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Approaches to mimic the complexity of the skeletal mesenchymal stem/stromal cell niche in vitro
(2019)
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are an essential element of most modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches due to their multipotency and immunoregulatory functions. Despite the prospective value of MSCs for the clinics, the stem cells community is questioning their developmental origin, in vivo localization, identification, and regenerative potential after several years of far-reaching research in the field. Although several major progresses have been made in mimicking the complexity of the MSC niche in vitro, there is need for comprehensive studies of fundamental mechanisms triggered by microenvironmental cues before moving to regenerative medicine cell therapy applications. The present comprehensive review extensively discusses the microenvironmental cues that influence MSC phenotype and function in health and disease – including cellular, chemical and physical interactions. The most recent and relevant illustrative examples of novel bioengineering approaches to mimic biological, chemical, and mechanical microenvironmental signals present in the native MSC niche are summarized, with special emphasis on the forefront techniques to achieve bio-chemical complexity and dynamic cultures. In particular, the skeletal MSC niche and applications focusing on the bone regenerative potential of MSC are addressed. The aim of the review was to recognize the limitations of the current MSC niche in vitro models and to identify potential opportunities to fill the bridge between fundamental science and clinical application of MSCs.
Sterile bone inflammation is the hallmark of autoinflammatory bone disorders, including chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) with its most severe form chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Autoinflammatory osteopathies are the result of a dysregulated innate immune system, resulting in immune cell infiltration of the bone and subsequent osteoclast differentiation and activation. Interestingly, autoinflammatory bone disorders are associated with inflammation of the skin and/or the intestine. In several monogenic autoinflammatory bone disorders mutations in disease-causing genes have been reported. However, regardless of recent developments, the molecular pathogenesis of CNO/CRMO remains unclear. Here, we discuss the clinical presentation and molecular pathophysiology of human autoinflammatory osteopathies and animal models with special focus on CNO/CRMO. Treatment options in monogenic autoinflammatory bone disorders and CRMO will be illustrated.
Sterile bone inflammation is the hallmark of autoinflammatory bone disorders, including chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) with its most severe form chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Autoinflammatory osteopathies are the result of a dysregulated innate immune system, resulting in immune cell infiltration of the bone and subsequent osteoclast differentiation and activation. Interestingly, autoinflammatory bone disorders are associated with inflammation of the skin and/or the intestine. In several monogenic autoinflammatory bone disorders mutations in disease-causing genes have been reported. However, regardless of recent developments, the molecular pathogenesis of CNO/CRMO remains unclear.
Here, we discuss the clinical presentation and molecular pathophysiology of human autoinflammatory osteopathies and animal models with special focus on CNO/CRMO. Treatment options in monogenic autoinflammatory bone disorders and CRMO will be illustrated.
Bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds are being investigated for bone tissue engineering applications because of their osteoconductive and angiogenic nature. However, to increase the in vivo performance of the scaffold, including enhancing the angiogenetic growth into the scaffolds, some researchers use different modifications of the scaffold including addition of inorganic ionic components to the basic BG composition. In this study, we investigated the in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of Cu2+-doped BG derived scaffolds in either BMSC (bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells)-only culture or co-culture of BMSC and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC). In BMSC-only culture, cells were seeded either directly on the scaffolds (3D or direct culture) or were exposed to ionic dissolution products of the BG scaffolds, kept in permeable cell culture inserts (2D or indirect culture). Though we did not observe any direct osteoinduction of BMSCs by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay or by PCR, there was increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, observed by PCR and ELISA assays. Additionally, the scaffolds showed no toxicity to BMSCs and there were healthy live cells found throughout the scaffold. To analyze further the reasons behind the increased VEGF expression and to exploit the benefits of the finding, we used the indirect method with HDMECs in culture plastic and Cu2+-doped BG scaffolds with or without BMSCs in cell culture inserts. There was clear observation of increased endothelial markers by both FACS analysis and acetylated LDL (acLDL) uptake assay. Only in presence of Cu2+-doped BG scaffolds with BMSCs, a high VEGF secretion was demonstrated by ELISA; and typical tubular structures were observed in culture plastics. We conclude that Cu2+-doped BG scaffolds release Cu2+, which in turn act on BMSCs to secrete VEGF. This result is of significance for the application of BG scaffolds in bone tissue engineering approaches.
