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The thesis contains two major parts. The first part deals with structural investigations on different coordination compounds performed by using infrared absorption and FT-Raman spectroscopy in combination with density functional theory calculations. In the first section of this part the starting materials Ph2P-N(H)SiMe3 and Ph3P=NSiMe3 and their corresponding [(MeSi)2NZnPh2P-NSiMe3]2 and Li(o-C6H4PPh2NSiMe3)]2·Et2O complexes have been investigated in order to determine the influence of the metal coordination on the P–N bond length. In the next section the vibrational spectra of four hexacoordinated silicon(IV) and germanium(IV) complexes with three symmetrical bidentate oxalato(2-) ligands have been elucidated. Kinetic investigations of the hydrolysis of two of them, one with silicon and another one with germanium, have been carried out at room temperature and at different pH values and it was observed that the hydrolysis reaction occurs only for the silicon compound, the fastest reaction taking place at acidic pH. In the last section of this part, the geometric configurations of some hexacoordinated silicon(IV) complexes with three unsymmetrical bidentate hydroximato(2-) ligands have been determined. The second part of the thesis contains vibrational investigations of some biologically active molecules performed by means of Raman spectroscopy together with theoretical simulations. The SER spectra of these molecules at different pH values have also been analysed and the adsorption behaviour on the metal surface as well as the influence of the pH on the molecule-substrate interaction have been established.
An N-heterocyclic-carbene-stabilized diboryne undergoes rapid, high-yielding and catalyst-free hydroamina- tion reactions with primary amines, yielding 1-amino-2-hydro- diborenes, which can be considered boron analogues of enamines. The electronics of the organic substituent at nitrogen influence the structure and further reactivity of the diborene product. With electron-rich anilines, a second hydroamination can occur at the diborene to generate 1,1-diamino-2,2-dihy- drodiboranes. With isopropylamine, the electronic influence of the alkyl substituent upon the diborene leads to an unprece- dented boron-mediated intramolecular N-dearylation reaction of an N-heterocyclic carbene unit.
This work involves the synthesis and reactivity of pseudohalide-substituted boranes and borylenes. A series of compounds of the type (CAAC)BR2Y (CAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene; R = H, Br; Y = CN, NCS, PCO) were prepared first. The two-electron reduction of (CAAC)BBr2Y (Y = CN, NCS) in the presence of a second Lewis base L (L = N-heterocyclic carbene) resulted in the formation of the corresponding doubly Lewis base-stabilized pseudohaloborylenes (CAAC)(L)BY. These borylenes show versatile reactivity patterns, including their oxidation to the corresponding radical cations, coordination via the respective pseudohalide substituent to group 6 metal carbonyl complexes, as well as a boron-centered protonation with Brønsted acids to boronium cations. Reduction of (CAAC)BBr2(NCS) in the absence of a second donor ligand, led to the formation of boron-doped thiazolothiazoles via reductive dimerization of two isothiocyanatoborylenes. These B,N,S-heterocycles possess a low degree of aromaticity as well as interesting photophysical properties and can furthermore be protonated as well as hydroborated. Additionally, CAAC adducts of the parent boraphosphaketene (CAAC)BH2(PCO) could be prepared, which readily reacted with boroles [Ph4BR'] (R' = aryl) via decarbonylation in a ring expansion reaction. The obtained 1,2-phosphaborinines represent B,P-isosteres of benzene and consequently could be coordinated to metal carbonyl complexes of the chromium triade via η6-coordination, resulting in new half-sandwich complexes thereof.
Reduction of (CAAC)BBr\(_2\)(NCS) (CAAC=cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene) in the presence of a Lewis base L yields tricoordinate (CAAC)LB(NCS) borylenes which undergo reversible E/Z-isomerization. The same reduction in the absence of L yields deep blue, bis(CAAC)-stabilized, boron-doped, aromatic thiazolothiazoles resulting from the dimerization of dicoordinate (CAAC)B(NCS) borylene intermediates.
