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In food and pharmaceutical analysis, the classical indices peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV) and p-anisidine value (ANV) still play an important role as quality and authenticity control parameters of fats and oils. These indices are sum parameters for certain deterioration products (PV for hydroperoxides, AV for free fatty acids, ANV for aldehydes) and are obtained using volumetric or UV/VIS spectroscopic analytical approaches. 1H NMR spectroscopy provides a fast and simple alternative to these classical approaches. In the present work, novel 1H NMR methods to determine hydroperoxides, free fatty acids and aldehydes in fats and oils were developed.
Hydroperoxides:
The influence of solvent, water, free fatty acids and sample weight on the hydroperoxide group proton (OOH) signal was investigated. On the basis of the obtained results, the sample preparation procedure of the new 1H NMR method was established. A rough assignment of the hydroperoxide group signals in edible fats and oils to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate was conducted. Furthermore, to gain information on how many different hydroperoxide species originate from trioleate autoxidation, a kinetic study on trioleate monohydroperoxides was performed. The evaluation of the data strongly indicates that all of the conceivable 18 trioleate monohydroperoxides were formed during trioleate autoxidation. The analytical performance of the NMR method was compared to that of the classical PV approach by means of the so-called “relative sensitivity” according to Mandel. It was shown that both methods exhibit a similar analytical performance. A total of 444 edible oil samples were analysed using both methods. For some oil varieties considerable discrepancies were found between the results. In the case of black seed oil and olive oil two substances were identified that influence the classical PV determination and thus cause positive (black seed oil) and negative (olive oil) deviations from the theoretical PV expected from the NMR values.
Free fatty acids:
In order to find the optimal solvent mixture to measure the carboxyl group protons (COOH) of free fatty acids in fats and oils, the effect of solvent on the COOH signal was investigated for different mixtures of CDCl3 and DMSO-d6. The comparison of the NMR method with the classical AV method by means of the relative sensitivity revealed that both methods exhibit a similar analytical performance. 420 edible oil samples were analysed by both approaches. Except for pumpkin seed oil, where slight deviations were observed, there was a good compliance between the results obtained from the two methods. Furthermore, the applicability of the 1H NMR assay to further lipids with relevance in pharmacy was tested. For hard fat, castor oil, waxes and oleyl oleate modifications of the original sample preparation procedure of the NMR method were necessary to achieve comparable results for both methods.
Aldehydes:
The new 1H NMR method enables the determination of the molar amounts of n-alkanals, (E)-2-alkenals and (E,E)-2,4-alkadienals. It was illustrated that the ANV can be modelled as a linear combination of the NMR integrals of these aldehyde species. A functional relationship was derived on the basis In conclusion, the new 1H NMR methods provide an excellent alternative to of calibration experiments. The suitability of the model was shown by comparing the NMR-determined ANVs with the measured classical ANVs of 79 commercially available edible oils of different oil types.
In conclusion, the new 1H NMR methods provide an excellent alternative to the determination of the classical indices PV, AV and ANV. They have several advantages over the classical methods including the consumption of small solvent amounts, the ability to automatize measurement and to acquire several different parameters out of the same NMR spectrum. Especially concerning their selectivity, the 1H NMR methods are highly superior to the classical methods.
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are able to specifically direct T cells to tumor antigens and therapy with anti-CD19 CARs has already cured cancer patients with B-cell lymphomas who have undergone long-term therapy non-successful. Despite this impressive result, the therapy is currently only approved as a last treatment option for blood cancers due to its life-threatening deficiencies. For patient safety and to enable additional application such as the treatment of solid tumors, CAR-T cells must be controllable, e. g. by chemically programmable CARs (cpCARs) regulated by hapten-like compounds.
This thesis reports the synthesis and characterization of such hapten-like compounds. In the first step, seven different warheads with two different spacers were bound to biotin in order to find a suitable warhead for programming the cpCAR.
In a second step, synthetic routes for the three pharmacophores folate, c(RGD), and an RGD peptidomimetic were developed. The routes allow the modification of the pharmacophores with one of the warheads from the first step. CuAAC was chosen as a bioorthogonal approach to link pharmacophores and warheads.
