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Institute
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie (419) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- Universitätsklinikum Münster (2)
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 310, San Diego, California 92109, USA (1)
- Helmholtz Center for RNA-based Infection Research (1)
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Wirtsspezifität der Gattung Legionella und Etablierung von Dictyostelium discoideum als Wirtsmodell
(2002)
Bei der Gattung Legionella handelt es sich um aquatische Stäbchenbakterien, die sich intrazellulär in verschiedenen Protozoen vermehren können. Neben der Nutzung des Protozoenwirtes können humanpathogene Legionella-Spezies in den Alveolarmakrophagen des menschlichen Respirationstraktes replizieren. Diese Besiedelung der Lunge kann zu einer atypischen Pneumonie, der Legionärskrankheit, führen. Humanpathogene Vertreter der Gattung Legionella weisen somit ein duales Wirtssystem auf. Die Wirtsspezifität phylogenetisch verschiedener Legionella Spezies wurde bislang nicht systematisch analysiert. Mit Hilfe von Infektionsversuchen konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass für unterschiedlichste Legionella Spezies Acanthamoeba castellanii ein gut geeigneter Wirt darstellt. Hartmannella vermiformis und Naegleria gruberi ermöglichen dagegen nur einem eingeschränkten Legionella-Spektrum ein intrazelluläres Wachstum. Die jeweils höchsten Vermehrungsraten zeigten dabei in allen Amöben die Umweltisolate LLAP 10 und L. lytica sowie der humanpathogene Stamm L. pneumophila Corby. Außerdem scheint die Virulenz humanpathogener Legionellen-Spezies korreliert zu sein mit der Nutzung eines breiten Wirtsspektrums. Ciliaten wie Tetrahymena pyriformis sind im Gegensatz zu den Amöben als Wirte nicht so gut geeignet. Im Vergleich zu den Amöben ist sowohl die Anzahl der sich intrazellulär in T. pyriformis replizierenden Legionella-Spezies sowie deren Replikationsrate erniedrigt. Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war es Dictyostelium discoideum als neues Wirtsmodell zu etablieren. Bei dieser gut erforschten Bodenamöbe stehen zahlreiche molekularbiologische Methoden für das Manipulieren des Genoms zur Verfügung. Somit ist es möglich, die während einer Infektion benötigten Wirtsfaktoren von Seiten der Amöbe näher zu untersuchen. Mittels Infektionsversuchen sowie fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopischer Methoden konnte die intrazelluläre Replikation von LLAP 10, L. lytica und L. pneumophila in D. discoideum gezeigt werden. Für L. pneumophila konnte durch FACS-Analyse festgestellt werden, dass Bakterien dieser Legionella-Spezies genauso wie in den bisher untersuchten Wirtszellesystemen zu Beginn der Infektion in einem nicht angesäuerten Kompartiment vorliegen. Für alle weiteren verwendeten Legionella Spezies sowie hitzeabgetötete L. pneumophila und die Futterbakterien Klebsiella aerogenes konnte dagegen eine Ansäuerung des Phagosoms nachgewiesen werden. Kolokalisierungsstudien des lysosomalen Markers DdLIMP mit Legionellen bestätigte außerdem eine Inhibierung der Phagolysosomfusion bei L. pneumophila, nicht jedoch bei der sich nicht replizierenden Spezies L. hackeliae. Die Untersuchung einer spezifischen Profilin-minus Dictyostelium-Mutante offenbarte eine erhöhte Phagozytoserate von Legionellen durch die Wirtszellen. Daraus resultierte auch eine leicht gesteigerte intrazelluläre Vermehrungsrate dieser Bakterien. Profilin ist ein Aktin-bindendes Protein und an der Regulation von Aufnahmeprozessen beteiligt. Weiterhin wurde in dieser Arbeit eine Methode zur Isolierung Bakterien-haltiger Phagosomen aus D. discoideum etabliert. Die magnetische Reinigung von Phagosomen über paramagnetische, Bakterien-konjugierte Beads erwies sich als nicht praktikabel. Die daraufhin entwickelte Anreicherung der Phagosomen über Dichtegradienten-Zentrifugation erforderte jedoch zusätzlich die Eliminierung kontaminierender Lysosomen und