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Measles, mumps and rubella are viral infectious diseases that may cause severe and devastating complications among affected individuals. The disease burden of all three diseases is high, but could be reduced entirely through successful vaccination strategies. As such, the WHO has established the goal of globally eliminating measles and rubella and concomitantly controlling the frequently co-vaccinated mumps.
In 2010, the WHO European Region member states agreed to strengthen efforts to eliminate measles and rubella from Europe by the end of 2015. As this date draws closer, progress analyses become increasingly relevant. In this systematic literature review, the immunization strategies, vaccination coverages and disease incidences of eleven European nations were assessed and their progress towards disease elimination evaluated.
Successful prevention of the endemic transmission of measles, mumps, or rubella could be achieved in several nations, including Sweden, Croatia, Greece and Spain. Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, though having improved their overall immunization rates, have not yet been able to reach the elimination goals. In Turkey, Italy and Poland, sharp increases in case numbers during recent years are potentially threatening the successful measles, mumps and rubella control in Europe.
Pockets of susceptible population groups that may contribute to the perpetuation of the diseases have been identified. They include infants and young children, adolescents and young adults, adolescent and adult males, recent immigrants and refugees,and traveling ethnic minority groups. Reasons for the increased risk of infection among these groups are manifold and a result of various historic and current vaccination practices, cultural, political and religious differences, as well as individual believes and concerns. Travel and migration of infected individuals to and between the various European nations also play an essential role in the continual transmission of measles, mumps and rubella in Europe. Only an adequate population-wide immunity can prevent the occurrence of major outbreaks due to viral importation. Efforts should therefore be made to immunize all population members able to receive vaccinations and to offer additional immunization opportunities to those susceptible population subgroups that are difficult to reach through routine vaccination programs.
In countries struggling to meet the WHO elimination goals, alternative immunization practices may be necessary. A uniform, European-wide MMR vaccination schedule based on the successful immunization methods of countries that have eliminated measles, mumps and rubella may be an effective tool for improving the overall population-wide immunity and controlling the three diseases. A model for such a schedule was created and includes strategies for reaching population members regardless of age, gender or migratory background. The implementation of uniform immunization recommendations is challenging, but the advantages in terms of improved vaccination, surveillance and disease control methods may be worth at least considering such a strategy in Europe.
Measles, mumps and rubella elimination may be attainable in the WHO European Region. The current epidemiological situation suggests that the goal is unlikely to be reached by the end of 2015, but through continued international efforts and collaboration, effective disease control could be achieved in the near future. In the meantime, improvements in immunization strategies, vaccination coverages, supplementary campaigns as well as disease notification systems and confirmations should be made on a national and international level, so that an adequate population-wide immunity can be established and the disease elimination progresses effectively monitored within the entire European region.
Hintergrund: Die fehlende Diagnostik des patientInnenindividuellen CMD-Schmerzchronifizierungsgrades könnte Grund für die Heterogenität der Studienergebnisse zur Effektivität von Schienentherapie und okklusalen Einschleifmaßnahmen sein. Ziele: Dieser Systematische Review mit Metaanalyse hat als Ziel, die Effektivität von Schienentherapie und okklusalen Einschleifmaßnahmen bei der Behandlung von CMD unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Grades der Schmerzchronifizierung zu untersuchen. Literaturquellen: Die Datenbanken Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Livivo, OpenGrey, drks.de, Clinicaltrials.gov., sowie zusätzliche nicht gelistete Literatur wurden hierzu durchsucht. Auswahlkriterien: Analysiert wurden randomisierte klinische Studien, welche erwachsene PatientInnen mit einer schmerzhaften CMD untersuchten, die mit einer Okklusionsschiene oder okklusalen Einschleifmaßnahmen in jeglicher Kombination behandelt wurden. Die Studien wurden nach Hinweisen untersucht, die vermuten ließen, dass die ProbandInnen unter einer chronifizierten dysfunktionalen CMD Schmerzen litten. Anschließend wurde die Effektivität der Interventionen im Hinblick auf den erfassten bzw. vermuteten Chronifizierungsgrad differenziert betrachtet. Die Effektivität wurde bzgl. der folgenden Messparameter untersucht: aktuelle Schmerzintensität in Ruhe, maximal aktive Kieferöffnungskapazität, Kiefergelenkgeräusche, Palpationsschmerzen aus der Kaumuskulatur, Depressivität und somatoforme Beschwerden. Studienbewertung: Nachdem die eingeschlossenen Studien ausgewertet, in ihrer Qualität bewertet (Risk of Bias-Tool des Cochrane-Instituts) und die Daten extrahiert worden waren, wurde eine Metaanalyse mithilfe des Review Managers (RevMan 5.3) des Cochrane Instituts durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: ProbandInnen mit funktionalen Schmerzen nach den hier definierten Kriterien erfuhren bis zu 6 Monate nach Behandlungsbeginn eine statistisch signifikant stärkere Schmerzreduktion (p<0,00001) sowie niedrigere Werte der somatoformen Beschwerden (p=0,01) und Depression-Scores (p=0,002) als Probanden mit dysfunktionalen Schmerzen. Dagegen verbesserte sich die