In total, three different pharmacophores were modified with the 1,3-diketone motif of compound 21 leading to 112, 113 and 128. Activation of the T-cell signaling cascade was tested after binding of these hapten-like compounds to the cpCAR in the presence of suitable target structures. For 112, only a slight, non-significant, activation of the T-cell signaling cascade was observed, whereas for 113 and 128, a significant activation of the T-cell signaling cascade was observed.
The poor solubility of the folate compounds led to alternative strategies. Folic acid was exchanged by pteroic acid and the bifunctional, linear compounds were enlarged to trifunctional dendrimers.
Besides the reported regioisomer in 112, a second one, which was not reported to date, occurred by the cyclization of the linear RGD pentapeptide leading to 113.
After the reported synthesis of an RGD peptidomimetic analogous to 128 could not be reproduced, a new synthetic route was developed. It also consists of 17 steps, but reduces the number of linear steps from 13 to 10. Moreover, the developed route contains an asymmetric hydrogenation step and is, compared to the published one, more flexible by the use of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). In addition, an unknown reaction was observed. Instead of the formation of a Schiff base in the reductive amination of 129, an insertion of propargylamine occurred forming 131. The reaction is almost quantitative and in high purity. After requiring no purification, it could be predestined for industrial purposes, such as the synthesis of N-functionalized 1,2-dihydroquinolines or as a building block with various orthogonal functional groups.
Besides the sulfonamide 16, the diketone (21, 27, 31) and lactam compounds (39 – 41), experiments on adapter molecules with further warheads were performed. In the synthesis of a proadapter approach, in which the warhead is formed only after the retro-aldol reaction catalyzed by the mAb, 6 of 10 steps were successfully performed. A newly developed synthesis to keto-sulfonyl and keto-sulfoxide compounds could not be completed but was performed on a small scale to the point of keto-sulfonyl and keto-sulfoxide. Furthermore, a universal synthesis route was designed to allow the introduction of the warhead at the end of the synthesis by acylation. Thus, after 5 shared steps, 3 of them in quantitative yield, different warheads may be introduced. Moreover, this also facilitates the purification and the analysis of the compounds by the absence of tautomerism or labile groups. However, the acylation experiments were not successful with either the acid cyanide or the Weinreb amide.
In summary, this thesis has proven that the 1,3-diketone motif is a suitable warhead for programming the cpCAR, which was developed by Hudecek et al. (unpublished data). The hapten-like compounds 112, 113 and 128 simultaneously bind to integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ and the cpCAR activating the T-cell signaling cascade. The modular synthesis strategy and the use of the bioorthogonal CuAAC allow straightforward access to these valuable immunotherapeutics but revealed the need for an additional purification step to remove copper ions.
In this thesis, a new approach of a qNMR method has been investigated to demonstrate the reliability and importance of this method as an alternative solution for analyzing oil quality parameters, especially in RFO, which has particular characteristics (red color). This study also includes the chemometric evaluation of spectral data for authentication, visual grouping, and prediction of RFO quality based on the degree of unsaturation, FFA value, and unsaturated fatty acid content.
The analytical measurement procedure of NMR spectroscopy begins with optimization of the analytical acquisition parameters, including effect of solvent, effect of sample concentration, selection of appropriate internal standards, determination of T1, and method validation. Furthermore, the results of the method development were interpreted to RFO samples evaluation, which began with determining the assignment of signal spectra for the determination of AV, SV, EV, and IV simultaneously with: the hydrolysis approach and standard addition of palmitic acid.
For the quality assurance of substances for pharmaceutical use, a variety of analytical techniques are available to address specific analytical problems. In this field of application, liquid chromatography (LC) stands out as the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry. Various detectors can be employed, which are e.g. based on UV/Vis spectroscopy for the examination of molecules with a chromophore, or mass spectrometry (MS) for structural elucidation of analytes. For the separation of enantiomers, the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) may be more favorable due to the high separation efficiency and easy-to-use and comparatively inexpensive chiral selectors, in contrast to chiral columns for LC, which are usually very expensive and limited to a restricted number of analytes. For structure elucidation in impurity profiling, one- and multidimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy is a valuable tool as long as the analyte molecule has got nuclei that can be detected, which applies for the magnitude of organic pharmaceutical substances.