Mitochondrien. Die Analyse des phagosomalen Proteoms erfolgte mittels Messung von Enzymaktivitäten und Western-Blotting-Experimenten. Dabei konnten keine quantitativen Unterschiede typischer lysosomaler Marker zwischen gereiften und ungereiften Phagosomen mit lebenden bzw. toten L. pneumophila detektiert werden. Ebenso verlief der Vergleich von ungereiften LLAP 10-haltigen Phagosomen und gereiften Klebsiella-haltigen Phagosomen. Dagegen zeigte die 2D-Gelelektrophorese des phagosomalen Proteoms vier Proteine, die in Phagosomen mit toten L. pneumophila Corby stärker exprimiert waren als in Phagosomen mit lebenden Legionellen. Weiterhin wurde ein Protein detektiert, das für Phagosomen, die lebende L. pneumophila Bakterien beinhalten, spezifisch ist. Dabei könnte es sich um einen von L. pneumophila zur Replikationsvakuole rekrutierten Wirtsfaktor handeln.
Scientific research is a process concerned with the creation, collective accumulation, contextualization, updating and maintenance of knowledge. Wikis provide an environment that allows to collectively accumulate, contextualize, update and maintain knowledge in a coherent and transparent fashion. Here, we examine the potential of wikis as platforms for scholarly publishing. In the hope to stimulate further discussion, the article itself was drafted on Species-ID – a wiki that hosts a prototype for wiki-based scholarly publishing – where it can be updated, expanded or otherwise improved.
Background:
During the last years, (19)F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Methodology and Principal Findings:
In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation.
Conclusion and Significance:
We introduce (19)F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis.
A total of 127 extraintestinal Escherichia coli strains of the capsule serotypes Kl, KS, and KlOO from human and animal sources were analyzed for DNA sequences specific for the genes for various adhesins (P fimbriae fpap] and P-related sequences fprs], S fimbriae [s/a)/FlC fimbriae [foc], and type I fimbriae lfim]), aerobactin (aer), and hemolysin (hly). The expression of corresponding virulence factors was also tested. Twenty-four selected strains were analyzed by long-range DNA mapping to evaluate their genetic relationships. DNA sequences for the adhesins were often found in strains not expressing them, while strains with hemolysin and aerobactin genes usually did express them. Different isolates of the same serotype orten expressed different virulence patterns. The use of virulence-associated gene probes for Southern hybridization with genomic DNA fragments separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that a highly heterogeneous restriction fragment length and hybridization pattern existed even within strains of the same serotype. Long-range DNA mapping is therefore useful for the evaluation of genetic relatedness among individual isolates and facilitates the performance of .precise molecular epidemiology.
A total of 16 Escherichia coli 06 strains isolated from cases of extraintestinal infections were analysed for the genetic presence and phenotypic expression of fimbrial adhesins ( P, S/FIC, type I), aerobactin and hemolysin. ln addition restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of Xbal-cleaved genomic DNA of seven selected strains, separated by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis {OFAGE) were determined and virulence-associated DNA probes were used for Southern hybridization studies of the Xbal-cleaved genomic DNAs. The virulence characteristics and hybridization patterns obtained differed between the various isolates. ln three isolates hemolysin genes and P fimbrial determinants were located on the same Xbal fragments. Furthermore, multiple copies of FIC determinants (foc) could be detected in two strains. Our data show that the new technique of pulse field electrophoresis tagether with Southern hybridization represents a powerful tool for the genetic analysis of pathogenic bacteria.