Quantum chemical modeling of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters, in combination with data from the modern high-field/high-frequency EPR (HF-EPR) techniques, constitutes an invaluable analytical tool for gaining insight into radical-protein interactions, which determine the specificity and directionality of the radical-mediated biochemical processes. This thesis reports a series of density functional (DFT) studies on EPR parameters of several biologically relevant radicals and a series of molecular devices inspired by radical-protein interaction in photosystem I (PS-I). We demonstrate our methodology’s accuracy and capacity to provide insight into the in vivo environment and reactivity of bioradicals. Our DFT approach for the calculation of electronic g-tensors has been applied to semiquinone radical anions in the different protein environments of photosynthetic reaction centers. Supermolecular models have been constructed, based on combined crystallographic and quantum chemical structure data, for the QA and QB active sites of bacterial reaction centers, for the A1 site of PS-I, as well as for ubisemiquinone in frozen 2-propanol. After scaling of the computed gx components by 0.92, both gx and gy components computed at gradient-corrected DFT level with accurate spin-orbit operators agree with HF-EPR reference data essentially to within experimental accuracy in all four systems studied. The influence of the various semiquinone-protein non-covalent interactions has been studied by successive removal of individual residues from the models. The effects of hydrogen bonding to the two carbonyl oxygen atoms of the semiquinones was found to be nonadditive, due to compensating spin-polarization effects. The effects of tryptophan-semiquinone -stacking are different for QA and A1 sites. This may be traced back to a different alignment of the interacting fragments and to differential spin polarization. In the next part of this work our DFT methodology has been applied to the semiquinone in the environment of the “high-affinity” binding site of quinol oxidase (QH site). Recent multi-frequency EPR studies of the QH binding site of quinol oxidase have suggested a very asymmetric hydrogen-bonding environment for the semiquinone radical anion state. Single-sided hydrogen bonding to the O1 carbonyl position was one of the proposals, which contrasts with some previous experimental indications. The density functional calculations of the EPR parameters (g-tensors, 13C, 1H, and 17O hyperfine tensors) for a wide variety of supermolecular model complexes have been used to provide insight into the detailed relations between structure, environment and EPR parameters of ubisemiquinone radical anions. A single-sided binding model is not able to account for the experimentally observed low gx component of the g-tensor nor for the observed magnitude of the asymmetry of the 13C carbonyl hyperfine coupling (HFC) tensors. Based on the detailed comparison between computation and experiment, a model with two hydrogen bonds to O1 and one hydrogen bond to O4 was suggested for the QH site, but a model with one more hydrogen bond on each side could not be excluded. Additionally, several general conclusions on the interrelations between EPR parameters and hydrogen bond patterns of ubisemiquinones in proteins were provided. The computational studies related to the mechanism of electron transfer in PS-I gave an impetus to the theoretical design, based on quantum-chemical calculations, of relatively small rotational molecular motors made up from intramolecularly connected dyads consisting of a quinone unit and a pyrrole or indole moiety. It was shown computationally for several systems, depending on the length and attachment points of the interconnecting chains, that a reduction of the quinone to the semiquinone radical anion or quinolate dianion states leads to a reversible intramolecular reorientation from a -stacked to a T-stacked arrangement. In the rearranged structures, a hydrogen bond from the pyrrole or indole N-H function to the semiquinone or quinolate -system is created upon reduction. In some systems, hydrogen bonds to the semiquinone or quinolate oxygen atoms are partly feasible and will be preferred over T-stacking. It was shown that the intramolecular interactions modify the quinone redox potentials. The electronic g-tensors computed for the semiquinone states reflected characteristically the presence and nature of hydrogen bonds to the semiquinone and were suggested as suitable EPR spectroscopic probes for the preferred structures. Intramolecular proton transfer was observed to be possible in the dianionic state. In contrast to semiquinones, which