For the evaluation of the amount of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in various paraffin samples from different suppliers, a straightforward method based on 1H NMR spectroscopy was elaborated. The MOAH/MOSH ratio was used to indicate the amount of MOAH of paraffins and to evaluate the extent of refining. In addition, a representative paraffin sample was measured without sample solvent at high temperatures (about 340 K) to avoid the interfering residual solvent signals in the spectral regions of interest. The results of both methods were in good accordance.
Moreover, the 1H NMR results were complemented with the UV measurements from the purity testing of paraffins according to the DAB 8. Correlations of the NMR and UV spectroscopic data indicated a linear relationship of both methods for the determination of MOAH in paraffins.
Finally, the 1H NMR data was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) to explore differences within the paraffin samples and the spectral regions in the 1H NMR spectrum which are responsible for the formation of groups. It could be found that most variation is due to the MOSH of the paraffins. The PCA model was capable of differentiating between soft, liquid and solid paraffins on the one hand and between natural and synthetic liquid paraffins on the other hand.
The impurity profiling of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate magnesium (A2PMg) was performed by means of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Several ethylated impurities could be detected, which were likely to be formed during synthesis of A2PMg. The structures of two of the ethylated impurities were identified as ascorbic acid 2-phosphate ethyl ester and ethanol, (residual solvent from synthesis). NMR spectroscopic studies of the fractions obtained from preparative HPLC of A2PMg revealed two additional impurities, which were identified as phosphorylated derivatives of ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid 3,5-phosphate and ascorbic acid 5-phosphate.
Solid state mechanochemistry as an alternative approach for stress testing was applied on the drug substances S-Ibuprofen (Ibu) and Clopidogrel (CLP) using a ball mill, in order to study their degradation profile:
First, the isomerization of S-Ibu was investigated, which was stressed in the solid state applying several milling frequencies and durations under basic, acidic and neutral conditions. For the separation of Ibu enantiomers, a chiral CE method was developed and validated according to ICH Q2(R1). It was found that S-Ibu is overall very stable to isomerization; it shows minor conversion into the R-enantiomer under basic environment applying long milling times and high frequencies.
Last, the degradation profile of clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (CLP) was investigated, which was stressed in the solid state under various oxidative conditions. An already existing HPLC-UV method was adjusted to sufficiently separate the degradation products, which were characterized by means of UV and MS/(MS) detection. Most of the degradation products identified were already reported to result from conventional CLP stress tests. The degradation profile of CLP was mainly influenced by the material of the milling jar and the type of catalyst used.
Supramolecular self-assembly of perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes via non-covalent forces gives rise to a high number of different PBI architectures with unique optical and functional properties. As these properties can be drastically influenced by only slightly structural changes of the formed supramolecular ensembles (Chapter 2.1) the controlled self-assembly of PBI dyes became a central point of current research to design innovative materials with a high potential for different applications as for example in the fields of organic electronics or photovoltaics.
As PBI dyes show a strong tendency to form infinite aggregated structures (Chapter 2.2) the aim of this thesis was to precisely control their self-assembly to create small, structurally well-defined PBI assemblies in solution. Chapter 2.3 provides an overview on literature known strategies that were established to realize this aim. It could be demonstrated that especially backbone-directed intra- and intermolecular self-assembly of covalently linked Bis-PBI dyes evolved as one of the most used strategies to define the number of stacked PBI chromophores by using careful designed spacer units with regard to their length and flexibility.
By using conventional spectroscopic methods like UV/Vis and fluorescence experiments in combination with NMR measurements an in-depth comparison of the molecular and optical properties in solution both in the non-stacked and aggregated state of the target compounds could be elucidated to reveal structure-property relationships of different PBI architectures. Thus, it could be demonstrated, that spacer units that pre-organize two PBI chromophores with an inter-planar distance of r < 7 Å lead to an intramolecular folding, whereas linker moieties with a length between 7 to 11 Å result in an intermolecular self-assembly of the respective Bis-PBIs dyes via dimerization to form well-defined quadruple PBI pi-stacks. Hence, if the used spacer units ensure an inter-planar distance r > 14 Å larger oligomeric PBI pi-stacks are generated.
