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Ziel der Arbeit war es, festzustellen a) ob funktionelle Sportschuhparameter die Entstehung von Beschwerden beeinflussen, und b) ob zwischen individuellen Variablen und der Verletzungsinzidenz ein Zusammenhang besteht. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Schuhe mit einer dämpfenden Zwischensohle weniger Verletzungen verursachen, jedoch scheint nicht allein das Ausmaß ausschlaggebend zu sein. Von den untersuchten Risikofaktoren zeigte sich bei den kinematischen Parametern eine Prädisposition für bestimmte Verletzungen, niedrieges Leistungsniveau sowie weibliches Geschlecht zeigten einen Zusammenhang zu einer erhöhten Beschwerdeinzidenz.
Bei 2170 Patienten mit Glaukom oder Okulärer Hypertension wurden die Häufigkeit eines Glaukoms in der Familienanamnese, das genetische Risikoprofil, sowie okuläre und allgemeine Risikofaktoren untersucht, um aus der Korrelation dieser Faktoren mit dem Schweregrad des Gesichtsfeldausfalls und dem Alter bei Diagnosesstellung Rückschlüsse auf die Bedeutung dieser Faktoren für die Pathogenese und Prognose der Glaukome ziehen zu können. Um zu untersuchen, bei welchen Verwandten die höchste Findungswahrscheinlichkeit einer Glaukomerkrankung besteht, haben z. B. 1335 Patienten mit GCS 5312 Verwandte mit einem standardisierten Fragebogen befragt. Die 10 wichtigsten neuen Erkenntnisse aus dieser Untersuchung sind: 1. Es besteht verglichen zum GCS, bei dem 40 % aller Patienten ein Glaukom in der Familienanamnese haben, kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Häufigkeit eines Glaukoms in der Familienanamnese bei Patienten mit NTG, OH, GCS mit engem KW und PG. Alle Glaukomformen haben somit eine genetische Disposition. 2. Patienten mit Glaukom in der Familienanamnese sind zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung signifikant jünger als Patienten ohne Glaukom in der Familienanamnese. Kenntnisse über die genetische Disposition der Glaukome führten somit früher zu Screeninguntersuchungen. 3. Patienten mit Glaukom in der Familienanamnese haben keine schlechtere Prognose für den Erhalt des Gesichtsfeldes als Patienten ohne Glaukom in der Familienanamnese. 4. Bei allen Glaukomformen besteht bei Untersuchung von Geschwistern und Müttern von Glaukompatienten die höchste Findungswahrscheinlichkeit einer Glaukomerkrankung. 5. Verglichen zum GCS besteht ein signifikanter Unterschied im Alter bei Diagnosestellung und damit im Erkrankungsbeginn bei unterschiedlichen Glaukomformen, was für die Wahl des ersten Untersuchungszeitpunkts bedeutend ist. 6. Eine rein altersabhängige Wahl des Screeningzeitpunkts bei GCS zwischen 51. und 60. Lebensjahr führte nicht zur Frühdiagnostik, da in diesem Diagnosezeitraum gleich häufig Patienten mit beginnendem, fortgeschrittenem und schwerem Gesichtsfeldausfall diagnostiziert wurden. 7. Die zeitliche Dynamik des Gesichtsfeldverfalls ist bei unterschiedlichen Glaukomformen unterschiedlich und abhängig von der Höhe des unbehandelten IOD max. Bei 20% der GCS und 40% der NTG Patienten liegen so schwere beidseitige Gesichtsfeldausfälle vor, dass sie kein Fahrzeug steuern können. 8. Die Untersuchung des Alters bei Diagnosestellung in Korrelation zum Stadium der Erkrankung ergibt, dass das NTG verglichen zum GCS nicht wie bisher angenommen eine Erkrankung des älteren Menschen ist, sondern eine Erkrankung ist, die häufiger als das GCS erst im fortgeschrittenen Stadium diagnostiziert wird. 9. Patienten mit NTG haben entgegen der bisherigen Annahme nicht häufiger Herzerkrankungen als Patienten mit GCS oder Patienten mit anderen Glaukomformen. Die Häufigkeit von Herzerkrankungen ist sowohl bei GCS als auch bei NTG rein altersabhängig. 10. Patienten mit NTG haben alterskorrigiert verglichen zu Patienten mit GCS eine um 63,5% höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit an Migräne zu leiden, wobei Frauen häufiger an Migräne erkrankt sind als Männer. Dies kann erklären, warum bei NTG Frauen häufiger erkrankt sind. Eine vaskuläre Dysregulation ist ein Risikofaktor für NTG. Durch humangenetische Untersuchungen könnte die Risikogruppe der Patienten mit Glaukom in der Familienanamnese möglicherweise auf eine Hochrisikogruppe von Personen mit Mutationen in Glaukomgenen eingegrenzt werden. Da Mutationen in den drei bisher bekannten Glaukomgenen jedoch nur bei 10% aller Glaukompatienten gefunden werden, ein GL in der FA hingegen bei 40% der Patienten vorliegt, definiert das Vorliegen eines Glaukoms in der Familienanamnese die Zielgruppe für ein effektives Glaukomscreening. Eine bessere Information der Bevölkerung, dass bei Vorliegen eines Glaukoms in der Familienanamnese Screeninguntersuchungen, besonders bei den Geschwistern der Patienten, erforderlich sind, kann zur Verbesserung der Frühdiagnose und damit der Prognose der Glaukomerkrankung beitragen.