represent paramagnetic states of enzyme cofactors, glycyl radicals are genuine protein radicals. As a step towards an in-depth understanding of the EPR parameters of glycyl radicals in proteins, the hyperfine- tensors and, particularly, the g-tensor of N-acetylglcyl in the environment of a single crystal of N-acetylglycine have been studied by systematic state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations on various suitable model systems. The quantitative computation of the g-tensors for such glycyl-derived radicals is a veritable challenge, mainly due to the very small g-anisotropy combined with a non-symmetrical, delocalized spin-density distribution and several atoms with comparable spin-orbit contributions to the g-tensors. The choice of gauge origin of the magnetic vector potential, and of approximate spin-orbit operators, both turn out to be more critical than found in previous studies of g-tensors for organic radicals. Environmental effects, included by supermolecular hydrogen-bonded models, were found to be moderate, due to a partial compensation between the influences from intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The largest effects on the g-tensor are caused by the conformation of the radical. The DFT methods employed systematically overestimate both the gx and gy components of the g-tensor. This is important for investigations on the protein-glycyl radicals (see next paragraph). The 1H and 13C hyperfine couplings depend only slightly on the supermolecular model chosen and appear less sensitive probes of detailed structure and environment. The number of enzymes that require a glycyl-based radical for their function is growing. Here we provide systematic quantum-chemical studies of spin-density distributions, electronic g-tensors, and hyperfine couplings of various models of protein-bound glycyl radicals. Similarly to what was found for N-acetylglycyl (see previous paragraph), the small g-anisotropy for this delocalized, unsymmetrical system presents appreciable challenges to state-of-the-art computational methodology. This pertains to the quality of structure optimization, as well as to the choice of spin-orbit Hamiltonian and gauge origin of the magnetic vector potential. Environmental effects due to hydrogen bonding are complicated and depend in a subtle fashion on the different intramolecular hydrogen bonding for different conformations of the radical. Indeed, the conformation has the largest overall effect on the computed g-tensors (less so on the hyperfine-tensors). We discuss this in the context of different g-tensors obtained by recent HF-EPR measurements for three different enzymes. Based on results of calibration study for N-acetylglycyl, we support that the glycyl radical observed for E.coli anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase (ARNR) has a fully extended conformation, which differs from those of the corresponding radicals in pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) or benzylsuccinate synthase (BSS).
Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der intraoperativen Schocktestung und weiterer Variablen auf die Schockeffektivität von implantierbaren Kardioverter Defibrillatoren. Studienkollektiv n=309, Datenerhebungszeitraum 2000 bis 2013, Vergleich einer ineffektiven und effektiven Schockgruppe hinsichtlich verschiedener Variablen.
1. Bis(1-(4-tolyl)-carboran-2-yl)-(4-tolyl)-borane, a new bis(o-carboranyl)-(R)-borane 1 was synthesised by lithiation of the o-carboranyl precursor and subsequent salt metathesis reaction with (4-tolyl)BBr2. Cyclic voltammetry experiments on 1 show multiple distinct reduction events with a one-electron first reduction. In a selective reduction experiment the corresponding paramagnetic radical anion 1•− was isolated and characterized. Single-crystal structure analyses allow an in-depth comparison of 1, 1•−, their calculated geometries, and the S1 excited state of 1.
2. The choice of backbone linker for ortho-bis-(9-borafluorene)s has a great influence on the LUMO located at the boron centers and therefore the reactivity of the respective compounds. Herein, we report the room temperature rearrangement of 1,2-bis-(9-borafluorenyl-)-ortho-carborane, C2B10H10-1,2-[B(C12H8)]2 ([2a]) featuring o-carborane as the inorganic three-dimensional backbone and the synthesis of 1,2-bis-(9-borafluorenyl-)benzene, C6H4-1,2-[B(C12H8)]2 (2b) its phenylene analog. DFT calculations on the transition state for the rearrangement support an intramolecular C–H bond activation process via an SEAr-like mechanism in [2a], and predicted that the same rearrangement would take place in 2b, but at elevated temperatures, which indeed proved to be the case.