In Chapter 4 a detailed analysis of the exciton coupling in a highly defined H-aggregate quadruple PBI pi-stack is presented. Therefore, bay-tethered PBI dye Bis-PBI 1 was investigated by concentration-dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy in THF and toluene as well as by 2D-DOSY-NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry and AFM measurements confirming that Bis-PBI 1 self-assembles exclusively into dimers with four closely pi-stacked PBI chromophores. Furthermore, with the aid of broadband fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (FLUPS) ensuring broadband detection range and ultrafast time resolution at once, ultrafast Frenkel exciton relaxation and excimer formation dynamics in the PBI quadruple pi-stack within 1 ps was successfully investigated in cooperation with the group of Dongho Kim. Thus, it was possible to gain for the first time insights into the exciton dynamics within a highly defined synthetic dye aggregate beyond dimers. By analysing the vibronic line shape in the early-time transient fluorescence spectra in detail, it could be demonstrated that the Frenkel exciton is entirely delocalized along the quadruple stack after photoexcitation and immediately loses its coherence followed by the formation of the excimer state.
In Chapter 5 four well-defined Bis-PBI folda-dimers Bis-PBIs 2-4 were introduced, where linker units of different length (r < 7 Å) and steric demand were used to gain distinct PBI dye assemblies in the folded state. Structural elucidation based on in-depth UV/Vis, CD and fluorescence experiments in combination with 1D and 2D NMR studies reveals a stacking of the two PBI chromophores upon folding, where geometry-optimized structures obtained from DFT calculations suggest only slightly different arrangements of the PBI units enforced by the distinct spacer moieties. With the resulting optical signatures of Bis-PBIs 2-4 ranging from conventional Hj-type to monomer like absorption features, the first experimental proof of a PBI-based “null-aggregate” could be presented, in which long- and short-range exciton coupling fully compensate each other. Hence, the insights of this chapter pinpoint the importance of charge-transfer mediated short-range exciton coupling that can significantly influence the properties of pi-stacked PBI chromophores
In the last part of this thesis (Chapter 6), spacer-controlled self-assembly of four bay-linked Bis-PBI dyes Bis-PBIs 5-8 into well-defined supramolecular architectures was investigated, where the final aggregate structures are substantially defined by the nature of the used spacer units. By systematically extending the backbone length from 7 to 15 Å defining the inter-planar distance between the tethered chromophores, different assemblies from defined quadruple PBI pi-stacks to larger oligomeric pi-stacks could be gained upon aggregation.
In conclusion, the synthesis of nine covalently linked PBI dyes in combination with a detailed investigation of their spacer-mediated self-assembly behaviour in solution concerning structure-properties-relationships was presented within this thesis. The results confirm a strong exciton coupling in different types of Bis-PBI architectures e.g. folda-dimers or highly defined quadruple pi-stacks, which significantly influences their optical properties upon self-assembly.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung und die Anfertigung eines 3D Erdfeld-NMR Tomographen, um damit die benötigte Technik der MR eines MR-MPI-Tomographen am Lehrstuhl zu etablieren. Daraufhin wurden alle nötigen Komponenten für ein komplettes 3D Erdfeld-NMR-System entwickelt, gebaut und getestet. Mit diesem Wissen wurde in enger Zusammenarbeit mit der MPI-Arbeitsgruppe am Lehrstuhl ein multimodaler MR-MPI-Tomograph angefertigt und die prinzipielle Machbarkeit der technischen Kombination dieser zwei Modalitäten (MRT/MPI) in einer einzigen Apparatur gezeigt.
Auf diesem Entwicklungsweg sind zusätzlich innovative Systemkomponenten entstanden, wie der Bau eines neuen Präpolarisationssystems, mit dem das Präpolarisationsfeld kontrolliert und optimiert abgeschaltet werden kann. Des Weiteren wurde ein neuartiges 3D Gradientensystem entwickelt, das parallel und senkrecht zum Erdmagnetfeld ausgerichtet werden kann, ohne die Bildgebungseigenschaften zu verlieren. Hierfür wurde ein 3D Standard-Gradientensystem mit nur einer weiteren Spule, auf insgesamt vier Gradientenspulen erweitert. Diese wurden entworfen, gefertigt und anhand von Magnetfeldkarten ausgemessen. Anschließend konnten diese Ergebnisse mit der hier präsentierten Theorie und den Simulationsergebnissen übereinstimmend verglichen werden.