Background: In principle, the elimination of malignancies by oncolytic virotherapy could proceed by different mechanisms - e.g. tumor cell specific oncolysis, destruction of the tumor vasculature or an anti-tumoral immunological response. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of these factors to elucidate the responsible mechanism for regression of human breast tumor xenografts upon colonization with an attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV). Methods: Breast tumor xenografts were analyzed 6 weeks post VACV infection (p.i.; regression phase) by immunohistochemistry and mouse-specific expression arrays. Viral-mediated oncolysis was determined by tumor growth analysis combined with microscopic studies of intratumoral virus distribution. The tumor vasculature was morphologically characterized by diameter and density measurements and vessel functionality was analyzed by lectin perfusion and extravasation studies. Immunological aspects of viral-mediated tumor regression were studied in either immune-deficient mouse strains (T-, B-, NK-cell-deficient) or upon cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression (MHCII+-cell depletion) in nude mice. Results: Late stage VACV-infected breast tumors showed extensive necrosis, which was highly specific to cancer cells. The tumor vasculature in infected tumor areas remained functional and the endothelial cells were not infected. However, viral colonization triggers hyperpermeability and dilatation of the tumor vessels, which resembled the activated endothelium in wounded tissue. Moreover, we demonstrated an increased expression of genes involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in VACV-infected tumors, which orchestrate perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration. The immunohistochemical analysis of infected tumors displayed intense infiltration of MHCII-positive cells and colocalization of tumor vessels with MHCII+/CD31+ vascular leukocytes. However, GI-101A tumor growth analysis upon VACV-infection in either immunosuppressed nude mice (MHCII+-cell depleted) or in immune-deficient mouse strains (T-, B-, NK-cell-deficient) revealed that neither MHCII-positive immune cells nor T-, B-, or NK cells contributed significantly to VACV-mediated tumor regression. In contrast, tumors of immunosuppressed mice showed enhanced viral spreading and tumor necrosis. Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that VACV-mediated oncolysis is the primary mechanism of tumor shrinkage in the late regression phase. Neither the destruction of the tumor vasculature nor the massive VACV-mediated intratumoral inflammation was a prerequisite for tumor regression. We propose that approaches to enhance viral replication and spread within the tumor microenvironment should improve therapeutical outcome.
Vibrio cholerae Phage K139
(2002)
Bisher sind ca. 190 verschiedene Vibriophagen beschrieben, nur 10 davon stellen filamentöse Phagen dar, der Rest gehört zu den sogenannten Caudovirales, d.h. sie weisen ein kubisches Nukleokapsid mit einem mehr oder weniger langen Schwanz auf. Der letzteren Gruppe ist auch der Phage K139 zuzurechnen. K139 ist ein temperenter Phage, dessen Wirtsspektrum sich nach bisherigen Erkenntnissen auf V. cholerae Stämme der Serogruppen O1 und O139 beschränkt. Als Rezeptor dient ihm dabei das O1 Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), Morphologisch ist er der Familie der Myoviridae zuzurechnen, innerhalb des Klassifikations-Schemas der Vibriophagen den Kappa-Phagen. Diese Phagengruppe weist eine hohe Assoziation mit