In dieser Studie wurden 533 Patienten der Universitätsklinik Würzburg, welche im Zeitraum von 7,5 Jahren eine gefäßchirurgische Rekonstruktion unterhalb des Kniegelenks erhielten, anhand ihrer Krankenakten untersucht. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit den Erfolgsaussichten infragenualer Bypassoperationen als Folge einer peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit in Abhängigkeit typischer Vorerkrankungen. Neben Vorerkrankungen wie Diabetes mellitus, arterieller Hypertonie und Niereninsuffizienz wurden auch Risikofaktoren wie z.B. der Nikotinabusus untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde ein Augenmerk auf gefäßchirurgische Voroperationen gelegt. Bezüglich der Vorerkrankungen kristallisierten sich Nikotinabusus und chronischer Alkoholabusus als prognostisch negativ zu wertende Risikofaktoren heraus. Erhöhte Sterblichkeitsraten waren in den Gruppen der nieren- und herzkranken Patienten sowie bei den Diabetikern zu finden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass obwohl das Operationsrisiko durch die Co-Morbiditäten der pAVK ansteigt, die Offenheitsraten der Rekonstruktionen durch die Vorerrankungen nicht in so starkem Maße beeinträchtigt sind, dass es sich auf die Indikationsstellung auswirken sollte.
Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is highly associated with increased risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular morbidity. Epidemiological and genetic studies generate hypotheses for innovative strategies in DM2 management by unravelling novel mechanisms of diabetes complications, which is essential for future intervention trials. We have thus initiated the DIAbetes COhoRtE study (DIACORE).
Methods: DIACORE is a prospective cohort study aiming to recruit 6000 patients of self-reported Caucasian ethnicity with prevalent DM2 for at least 10 years of follow-up. Study visits are performed in University-based recruiting clinics in Germany using standard operating procedures. All prevalent DM2 patients in outpatient clinics surrounding the recruiting centers are invited to participate. At baseline and at each 2-year follow-up examination, patients are subjected to a core phenotyping protocol. This includes a standardized online questionnaire and physical examination to determine incident micro-and macrovascular DM2 complications, malignancy and hospitalization, with a primary focus on renal events. Confirmatory outcome information is requested from patient records. Blood samples are obtained for a centrally analyzed standard laboratory panel and for biobanking of aliquots of serum, plasma, urine, mRNA and DNA for future scientific use. A subset of the cohort is subjected to extended phenotyping, e. g. sleep apnea screening, skin autofluorescence measurement, non-mydriatic retinal photography and non-invasive determination of arterial stiffness.
Discussion: DIACORE will enable the prospective evaluation of factors involved in DM2 complication pathogenesis using high-throughput technologies in biosamples and genetic epidemiological studies.