MPI (Magnetic Particle Imaging) ist eine neue Bildgebungstechnik mit der nur Kontrastmittel detektiert werden können. Das hat den Vorteil der direkten und eindeutigen Detektion von Kontrastmitteln, jedoch fehlt die Hintergrundinformation der Probe. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten prognostizieren großes Potential, die Hintergrundinformationen der MRT mit den hochauflösenden Kontrastmittelinformationen mittels MPI zu kombinieren. Jedoch war es bis jetzt nicht möglich, diese beiden Techniken in einer einzigen Apparatur zu etablieren. Mit diesem Prototyp konnte erstmalig eine MR-MPI-Messung ohne Probentransfer durchgeführt und die empfindliche Lokalisation von Kontrastmittel mit der Überlagerung der notwendigen Hintergrundinformation der Probe gezeigt werden. Dies ist ein Meilenstein in der Entwicklung der Kombination von MRT und MPI und bringt die Vision eines zukünftigen, klinischen, multimodalen MR-MPI-Tomographen ein großes Stück näher.
No abstract available
Dank der mit modernen NMR-Spektrometern (Kernspintomographen) routinemäßig realisierbaren isotropen räumlichen Auflösungen von wenigen Mikrometern, ergeben sich für die 1H NMR-Mikroskopie zahlreiche neue Anwendungsgebiete. Allerdings sind die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der NMR-Mikroskopie bezüglich ihrer praktischen Anwendbarkeit bisher nur wenig untersucht worden. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist im Bereich der biophysikalischen Grundlagenforschung angesiedelt und soll die praktische Anwendbarkeit der NMR-Mikroskopie auf neuen medizinischen und biologischen Anwendungsgebieten anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen aus diesen Bereichen demonstrieren. Die einzelnen Projekte besitzen deswegen immer auch den Charakter von Machbarkeitsstudien, die aufzeigen sollen, welche Möglichkeiten und Vorteile die NMR-Mikroskopie im Vergleich zu etablierten Untersuchungsmethoden bietet. Im Detail wurden unterschiedliche lebende und fixierte biologische Proben mittels NMR-Mikroskopie zerstörungsfrei und räumlich hochaufgelöst dargestellt. Dabei variierte die spezielle Zielsetzung von der Visualisierung der Invasion eines Tumorsphäroiden in ein Zellaggregat anhand von T2-Parameterkarten (Zeitkonstante der Spin-Spin-Relaxation) über die dreidimensionale Darstellung des Gehirns der Honigbiene in der intakten Kopfkapsel bis hin zur nicht-invassiven Abbildung der Anatomie prenataler Delphine. Für alle durchgeführten Projekte war der nicht-invasive Charakter der NMR-Experimente von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die zu beobachtende Tumorinvasion durfte nicht durch die Messung beeinflusst werden, das Bienengehirn sollte möglichst naturgetreu abgebildet werden, und die untersuchten Delphine sind seltene Museumsstücke, die nicht zerstört werden durften. Die verschiedenen Proben wurden mit der jeweils bestmöglichen räumlichen Auflösung visualisiert, die sich entweder durch das minimal nötige Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) oder durch die zur Verfügung stehende Messzeit ergab. Um einzelne feine Strukturen in den Bildern auflösen zu können, mussten sowohl das SNR, als auch das Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis optimiert werden. Die Messungen wurden an Hochfeld-NMR-Spektrometern bei 500 und 750 MHz durchgeführt, um das für die hohe Auflösung notwendige SNR zu gewährleisten. Mit den Experimenten konnten zahlreiche Fragen bezüglich mikroskopischer Details der verschiedenen untersuchten Proben nicht-invasiv beantworten werden. Gleichzeitig führten sie zu neuen interessanten Fragestellungen bezüglich der NMR-Mikroskopie an fixierten Proben. Darüber hinaus konnte die praktische Anwendbarkeit der NMR-Mikroskopie als Alternative bzw. Ergänzung zu herkömmlichen Untersuchungsmethoden wie der konfokalen Lasermikroskopie bei der Visualisierung des Bienengehirns und der konventionellen Histologie bei der Untersuchung der Anatomie der prenatalen Delphine demonstriert werden. Durch die Untersuchung der speziellen