Patients affected by gastroenteropancreatic–neuroendocrine tumors (GEP–NETs) have an increased risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis, as several factors impact on bone metabolism in these patients. In fact, besides the direct effect of bone metastasis, bone health can be affected by hormone hypersecretion (including serotonin, cortisol, and parathyroid hormone-related protein), specific microRNAs, nutritional status (which in turn could be affected by medical and surgical treatments), and vitamin D deficiency. In patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a hereditary syndrome associated with NET occurrence, bone damage may carry other consequences. Osteoporosis may negatively impact on the quality of life of these patients and can increment the cost of medical care since these patients usually live with their disease for a long time. However, recommendations suggesting screening to assess bone health in GEP–NET patients are missing. The aim of this review is to critically analyze evidence on the mechanisms that could have a potential impact on bone health in patients affected by GEP–NET, focusing on vitamin D and its role in GEP–NET, as well as on factors associated with MEN1 that could have an impact on bone homeostasis.
Background
The role of cement-augmented screw fixation for calcaneal fracture treatment remains unclear. Therefore, this study was performed to biomechanically analyze screw osteosynthesis by reinforcement with either a calcium phosphate (CP)-based or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based injectable bone cement.
Methods
A calcaneal fracture (Sanders type IIA) including a central cancellous bone defect was generated in 27 synthetic bones, and the specimens were assigned to 3 groups. The first group was fixed with four screws (3.5 mm and 6.5 mm), the second group with screws and CP-based cement (Graftys (R) QuickSet; Graftys, Aix-en-Provence, France), and the third group with screws and PMMA-based cement (Traumacem (TM) V+; DePuy Synthes, Warsaw, IN, USA). Biomechanical testing was conducted to analyze peak-to-peak displacement, total displacement, and stiffness in following a standardized protocol.
Results
The peak-to-peak displacement under a 200-N load was not significantly different among the groups; however, peak-to-peak displacement under a 600- and 1000-N load as well as total displacement exhibited better stability in PMMA-augmented screw osteosynthesis compared to screw fixation without augmentation. The stiffness of the construct was increased by both CP- and PMMA-based cements.
Conclusion
Addition of an injectable bone cement to screw osteosynthesis is able to increase fixation strength in a biomechanical calcaneal fracture model with synthetic bones. In such cases, PMMA-based cements are more effective than CP-based cements because of their inherently higher compressive strength. However, whether this high strength is required in the clinical setting for early weight-bearing remains controversial, and the non-degradable properties of PMMA might cause difficulties during subsequent interventions in younger patients.
The skeletal system forms the mechanical structure of the body and consists of bone, which is hard connective tissue. The tasks the skeleton and bones take over are of mechanical, metabolic and synthetic nature. Lastly, bones enable the production of blood cells by housing the bone marrow. Bone has a scarless self-healing capacity to a certain degree. Injuries exceeding this capacity caused by trauma, surgical removal of infected or tumoral bone or as a result from treatment-related osteonecrosis, will not heal. Critical size bone defects that will not heal by themselves are still object of comprehensive clinical investigation. The conventional treatments often result in therapies including burdening methods as for example the harvesting of autologous bone material. The aim of this thesis was the creation of a prevascularized bone implant employing minimally invasive methods in order to minimize inconvenience for patients and surgical site morbidity. The basis for the implant was a decellularized, naturally derived vascular scaffold (BioVaSc-TERM®) providing functional vessel structures after reseeding with autologous endothelial cells. The bone compartment was built by the combination of the aforementioned scaffold with synthetic β-tricalcium phosphate. In vitro culture for tissue maturation was performed using bioreactor technology before the testing of the regenerative potential of the implant in large animal experiments in sheep. A tibia defect was treated without the anastomosis of the implant’s innate vasculature to the host’s circulatory system and in a second study, with anastomosis of the vessel system in a mandibular defect. While the non-anastomosed implant revealed a mostly osteoconductive effect, the implants that were anastomosed achieved formation of bony islands evenly distributed over the defect.
In order to prepare preconditions for a rapid approval of an implant making use of this vascularization strategy, the manufacturing of the BioVaSc-TERM® as vascularizing scaffold was adjusted to GMP requirements.