3. We synthesized 4 a julolidine-like pyrenyl-o-carborane, with pyrene substituted at the 2,7-positions on the HOMO/LUMO nodal plane, continuing our research. Using solid state molecular structures, photophysical data, cyclic voltammetry, DFT and TD-DFT calculations we compare o-carborane and the B(mes)2 (mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) as acceptor groups and confirm the julolidine-like donor strength.
Die Darstellung von gespannten ansa-Komplexen verschiedener Übergangsmetall-Sandwichverbindungen gelingt durch Umsetzung von dimetallierten Metallocenvorstufen mit den entsprechenden Elementdiahlogeniden. Die Ringspannung in diesen Systemen kann für eine ausgeprägte Folgereaktivität (Ringöffnungsreaktionen, ROP, Diborierung, Bis(silylierung), etc.) ausgenutzt werden. Kristallstrukturanalysen verschiedener Borol-Derivate belegen die hohe Lewis-Azidität des Borzentrums sowie den antiaromatischen Charakter dieser Verbindungsklasse.
The present studies which have been performed in the work-group C-2 (Prof. W. Kiefer) within the program of the Sonderforschungsbereichs 347, deal with the FT-Raman and –IR spectroscopy on new organometallic complexes, synthesized in the work-groups B-2 (Prof. W. Malisch), B-3 (Prof. W. A. Schenk), D-1 (Prof. H. Werner) and D-4 (Prof. D. Stalke). The FT-Raman spectra recorded at 1064 nm led to very useful and interesting information. Furthermore, the DFT calculations which are known to offer promise of obtaining accurate vibrational wavenumbers, were successfully used for the assignment of the vibrational spectra. For the first time it has been possible to ascribe exactly the n(RhC) stretching mode in the vinylidene rhodium(I) complex trans-[RhF(=C=CH2)(PiPr3)2] by using isotopic substitution, in conjunction with theoretical calculations. This is also true for the complexes trans-[RhF(CO)(PiPr3)2], trans-[RhF(C2H4)(PiPr3)2], trans-[RhX(=C=CHPh)(PiPr3)2] (X = F, Cl, Br, I, Me, PhCºC) and trans-[RhX(CN-2,6-xylyl)(PiPr3)2] (X = F, Cl, Br, I, CºCPh). In addition, the comparison between the n(RhC) wavenumbers of the complexes trans-[RhF(=13C=13CH2)(PiPr3)2] and trans-[RhF(CO)(PiPr3)2], containing the isoelectronic ligands 13C=13CH2 and CO, which have the same reduced mass, indicated that the Rh-C bond is stronger in the carbonyl than in the vinylidene complex. Besides, the n(RhF) stretching mode, which has been observed at higher wavenumbers in the FT-Raman and -IR spectra of trans-[RhF(CO)(PiPr3)2], showed that the carbonyl ligand is a better p-acceptor and a less effective s-donor than the vinylidene one. Moreover, the comparison of the n(CºC) and n(Rh-C) modes from the FT-Raman spectrum of the complexes trans-[Rh(CºCPh)(L)(PiPr3)2] (L = C=CHPh, CO, CN-2,6-xylyl) point out that the p-acceptor ability of the ligand trans to CºCPh should rise in the order C=CH2 < CO < CN-2,6-xylyl £ C=CHPh. The investigated sensitivity of the n(RhC), n(CC), n(CO) and n(CN) vibrational modes to the electronic modifications occuring in the vinylidene, carbonyl, ethylene and isonitrile complexes, should allow in the future the examination of the p-acceptor or p-donor properties of further ligands. Likewise, we were able to characterize the influence of various X ligands on the RhC bond by using the n(RhC) stretching mode as a probe for the weakening of this. The calculated wavenumbers of the n(RhC) for the vinylidene complexes trans-[RhX(=C=CHR)(PiPr3)2], where R = H or Ph, suggested that the strength of the Rh=C bond increases along the sequence X = CºCPh < CH3 < I < Br < Cl < F. For the series of carbonyl compounds trans-[RhX(CO)(PiPr3)2], where X = F, Cl, Br and I, analogous results have been obtained and confirmed from the model compounds trans-[RhX(CO)(PMe3)2]. Since, the