Vorteile und der Grenzen der Anwendung der NMR-Mikroskopie gegenüber den herkömmlichen Untersuchungsmethoden konnte konkret der praktische Nutzen ihres Einsatzes aufgezeigt und Ergebnisse erzielt werden, die sonst nicht erzielbar wären. Gerade der Einsatz der NMR-Mikroskopie in Form der NMR-Histologie stellt einen vielversprechenden Weg zur Etablierung der NMR-Mikroskopie als Routineuntersuchungsmethode dar. Als ebenso erfolgreich hat sich die Anwendung der NMR-Mikroskopie als Untersuchungsmethode bei der Beobachtung der Tumorinvasion erwiesen, so dass sie auch in der medizinischen in-vitro Forschung und Therapiesimulation als sinnvolle Alternative zu den vorhandenen Methoden angesehen werden kann. Anhand der ausgewählten Anwendungsbeispiele ist es in dieser Arbeit somit gelungen, neue, konkrete Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die NMR-Mikroskopie zu eröffnen und ihre praktische Anwendbarkeit als Untersuchungsmethode für Fragestellungen im Bereich der medizinischen in-vitro Forschung und verschiedener neuro- und entwicklungsbiologischer Bereiche zu demonstrieren.
Der Morbus Fabry ist eine lysosomale Speicherkrankheit, die auf einem Mangel des Enzyms a-Galaktosidase A beruht. Die Krankheit wird X-chromosomal rezessiv vererbt und entsteht durch Mutation des a-Galaktosidase-Gens auf dem langen Arm des Chromosoms Xq22. Durch die erniedrigte bzw. fehlende Enzymaktivität kommt es zu einer übermäßigen Ablagerung von Glykosphingolipiden in sämtlichen Geweben des menschlichen Körpers, besonders betroffen sind Herz, Nieren, Gefäße und ZNS. Die Krankheit ist durch einen progredienten Verlauf und einer eingeschränkten Lebenserwartung gekennzeichnet. Insbesondere die kardialen Auswirkungen wie Herzrhythmusstörungen, Klappenvitien und linksventrikuläre Hypertrophie führen zur Herzinsuffizienz und fast immer zu einem meist frühzeitigen Tod durch Herzversagen. Seit einiger Zeit steht in der Enzymersatztherapie mit rekombinanter a-Galaktosidase A (Agalsidase) eine kausale Behandlung zur Verfügung. Unter der Therapie mit Agalsidase zeigen sich auch Verbesserungen der kardialen Parameter, insbesondere eine Reduktion der linksventrikulären Masse. Zur Kontrolle und zur Dokumentation der medikamentösen Wirkung an den verschiedenen Organen waren und sind klinische Studien und Untersuchungen der betroffenen Patienten notwendig. Zur Beurteilung der kardialen Funktion steht, neben den bekannten Routineverfahren wie der Echokardiographie und der MR-Bildgebung, mit der 31P-Magnetresonanz-Spektroskopie ein nicht invasives Verfahren zur Beurteilung des myokardialen Stoffwechsels zur Verfügung. Mit Hilfe von speziellen Auswerteprogrammen können die Absolutkonzentrationen von energiereichen Metaboliten, besonders von Phosphokreatin und Adenosintriphosphat, im Herzmuskel in vivo bestimmt werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war zunächst einmal die Messung der Konzentrationen der energiereichen Metabolite im Myokard von Patienten mit Morbus Fabry und der Vergleich der Daten mit denen von gesunden Probanden. Des weiteren wurde die Patientengruppe unter Therapie mit Agalsidase b einer frühen und einer späten Kontrolluntersuchung mittels MR-Spektroskopie unterzogen, um Veränderungen im kardialen Metabolismus darzustellen. Die spektroskopischen Daten gaben Aufschluss über Ausmaß der Beeinträchtigung des myokardialen Stoffwechsels aufgrund der Gb3-Ablagerungen und ergänzten die klinischen und bildmorphologischen Untersuchungen. Hierbei konnte eine tendenzieller Anstieg der PCr- und ATP-Konzentrationen unter ERT im Myokard nachgewiesen werden, gleichfalls zeigten sich in dem untersuchten Kollektiv eine Abnahme der linksventrikulären Masse und eine erhöhte Ejektionsfraktion. Ebenso konnte dargelegt werden, dass wie auch bei anderen Herzerkrankungen, wie zum Beispiel der dilatativen Kardiomyopathie oder der koronaren Herzkrankheit, bei einer Stoffwechselerkrankung wie der Fabry-Krankheit deutlich verringerte Konzentrationen energiereicher Phosphate in den Herzmuskelzellen vorliegen.
