treatment with SB202190 and ML3403, two ATP-competitive pyridinyl imidazole inhibitors of p38 MAPKs, in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, both compounds, in particular ML3403, caused parasite vesicle inactivation at concentrations which did not affect cultured mammalian cells. Likewise, during the cultivation of Echinococcus primary cells, the presence of ML3403 prevented the generation of new vesicles. Targeting members of the EGF signaling pathway, particulary of the Erk1/2-like MAPK cascade, with Raf and MEK inhibitors prevented the phosphorylation of EmMPK1 in metacestodes cultivated in vitro. However, although parasite growth was prevented under these conditions, the structural integrity of the metacestode vesicles maintained during long-term cultivation in the presence of the MAPK cascade inhibitors. Similar results were obtained when studying the effects of other drugs mentioned above. Taken together, several targets could be identified that reacted with high sensitivity to the presence of inhibitory substances, but did not cause the parasite’s death with one exception, the pyridinyl imidazoles. Based on the presented data, I suggest pyridinyl imidazoles as a novel class of anti-Echinococcus drugs and imply EmMPK2 as survival signal mediating factor, the inhibition of which could be used for the treatment of AE.
Primäre Nestin-positive adulte Stamm-/Vorläuferzellen aus menschlichen Langerhans'schen Inseln besitzen einen mesenchymalen Charakter und das prinzipielle Potenzial zur in vitro-Differenzierung in Insulin produzierende Phänotypen. Allerdings ist die Entwicklung effektiver Differenzierungsstrategien bisher noch nicht gelungen. Dies ist unter anderem durch das limitierte Wachstumsverhalten dieser Primärzellen in Kultur begründet, das in der vorliegenden Arbeit ausführlich charakterisiert wurde. So besitzt die Gesamtpopulation aus pankreatischen humanen Langerhansschen Inseln auswachsender Zellen (hIZ) ein begrenztes Wachstumspotenzial von im Mittel 19 Passagen. Diese Tatsache limitiert zum einen die Entwicklung von Protokollen zur Differenzierung dieser Zellen und führt zum anderen zu einer Limitierung der Vision in vitro vermehrbaren und differenzierbaren Vorläuferzellmaterials, das nach Differenzierung transplantiert werden und in vivo die beta-Zellfunktion ersetzen könnte. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit anhand des Nestin-positiven und mesenchymalen Zellmodells der menschlichen Knochenmarksstammzelllinie hMSC-TERT weiterhin, dass sich eine gentechnisch induzierte transiente und stabile Überex-pression des wachstums- und proliferationsassoziierten Proteins p8 fördernd auf das Wachstumsverhalten dieser Zelllinie auswirkt. Dieser Effekt beruht, wie an stabil generierten p8-überexprimierenden Zelllinien gezeigt werden konnte, zum einen auf der Steigerung der Proliferationsrate. Zum anderen ist das verbesserte Wachstumsverhalten jedoch auch auf eine bis dato unbekannte Verminderung der basalen Apoptoserate von hMSC-TERT zurückzuführen. Das Protein p8 konnte erstmals als molekularer Mediator des Wachstums und Überlebens mesenchymaler Nestin-positiver und zu beta-Zellähnlichen Phänotypen differenzierbarer Vorläuferzellen charakterisiert werden. Es kann somit einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Lösung des Problems begrenzten differenzierbaren Stammzellmaterials auf der Suche nach einer zellbasierten kurativen, breit und risikoarm einsetzbaren Therapiestrategie für den Diabetes mellitus leisten.