calculated vibrational modes for the ethylene complex trans-[RhF(C2H4)(PiPr3)2] were in good agreement with the experimental results and supported the description of this complex as a metallacyclopropane, we were interested in getting more information upon this class of compounds. In this context, we have recorded the FT-Raman and -IR spectra of the thioaldehyde complexes mer-[W(CO)3(dmpe)(h2-S=CH2)] and mer-[W(CO)3(dmpe)(h2-S=CD2)] which have been synthezised by B-3. The positions of the different WL vibrational modes anticipated by the DFT calculations, were consistent with the experimental results. Indeed, the analysis of the band shifts in the FT-Raman and –IR spectra of the isotopomer mer-[W(CO)3(dmpe)(h2-S=CD2)] confirmed our assignment. The different stereoisomers of complex mer-[W(CO)3(dmpe)(h2-S=CH2)] were investigated too, since RMN and IR-data have shown that complex mer-[W(CO)3(dmpe)(h2-S=CH2)] lead in solution to an equilibrium. Since the information on the vibrational spectra of the molybdenum and tungsten complexes Cp(CO)2M-PR2-X (M = Mo, W; R = Me, tBu, Ph; X = S, Se) is very scarce, we extended our research work to this class of compounds. We have tried to elucidate the bonding properties in these chalcogenoheterocycle complexes by taking advantage of the mass effect on the different metal atoms (W vs. Mo). Thus, the observed band shifts allowed to assign most of the ML fundamental modes of these complexes. This project and the following one were a cooperation within the work-group B-2. The Raman and IR spectra of the matrix isolated photoproducts expected by the UV irradiation of the iron silyl complex Cp(CO)2FeSiH2CH3 have been already reported by Claudia Fickert and Volker Nagel in their PhD-thesis. Since no exact assignment was feasible for these spectra, we were interested in the study of the reaction products created by irradiation of the carbonyl iron silyl complex Cp(CO)2FeCH2SiH3. Although the calculated characteristic vibrational modes of the metal ligand unit for the various photoproducts are significantly different in constitution, they are very similar in wavenumbers, which did not simplify their identification. However, the theoretical results have been found to be consistent with the earlier experimental results. Finally, the last part of this thesis has been devoted to the (2-Py)2E- anions which exhibit a high selectivity toward metal-coordination. All di(2-pyridyl) amides and -phosphides which were synthesized by D-4, coordinate the R2Al+ fragment via both ring nitrogen atoms. This already suggests that the charge density in the anions is coupled into the rings and accumulated at the ring nitrogen atoms, but the Lewis basicity of the central nitrogen atom in Et2Al(2-Py)2N is still high enough to coordinate a second equivalent AlEt3 to form the Lewis acid base adduct Et2Al(2-Py)2NAlEt3. Due to the higher electronegativity of the central nitrogen atom in Me2Al(2-Py)2N, Et2Al(2-Py)2N and Et2Al(2-Py)2NAlEt3, compared to the bridging two coordinated phosphorus atom in Me2Al(2-Py)2P and Et2Al(2-Py)2P, the di(2-pyridyl)amide is the hardest Lewis base. In the phosphides merely all charge density couples into the rings leaving the central phosphorus atom only attractive for soft metals. These results were confirmed by using DFT and MP2 calculations. Moreover, a similar behaviour has been observed and described for the benzothiazolyl complex [Me2Al{Py(Bth)P}], where complementary investigations are to be continued. The DFT calculations carried out on the model compounds analysed in these studies supply very accurate wavenumbers and molecular geometries, these being in excellent agreement with the experimental results obtained from the corresponding isolated complexes.