Nuclear magnetic resonance has numerous applications for in vivo diagnostics. However, methods requiring homogeneous magnetic fields, particularly magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques, have limited applicability in regions near or on anatomical boundaries that cause strong inhomogeneities. In cases where the shim system can not or just partly correct for these inhomogeneities, methods based on intermolecular multiple quantum coherence (iMQC) detection can provide an alternative solution for in vivo MRS. This dissertation presented the development, validation and application potential of a novel MRS pulse sequence detecting intermolecular zero-quantum coherences (iZQC) with special emphasis on in vivo experiments. In addition, the detection limit and spectral behaviour of iZQC-MRS under modelled realistic conditions were systematically approached for the first time. Based on the original sequence used to detect two dimensional (2D) iZQC-spectra, dubbed HOMOGENIZED, methodological development led to increased sensitivity and water suppression, and decreased T2-relaxation effects through the application of a frequency selective 90° RF-pulse in place of a non selective beta-pulse. Best water suppression was achieved by placing a pair of selective refocusing units immediately prior to the acquisition window. The same placement was found to be optimal also for single voxel localization units based on slice selective spin echo refocusing. By voxel selection before the iZQC-MRS sequence, the chemical shift artefact could be avoided. However, this led to significant residual signal from outside the voxel. Analytical derivations of signal evolution for several sequences presented in this dissertation provide useful additions to the iZQC MRS theory. In vivo applications of the developed sequence provided high quality spectra in the central nervous system of the rat, the mouse brain and in subcutaneous xenograft tumor grown on the thigh of the mouse. In all these 2D spectra, the limiting factor of the resolution in the indirect dimension was the digital sampling rate, rather than inhomogeneous line broadening. Nevertheless, linewidths of the cross-peaks were similar or narrower than along the direct axis, where the sampling rate was about ten times higher. The first MR spectroscopic investigation of the rat spinal cord at 17.6 T was performed. Through its insensitivity to macroscopic field inhomogeneities, the localized iZQC method allowed for the selection of larger voxels than conventional methods and still provided the same spectral resolution. This property was used also in tumor tissue to propel the relative signal to noise (SNR) efficiency of the iZQC spectroscopy for the first time above the SNR efficiency of a conventional sequence. Future applications for fast metabolite count in large inhomogeneous organs, like a tumor, are thinkable. Extensive simulations and phantom experiments assessed the limit of iZQC cross-peak detection in presence of local field distortions. The order of maximum volume ratio between dipole source and voxel was found to be between 0.1 % and 1 %. It is an essential conclusion of this study that the dominant effect of microscopic to mesoscopic inhomogeneities on iZQC spectra under general in vivo conditions, like for voxels greater than (1 mm)³ and metabolite concentrations in the millimolar range, is a cross-peak intensity reduction and not line broadening. The iZQC method provided resolution enhancement in comparison to conventional MRS even in the presence of clustered paramagnetic microparticles. However, the vision of iZQC spectroscopy in green leafs or the lung epithelium has to be, unfortunately, abandoned, because cross-peaks can be observed until the volume of the separating medium is much larger than the volume of local dipole sources. Intermolecular zero-quantum coherence spectroscopy remains an exciting field in NMR research on living organisms. It provides access to the monitoring of relative metabolite concentration changes in the presence of microscopic iron particles, which raises realistic hopes for new applications in studies using stained stem cells.