epidemischen O1 El Tor Stämmen auf, es gibt aber keine Hinweise auf eine Beteiligung an der Virulenz von V. cholerae. In dieser Arbeit wurde die vollständige K139 Genomsequenz ermittelt. Diese besteht aus 33.1 kb ds DNA, die Sequenzierung deutet auf eine terminale Redundanz hin. Zusammen mit dem bereits bekannten Sequenzabschnitt ergab sich eine Zahl von insgesamt 44 offenen Leserastern (ORFs). Sowohl auf Sequenzebene als auch hinsichtlich der Organisation des Genoms konnte eine Verwandtschaft von K139 zu den P2-Phagen gefunden werden. Insgesamt weisen 26 ORFs Homologie zu P2 Genprodukten auf. Für 14 ORFs war eine Funktionszuordnung basierend auf der Homologie zu bereits bekannten Proteinen möglich. Auch über die Analyse der Sequenzmotive wurde versucht, Hinweise auf eine mögliche Funktion der putativen Proteine zu erhalten. Zur Unterstützung der bioinformatischen Auswertung wurden weiterführende Untersuchungen angestellt. So wurden die Proteine des Phagenpartikels mittels 2D SDS-PAGE und MALDI-TOF analysiert. Auf diese Weise konnten vier putative Kapsid- und drei putative Schwanz-Proteine als Bestandteil des Phagenpartikels ermittelt werden. Weiterhin wurde durch Überexpression und Restriktionsanalysen Orf8 als Adenin-spezifische Methyltransferase identifiziert. Als Methylierungssequenz wurde die Basenabfolge 5´-GATC-3´ ermittelt. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag auf der Funktionszuordnung putativer Genregulatoren. Dies wurde einmal für die Proteine Orf2 und CI durch Überexpression und Konstruktion von Deletionsmutanten und deren phänotypischer Bestimmung in Plaque-Assays untersucht. Dabei konnte Orf2 eine mögliche Schutzfunktion vor superinfizierenden Phagen zugeschrieben werden. Widersprüchlich sind dagegen die Ergebnisse für die Funktion von CI, das aufgrund seiner Homologie als Repressor der Lyse dienen sollte. Zum zweiten wurde in einem Promotor-Test System der Einfluß der Proteine CI, Orf2, 8, 11, 12 und 13 auf vier verschiedene putative Promotor-Bereiche von K139 untersucht. Weiterhin wurde durch Southern Blot Analysen die Verbreitung von K139 innerhalb verschiedener V. cholerae Isolate untersucht. Dabei wurden in 50% der O1 und O139 und in 7% der Nicht-O1/O139 Stämme ein positives Hybridisierungssignal gefunden. Dabei zeigten der O1 klassische Stamm sowie zwei Nicht-O1/O139 Stämme ein verändertes Restriktionsmuster. Nähere Untersuchungen der verschiedenen Phagentypen mittels Southern-Blot und PCR zeigten eine hohe Verwandtschaft, lediglich eine Region, die der K139 Genomregion zwischen dem rep und dem orf15 Gen entspricht, zeigte auffällige Unterschiede. Die Sequenzierung ergab eine auffallend mosaikartige Struktur mit homologen und nicht-homologen Sequenzabschnitten im Vergleich der Phagen untereinander. Schließlich wurde noch eine weitere Genregion sequenziert, orf35 bis orf36, in der wirtsspezifische Sequenzunterschiede vermutet wurden. Für die Sequenz von orf35, das für das putative Schwanzfaser Protein kodiert, konnte eine mosaikartige Struktur ermittelt werden, die durch die Anwesenheit von zwei konservierten (C1 und C2) und zwei variablen (V1 und V2) Regionen zustande kommt. Die Kombination der variablen Bereiche ergab drei verschiedene Schwanzfaser-Protein Typen. Überraschenderweise korrelieren diese Typen nicht mit der Serogruppe des Wirtes. So konnte der gleiche Schwanzfaser-Typ in drei verschiedenen Serogruppen gefunden werden. Als Grund hierfür wird die Fähigkeit von V. cholerae diskutiert, durch horizontalen Gentransfer ein neues LPS Biosynthese-Cluster zu erwerben und damit die Serogruppe zu wechseln.