Background: Sclerostin is a Wnt pathway antagonist regulating osteoblast activity and bone turnover. Here, we assessed the potential association of sclerostin with the development of coronary artery (CAC) and aortic valve calcifications (AVC) in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional multi-slice computed tomography (MS-CT) scanning study in 67 chronic HD patients (59.4 +/- 14.8 yrs) for measurement of CAC and AVC. We tested established biomarkers as well as serum sclerostin (ELISA) regarding their association to the presence of calcification. Fifty-four adults without relevant renal disease served as controls for serum sclerostin levels. Additionally, sclerostin expression in explanted aortic valves from 15 dialysis patients was analysed ex vivo by immunohistochemistry and mRNA quantification (Qt-RT-PCR). Results: CAC (Agatston score > 100) and any AVC were present in 65% and in 40% of the MS-CT patient group, respectively. Serum sclerostin levels (1.53 +/- 0.81 vs 0.76 +/- 0.31 ng/mL, p < 0.001) were significantly elevated in HD compared to controls and more so in HD patients with AVC versus those without AVC (1.78 +/- 0.84 vs 1.35 +/- 0.73 ng/mL, p = 0.02). Multivariable regression analysis for AVC revealed significant associations with higher serum sclerostin. Ex vivo analysis of uraemic calcified aortic valves (n = 10) revealed a strong sclerostin expression very close to calcified regions (no sclerostin staining in non-calcified valves). Correspondingly, we observed a highly significant upregulation of sclerostin mRNA in calcified valves compared to non-calcified control valves. Conclusion: We found a strong association of sclerostin with calcifying aortic heart valve disease in haemodialysis patients. Sclerostin is locally produced in aortic valve tissue adjacent to areas of calcification.
Background: School-based intervention studies promoting a healthy lifestyle have shown favorable immediate health effects. However, there is a striking paucity on long-term follow-ups. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the 3 yr-follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled school-based physical activity program over nine month with beneficial immediate effects on body fat, aerobic fitness and physical activity.
Methods and Findings: Initially, 28 classes from 15 elementary schools in Switzerland were grouped into an intervention (16 classes from 9 schools, n = 297 children) and a control arm (12 classes from 6 schools, n = 205 children) after stratification for grade (1st and 5th graders). Three years after the end of the multi-component physical activity program of nine months including daily physical education (i.e. two additional lessons per week on top of three regular lessons), short physical activity breaks during academic lessons, and daily physical activity homework, 289 (58%) participated in the follow-up. Primary outcome measures included body fat (sum of four skinfolds), aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), physical activity (accelerometry), and quality of life (questionnaires). After adjustment for grade, gender, baseline value and clustering within classes, children in the intervention arm compared with controls had a significantly higher average level of aerobic fitness at follow-up (0.373 z-score units [95%-CI: 0.157 to 0.59, p = 0.001] corresponding to a shift from the 50th to the 65th percentile between baseline and follow-up), while the immediate beneficial effects on the other primary outcomes were not sustained.
Conclusions: Apart from aerobic fitness, beneficial effects seen after one year were not maintained when the intervention was stopped. A continuous intervention seems necessary to maintain overall beneficial health effects as reached at the end of the intervention.
Background: Persistent pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy is a disabling condition with a lack of evidence-based pharmacological treatment options. This randomized placebo-controlled trial investigated the efficacy of a capsaicin 8% cutaneous patch in the treatment of severe persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain. Methods: Forty-six patients with persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain were randomized to receive either a capsaicin 8% patch or a placebo patch. Pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale [NRS 0-10]) was evaluated under standardized conditions (at rest, during movement, and during pressure) at baseline and at 1, 2 and 3 months after patch application. Skin punch biopsies for intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) measurements were taken at baseline and 1 month after patch application. Quantitative sensory testing was performed at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 months after patch application. The primary outcome was comparisons of summed pain intensity differences (SPIDs) between capsaicin and placebo treatments at 1, 2 and 3 months after patch application (significance level P<0.01). Results: The maximum difference in SPID, between capsaicin and placebo treatments, was observed at 1 month after patch application, but the pain reduction was not significant (NRS, mean difference [95% CI]: 5.0 [0.09 to 9.9]; P=0.046). No differences in SPID between treatments were observed at 2 and 3 months after patch application. Changes in IENFD on the pain side, from baseline to 1 month after patch application, did not differ between capsaicin and placebo treatment: 1.9 [-0.1 to 3.9] and 0.6 [-1.2 to 2.5] fibers/mm, respectively (P=0.32). No significant changes in sensory function, sleep quality or psychological factors were associated with capsaicin patch treatment. Conclusions: The study did not demonstrate significant differences in pain relief between capsaicin and placebo treatment, although a trend toward pain improvement in capsaicin treated patients was observed 1 month after patch application.
Background: In order to influence every day clinical practice professional organisations issue management guidelines. Cross-sectional surveys are used to evaluate the implementation of such guidelines. The present survey investigated screening for glucose perturbations in people with coronary artery disease and compared patients with known and newly detected type 2 diabetes with those without diabetes in terms of their life-style and pharmacological risk factor management in relation to contemporary European guidelines.