Kieferöffnungskapazität in dieser Subgruppe nicht statistisch signifikant mehr (p=0,40). Im kurzfristigen Zeitraum von bis zu 6 Monaten konnte die Okklusionsschiene verglichen mit einer Placebo-Schiene stärker CMD-Schmerzen senken (p=0,0002), wohingegen der Effektivitätsunterschied der Messparameter Kieferöffnungskapazität und Kiefergelenkgeräusche nicht statistisch signifikant war. Im Vergleich zu keiner Behandlung war die Okklusionsschiene im Zeitraum bis zu 6 Monaten statistisch signifikant effektiver in der Schmerzreduktion (p<0,00001); 6 bis 12 Monate nach Behandlungsbeginn war keine signifikant bessere Effektivität in der Schmerzreduktion zu verzeichnen (p=0,07). Die maximale Kieferöffnungskapazität zeigte in diesem Vergleich kein statistisch signifikantes Ergebnis im kurzfristigen Zeitraum. Die Schmerzreduktion im kurzfristigen Zeitraum ähnelte derer anderer aktiver Interventionen. Als Kointervention bringt die Schienentherapie in keinem der untersuchten Endpunkte und Zeiträume einen statistisch signifikanten Mehrwert mit sich. Eine erhöhte Vertikaldimension könnte die Effektivität der Okklusionsschiene verbessern. Ansonsten ist die Effektivität unterschiedlicher Okklusionsschienen vergleichbar, unter Berücksichtigung folgender Beobachtungen: eine ARS senkt die Schmerzen einer arthrogenen CMD (p=0,001) und eine Stabilisierungsschiene die Schmerzen einer myogenen oder gemischten CMD (p<0,00001) effektiver als keine Behandlung. Intraorale Adjustierungen eine Verbesserung der Schmerzsymptomatik erzielen (p=0,01). Die langfristige Effektivität der Interventionen konnte aufgrund der geringen Datenlage nicht ausreichend untersucht werden. Registrierungsnummer der Review bei PROSPERO: CRD42019123169.
Background: That a differentiated treatment of subjects with low and high levels of disabling pain might be necessarily has only been suspected but not sufficiently confirmed so far. Furthermore, the effectiveness of extraoral therapy methods for TMD is still controversial in the literature. The present work could make an important contribution to this.
Objectives: Five systematic reviews with meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the efficacy of extraoral therapies (acupuncture, laser, medication, psychosocial interventions, and physiotherapy) in the treatment of TMD in relation to the degree of chronicity of pain.
Literature sources: With this objective, the databases Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Livivo, OpenGrey, drks.de, Clinicaltrials.gov. were searched.
Criteria for the selection of suitable studies: Adults suffering from painful TMD and treated with either acupuncture, laser, medication, psychosocial interventions, or physiotherapy. The studies were then examined for evidence in the subjects' characteristics suggesting that they were suffering from chronic TMD in terms of pain dysfunction. These included a high score on the GCPS, resistance to undergone treatments, multilocular pain, depression, and regular use of pain medication. The effectiveness of the five interventions was then differentiated according to the suspected degree of chronicity. Effectiveness was assessed by the following outcomes: patient- related current pain intensity, MMO, pain on palpation, temporomandibular joint sounds, depression, and somatization.
Study evaluation: After the assessment of the studies, the quality assessment (Risk of Bias Tool of the Cochrane Institute) and the extraction of the data were conducted. After that five meta-analyses were carried out for each of the five interventions using the Review Manager of the Cochrane Institute (RevMan 5.3)
Results: Acupuncture and dry needling were statistically significantly more effective in providing short-term pain relief compared to the control group in patients with low disability pain (p=0.04) and (p=0.02), respectively. Acupuncture or dry needling did not show a significant result in the improvement of MMO in the short-term period. Laser therapy is more effective in relieving pain (p<0.0001) and functional outcomes (p=0.03) in the short term compared to placebo for low disability pain. Botulinum toxin (p=0.003) and NSAIDs (p=0.03) showed significantly better short-term improvement in pain intensity for high disability pain. Low disability pain is significantly better treated by psychosocial interventions than by other treatments in terms of long-term pain relief (more than 12 months) (p=0.02). Patients with high disability pain had significantly lower depression scores after psychosocial interventions than after other treatments (p=0.008). Physiotherapy showed a statistically significant short-term analgesic effect in patients with high disability pain compared to placebo (p=0.04). Manual Therapy (MT) showed a statistically significant short-term analgesic effect in high disability pain compared to the control group (p=0.01). Patients with low disability pain showed a statistically significant short-term pain-relieving effect with the single intervention of MT in combination with exercise compared to the control groups (p=0.003). A statistically significant result in the improvement of MMO was found in the short-term period in low disability pain for the single interventions of physiotherapy (p=0.008) and physiotherapy in combination with another treatment compared to other treatments (p=0.03), MT compared to the control group (p=0.03) and physiotherapy compared to splint therapy (p=0.03). Clinical conclusion: Individual interventions of the five extraoral therapies confirm the hypothesis that painful TMDs respond differently to established therapies depending on the degree of chronic pain-related disability and that the prognosis of therapy is significantly influenced by the degree of chronic pain- related disability of the condition, according to the GCPS.
Registration number of the review at PROSPERO: CRD42020202558
Keywords: meta-analysis, systematic review, temporomandibular disorders, extra oral therapy, acupuncture, laser, medication, psychosocial interventions, physiotherapy, low disability, high disability, pain, chronification