Bacteriosponges contain large amounts of morphologically and phylogenetically diverse microorganisms in their mesohyl. The association is permanent, stable and highly specific, however, little is known about the establishment and maintenance of this association. The first aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to examine cospeciation between eight Aplysina species from the Mediterranean and Caribbean and their cyanobacterial associates. Host phylogeny was constructed with 18S rDNA and ITS-2 sequences using an alignment based on the secondary structure of the molecular markers and five different algorithms each. The genus Aplysina appeared as monophyletic. Aplysina sponges could be distinguished into a Caribbean and a Mediterranean cluster and a possible Tethyan origin is suggested. Comparison of the host phylogeny to the 16S rDNA phylogeny of the cyanobacterial strains revealed the lack of a congruent pattern. Therefore it is proposed that Aplysina sponges have not cospeciated with their cyanobacterial phylotypes and probably also not with other sponge specific microbes. The second aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to examine vertical transmission of microorganisms through reproductive stages of sponges. A general transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suvey revealed a clear correlation in that bacteriosponges always contained many microorganisms in their reproductive stages whereas non-bacteriosponges were always devoid of microbes in their reproductive stages. The transmission of the microbial community via sponge reproductive stages is concluded. Based on the previous results Ircinia felix was chosen for a detailed documentation of vertical transmission. I. felix larvae contained large amounts of microorganisms extracellularly in the central region whereas the outer region was almost free of microbes as shown by TEM. In I. felix juveniles microorganisms were located between densely packed sponge cells. The microbial profiles of I. felix adult, larvae, and juveniles were compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Similar microbial community patterns were found in adult and the respective larvae indicating that a large subset of the adult microbial community was vertically transmitted. In contrast, microbial communities of larvae pools released by different adult individuals seemed to be more variable. Juvenile banding patterns were a mixture of sponge specific and seawater microbes due to DNA extraction artefacts but demonstrated that at least half of the adult microbial community is present in the next generation. Finally, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was conducted by sequencing excised DGGE bands from adult and offspring of the bacteriosponges Agelas wiedenmayeri, I. felix, and Smenospongia aurea and by taking additional 16S rDNA sequences of Ectyoplasia ferox and Xestospongia muta (unpublished data of the laboratory). The identification of 24 vertical transmission clusters in at least 8 eubacterial phyla demonstrates that a complex and uniform microbial community is transferred via sponge reproductive stages. Vertical transmission is specific in that the microorganisms of bacteriosponges, but not those from seawater, are passed on, but unselective in that there appears to be no differentiation between individual sponge-specific lineages. In conclusion, vertical transmission points to a mutualistic and long-term association of bacteriosponges and complex microbial consortia.
Multidrug-resistant bacteria represent one of the most important health care problems worldwide. While there are numerous drugs available for standard therapy, there are only a few compounds capable of serving as a last resort for severe infections. Therefore, approaches to control multidrug-resistant bacteria must be implemented. Here, a strategy of reactivating the established glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin by structural modification with polycationic peptides and subsequent fatty acid conjugation to overcome the resistance of multidrug-resistant bacteria was followed. This study especially focuses on the structure–activity relationship, depending on the modification site and fatty acid chain length. The synthesized conjugates showed high antimicrobial potential on vancomycin-resistant enterococci. We were able to demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of the vancomycin-lipopeptide conjugates depends on the chain length of the attached fatty acid. All conjugates showed good cytocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Radiolabeling enabled the in vivo determination of pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats by molecular imaging and biodistribution studies. An improved biodistribution profile in comparison to unmodified vancomycin was observed. While vancomycin is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, the most potent conjugate shows a hepatobiliary excretion profile. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the potential of the structural modification of already established antibiotics to provide highly active compounds for tackling multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Multidrug‐resistant bacteria represent one of the biggest challenges facing modern medicine. The increasing prevalence of glycopeptide resistance compromises the efficacy of vancomycin, for a long time considered as the last resort for the treatment of resistant bacteria. To reestablish its activity, polycationic peptides were conjugated to vancomycin. By site‐specific conjugation, derivatives that bear the peptide moiety at four different sites of the antibiotic were synthesized. The most potent compounds exhibited an approximately 1000‐fold increased antimicrobial activity and were able to overcome the most important types of vancomycin resistance. Additional blocking experiments using d‐Ala‐d‐Ala revealed a mode of action beyond inhibition of cell‐wall formation. The antimicrobial potential of the lead candidate FU002 for bacterial infection treatments could be demonstrated in an in vivo study. Molecular imaging and biodistribution studies revealed that conjugation engenders superior pharmacokinetics.