In der Arbeit wurden die Strukturen, Reaktivitäten und die Photophysik von verschiedenen Kupfer(I)-Komplexen untersucht. Dazu wurden zunächst Kupfer(I)-Halogenid und -Pseudohalogenid Verbindungen der Typen [CuX] und [Cu2I2] mit Phenanthrolin und dessen Derivaten sowohl strukturell als auch photophysikalisch detailliert charakterisiert. Diese Verbindungen weisen eine breite XMLCT-Absorption zwischen 450-600 nm und Emissionsbanden zwischen 550-850 nm im Festkörper auf. Es zeigte sich für diese strukturell einfachen Verbindungen ein komplexes und sehr unterschiedliches photophysikalisches Verhalten. Dabei wurde neben strukturellen Parametern, wie z.B. π-Wechselwirkungen, auch der Einfluss des Halogen bzw. Pseudohalogenatoms untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mindestens zwei angeregte Zustände an der Emission von [CuI(dtbphen)] (16) und [CuBr(dtbphen)] (17) im Feststoff beteiligt sind und es wurden mögliche Mechanismen wie TADF und die Beteiligung von zwei Triplett Zuständen diskutiert. Die Glasmatrixmessungen von 17 in 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran wie auch die temperaturabhängigen Messungen von [Cu2(µ2-I)2(dmphen)2] (21) zeigen im Gegensatz dazu keinen Hinweis auf TADF. In der Summe zeichnet sich ein komplexes photophysikalisches Bild dieser Komplexe, in der neben molekularen Parametern auch Festkörpereffekte eine wichtige Rolle spielen und die eine einfache Zuordnung zu einem bestimmten Mechanismus schwierig machen.
Neuartige Verbindungen mit einem Cuban-Strukturmotiv [L4Cu4X4] (X = Br (32) und Cl (33)), die von einem Phosphininliganden (L = 2,4-Diphenyl-5-methyl-6-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-phosphinin, 31) koordiniert sind, wurden in einer weiteren Studie photophysikalisch untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Schweratomkomplexen des Phosphinins, wie z.B. [Ir(C^P)3] (mit C^P = cyclometalliertes 2,4,6-Triphenylphosphinin) zeigen die Cu(I)-Verbindungen bereits bei Raumtemperatur eine intensive Phosphoreszenz. Die LE-Emission kann auf der Grundlage von DFT-Rechnungen einem 3XMLCT Zustand zugeordnet werden. Im Kontrast zu strukturanalogen Pyridin Komplexen ist kein clusterzentrierter 3CC Übergang festzustellen, sondern eine schwache HE-Emissionsbande ist mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit der Restfluoreszenz des Phosphininliganden 31 geschuldet.
Eine weitere Ligandenmodifikation wurde mit der Einführung von NHCs als starke σ-Donor Liganden erreicht.
Einerseits wurde die Photophysik von [Cu2Cl2(NHC^Pic)2]-Systemen (mit NHC^Pic = N-Aryl-N'-(2-picolyl) imidazolin 2 yliden) untersucht, die einen Hybridliganden mit Picolyl- und NHC Funktionalität beinhalten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Verknüpfung eines starken σ-Donoren und eines π*-Akzeptors zu hohen Quantenausbeuten von bis zu 70% führen kann, wenn zusätzlich auch dispersive Cu-Cu-Wechselwirkungen vorhanden sind. Die Effizienz der Emission kann sich bei Anwesenheit dieser dispersiven Interaktionen im Gegensatz zu Systemen ohne kurze Cu-Cu-Abstände um den Faktor zwei erhöhen. Dinukleare Strukturen von Typ [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicR)2] wurden für die Komplexe 41-44 gefunden, die einen Donor-Substituenten in der para-Position der Picolyl-Funktionalität tragen. Für eine Nitro-Gruppe in der 4-Postion konnte der mononukleare Komplex [CuCl(IMesPicR)] (45) isoliert werden. Ferner können die Substituenten am NHC ebenfalls die Strukturen im Festkörper beeinflussen. So kann für 46 eine polymere Struktur [CuCl(IDippPic)]∞ festgestellt werden. Die Emission in diesen Systemen ist mit einer Elektronenumverteilung aus der Pyridin- und Carbenfunktionalität in das Kupfer- bzw. Chloridatom (LMXCT-Übergang) verbunden. Dabei zeigen die Komplexe [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicH)2] (41), [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicMe)2] (42) und [Cu2Cl2(IMesPicCl)2] (43) zusätzlich Anzeichen von TADF.