Der DNA-analytischen Untersuchung von frischem und gelagertem Skelettmaterial kommt bei der Identifikation unbekannter Toter zunehmende Bedeutung zu, insbesondere in Fällen, in denen nur Skelettüberreste einer DNA-Analyse zur Verfügung stehen. Zur Aufklärung der praktischen Durchführbarkeit von Knochen-DNA-Typisierungen im rechtmedizinischen Laboralltag wurden 21 Knochenproben unterschiedlicher Liegezeit analysiert. 14 Knochenproben stammten aus Sektionsgut (Liegezeit von einer Stunde bis 41 Wochen), 7 Proben aus Skelett- bzw. Knochenfunden (geschätzte Liegezeit zwischen 10 und über 200 Jahren). Die DNA-Extraktion wurde mittels reversibler DNA-Bindung an einer Silica-Membran durchgeführt. Die Typisierung erfolgte im Rahmen eines Multiplex-PCR-Ansatzes unter Amplifizierung von neun STR-Loci und dem Amelogenin-Locus. Zusätzlich wurden drei besonders kurze, sog. vs-STRs bestimmt und exemplarisch für zwei Proben Bereiche des mt-Genoms sequenziert. Bei der Multiplex-Analyse ließ sich für 13 der 14 aus Sektionsgut gewonnenen Proben (93 %) ein komplettes, reproduzierbares Allelprofil gewinnen, an einer der Proben konnte nur eine molekulare Geschlechtszuordnung durchgeführt werden. Ebenso konnten alle drei vs-STR-Loci für 13 der 14 Proben reproduzierbar bestimmt werden; eine Probe war in einem der drei vs-STR-Loci typisierbar. Die sieben Proben aus Skelett- bzw. Knochenfunden waren bei der Multiplex-Analyse nicht reproduzierbar typisierbar, die Bestimmung der vs-STR-Loci führte im Fall der ältesten Probe zur Typisierung eines der drei Loci (TPOXvs). Bei zwei Proben, welche im Rahmen der nukleären DNA-Analyse kein reproduzierbares Ergebnis gebracht hatten, erfolgte die mt-DNA-Sequenzierung eines jeweils 234, bzw. 194 Nukleotide langen Segmentes der HV1-Region des mitochondrialen Genoms. Umwelteinflüsse und Lagerungsbedingungen haben mehr Einfluss auf den Erhaltungszustand der DNA in Knochenmaterial, als der Faktor Zeit. Die Analyse und Typisierung von Knochen-DNA hat sich als wichtiges Verfahren zur Identifizierung im rechtsmedizinischen Alltag etabliert, die unverändert unbefriedigenden Typisierungsergebnisse bei der Analyse älteren Knochenmaterials unterstreichen jedoch die Notwendigkeit der Weiterentwicklung zuverlässiger und effektiver Extraktions- und Aufreinigungsverfahren.
Testosterone deficiency in males is linked to various pathological conditions, including muscle and bone loss. This study evaluated the potential of different training modalities to counteract these losses in hypogonadal male rats. A total of 54 male Wistar rats underwent either castration (ORX, n = 18) or sham castration (n = 18), with 18 castrated rats engaging in uphill, level, or downhill interval treadmill training. Analyses were conducted at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postsurgery. Muscle force of the soleus muscle, muscle tissue samples, and bone characteristics were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in cortical bone characteristics. Castrated rats experienced decreased trabecular bone mineral density compared to sham-operated rats. However, 12 weeks of training increased trabecular bone mineral density, with no significant differences among groups. Muscle force measurements revealed decreased tetanic force in castrated rats at week 12, while uphill and downhill interval training restored force to sham group levels and led to muscle hypertrophy compared to ORX animals. Linear regression analyses showed a positive correlation between bone biomechanical characteristics and muscle force. The findings suggest that running exercise can prevent bone loss in osteoporosis, with similar bone restoration effects observed across different training modalities.
Hintergrund Die Position von Implantaten im seitlichen Oberkiefer muss sich nach den prothetischen Erfordernissen richten. Die anatomischen Verhältnisse in Bezug auf die ortsständige Knochentopographie und Knochenqualität erschweren oft die gewünschte Positionierung unter dem Gesichtpunkt der Primärstabilität. Eine Verbesserung der Implantationsbedingungen ist daher anzustreben. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, den Einfluss der Osteotomietechnik nach Summers auf das periimplantäre Knochenangebot zu überprüfen. Methodik 5 Hunden (Amerikanische Foxhound) wurden beidseits die 3 Prämolaren im Oberkiefer extrahiert. Nach der natürlichen Ausheilungsphase wurden pro Kieferseite je 2 Implantate (3i-Osseotite) und 1 Implantat (3i-maschinierte Oberfläche) inseriert. Die Position der Implantates mit maschinierter Oberfläche war bei den Hunden variabel an Position P1, P2 oder P3, war aber rechts – und linksseitig identisch. Auf einer Kieferseite wurden die Implantate mit Hilfe der Osteotomtechnik nach Summers eingebracht. Die Gegenseite wurde ohne diese Technik herkömmlich implantiert. Nach einer sechsmonatigen Einheilungsphase wurden die Tiere zur Resektatgewinnung geopfert. Für die histometrische Auswertung wurden Dünnschliffpräparate von den Implantaten angefertigt. Ergebnisse Alle Implantate waren klinisch und histologisch erfolgreich osseointegriert. Die histometrische Analyse der periimplantären Knochendichte zeigte beim Vergleich der mittels Osteotomtechnik eingebrachten Implantate zur Kontrollgruppe im gepaarten t-Test keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied (p> 0,05).