Methods: A total of 6187 patients (18-80 years) with coronary artery disease and known glycaemic status based on a self reported history of diabetes (previously known diabetes) or the results of an oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c (no diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes) were investigated in EUROASPIRE IV including patients in 24 European countries 2012-2013. The patients were interviewed and investigated in order to enable a comparison between their actual risk factor control with that recommended in current European management guidelines and the outcome in previously conducted surveys. Results: A total of 2846 (46 %) patients had no diabetes, 1158 (19 %) newly diagnosed diabetes and 2183 (35 %) previously known diabetes. The combined use of all four cardioprotective drugs in these groups was 53, 55 and 60 %, respectively. A blood pressure target of <140/90 mmHg was achieved in 68, 61, 54 % and a LDL-cholesterol target of <1.8 mmol/L in 16, 18 and 28 %. Patients with newly diagnosed and previously known diabetes reached an HbA1c <7.0 % (53 mmol/mol) in 95 and 53 % and 11 % of those with previously known diabetes had an HbA1c >9.0 % (>75 mmol/mol). Of the patients with diabetes 69 % reported on low physical activity. The proportion of patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation programmes was low (approximate to 40 %) and only 27 % of those with diabetes had attended diabetes schools. Compared with data from previous surveys the use of cardioprotective drugs had increased and more patients were achieving the risk factor treatment targets.
Conclusions: Despite advances in patient management there is further potential to improve both the detection and management of patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.
Background
Comprehensive evidence on the incidence, time course and independent risk factors of metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis (metaPC) in gastric cancer patients treated with curative intent in the context of available systemic combination chemotherapies is lacking.
Methods
Data from a prospectively collected single-institutional Center Cancer Registry with 1108 consecutive patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GC), clinical, histological and survival data were analyzed for independent risk factors and prognosis with focus on the development of metaPC. Findings were then stratified to the time periods of treatment with surgery alone, 5-Fluorouracil-only and contemporary combined systemic perioperative chemotherapy strategies, respectively.
Results
Despite R0 D2 gastrectomy (n = 560), 49.6% (±5.4%) of the patients were diagnosed with tumour recurrence and 15.5% (±1.8%) developed metaPC after a median time of 17.7 (15.1-20.3) months after surgery resulting in a tumour related mortality of 100% with a median survival of 3.0 months (2.1 – 4.0). Independent risk factors for the development of metaPC were serosa positive T-category, nodal positive-status, signet cell and undifferentiated gradings (G3/G4). Contemporary systemic combination chemotherapy did not improve the incidence and prognosis of metaPC (p = 0.54).
Conclusions
Despite significant improvements in the overall survival for the complete cohort with gastric cancer over time, those patients with metaPC did not experience the same benefits. The lack of change in the incidence, and persistent poor prognosis of metaPC after curative surgery expose the need for further prevention and/or improved treatment options for this devastating condition.
Background: Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (NONFH) is a debilitating disease that represents a significant financial burden for both individuals and healthcare systems. Despite its significance, however, its prevalence in the Chinese general population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of NONFH and its associated risk factors in the Chinese population.
Methods: A nationally representative survey of 30,030 respondents was undertaken from June 2012 to August 2013. All participants underwent a questionnaire investigation, physical examination of hip, and bilateral hip joint X-ray and/or magnetic resonance imaging examination. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting to test serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. We then used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the associations between various metabolic, demographic, and lifestyle-related variables and NONFH.
Results: NONFH was diagnosed in 218 subjects (0.725%) and the estimated NONFH cases were 8.12 million among Chinese people aged 15 years and over. The prevalence of NONFH was significantly higher in males than in females (1.02% vs. 0.51%, \(\chi^2\) = 24.997, P < 0.001). Among NONFH patients, North residents were subjected to higher prevalence of NONFH than that of South residents (0.85% vs. 0.61%, \(\chi^2\) = 5.847, P = 0.016). Our multivariate regression analysis showed that high blood levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-HDL-cholesterol, male, urban residence, family history of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, heavy smoking, alcohol abuse and glucocorticoid intake, overweight, and obesity were all significantly associated with an increased risk of NONFH.
Conclusions: Our findings highlight that NONFH is a significant public health challenge in China and underscore the need for policy measures on the national level. Furthermore, NONFH shares a number of risk factors with atherosclerosis.