Zum anderem sind NHC Liganden und dispersive Cu-Cu-Wechselwirkungen Gegenstand einer weiteren strukturellen und photophysikalischen Studie. In dieser wurden die Cu-Cu-Abstände in dinuklearen Kupfer(I)-Bis-NHC-Komplexen [Cu2(tBuIm2(R^R))2](PF6)2 (50-52) durch die Einführung von Methylen, Ethylen und Propylenbrückeneinheiten systematisch variiert. Die erhaltenen Komplexe wurden strukturell und photophysikalisch mit einem mononuklearen Komplex [Cu(tBu2Im)2](PF6) (53) verglichen. Dadurch konnte der Einfluss von kurzen Cu-Cu-Abständen auf die Emissionseigenschaften gezeigt werden, auch wenn der genaue Ursprung einer ebenfalls beobachteten Mechanochromie noch nicht gänzlich aufgeklärt ist. Möglich ist die Existenz verschiedener Konformere in den Pulverproben (Polymorphie), die das Entstehen niederenergetischer Banden in der zerriebenen, amorphen Pulverprobe von [Cu2(tBuIm2(C3H6))2](PF6)2 (52), aber auch die duale Emissionen von [Cu2(tBuIm2(CH2))2](PF6)2 (50) und [Cu2(tBuIm2(C2H4))2](PF6)2 (51) erklären könnten. Die hochenergetische Bande kann für alle Komplexe aufgrund von DFT-und TD-DFT-Rechnungen, 3LMCT Zuständen zugeordnet werden, während niederenergetische Emissionsbanden immer dann zu erwarten sind, wenn 3MC-Zustände populiert werden können, bzw. wenn dispersive Cu-Cu-Wechselwirkungen möglich sind. Der letzte Beweis steht jedoch mit der Isolation anderer polymorpher Phasen und derer photophysikalischen Charakterisierung noch aus.
Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, wie die Deformations und Interaktionsenergie das Koordinationsverhalten und die Reaktivität von d10 [M(NHC)n]-Komplexen beeinflussen können. Hierzu wurden die Bildung von d10-[M(NHC)n]-Komplexen (n = 1-4; mit M = Co-, Rh-, Ir-, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+) in der Gasphase und in polarer Lösung (DMSO) auf DFT-D3(BJ)-ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P-Niveau berechnet und die Bindungssituation der Metall-Carben-Bindung analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass dikoordinierte Komplexe [M(NHC)2] für alle d10-Metalle thermodynamisch stabile Spezies darstellen, jedoch jede weitere höhere Koordination stark vom Metall bzw. von der Deformationsenergie abhängen. Hier konnte auf Grundlage einer quantitativen Kohn Sham-Molekülorbitalbetrachtung die Ursache für die unterschiedlich hohen Werte der Deformationsenergie (ΔEdef) in den NHC‒M‒NHC-Fragmenten aufgeklärt werden. Hohe Werte sind auf ein effektives sd-Mischen bzw. auf das σ-Bindungsgerüsts zurückzuführen, während niedrige bzw. negative Werte von ΔEdef mit einem signifikanten π-Rückbindungsanteil assoziiert sind. Zudem ist ein hoher elektrostatischer Anteil in der Interaktionsenergie ein wichtiger Faktor. So können trotz hoher berechneter Werte für die Deformationsenergien der Gruppe 12 (Zn(II), Cd(II) und Hg(II)), tetrakoordinierte Komplexe der Form [M(NHC)4] hohe thermodynamische Stabilität aufweisen. Diese allgemeinen Beobachtungen sollten nicht auf den NHC-Liganden beschränkt sein, und sind deswegen für Synthesen und Katalysezyklen von Bedeutung, in denen d10-MLn (n = 1-4) Komplexe Anwendung finden.