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Einleitung: SSEP sind etabliert, um Patienten intraoperativ zu überwachen, wenn sie sich Operationen im zerebrovaskulären System unterziehen. Das EEG ist eine weitere Methode zur neurophysiologischen Überwachung. In dieser Studie wurde die Wertigkeit des simultanen Ableitens von SSEP und EEG Signalen untersucht. Methode: Dreizehn Patienten (7 Frauen, 6 Männer, mittleres Alter 53.5 Jahre), welche sich dem Clipping eines intrakraniellen Aneurysma unterzogen, wurden eingeschlossen. Die SSEP Latenz 1 (Lat1), Latenz 2 (Lat2) und Amplitude (Amp) wurden kontinuierlich gemessen. Verminderung der Amplitude > 50% oder Verlängerungen der Latenzen > 10% gegenüber den Ausgangswerten wurden als signifikante Ereignisse bewertet. Das EEG wurde mittels einer subduralen Grid-Elektrode gemessen. Alpha % (Al%), Alpha-Delta-Ratio (ADR) und Total Power (TP) wurden ausgewertet. Resultate: Circa 9000 Einzelwerte wurden analysiert. Statistisch signifikante Korrelationen traten zwischen Al% und Amp (K=0.5) auf. Dabei zeigten sich die Veränderungen im EEG (Al%) 6 Minuten vor Ereignissen im SSEP (Amp). Statistisch signifikante Korrelationen traten ebenfalls zwischen Al% und Amp-Ereignissen (K=-0.4) auf. In 6/7 Patienten traten die Al%-Änderungen 7 Minuten vor den Amp-Änderungen auf. Noch stärkere Beziehungen ergaben sich zwischen Lat2 und allen EEG Modalitäten, jedoch reichte die Gesamtzahl der Datenpunkte nicht aus, um statistische Signifikanzen herzuleiten. Schlussfolgerung: Dies ist die erste Beschreibung von signifikanten Beziehungen zwischen quantitativem SSEP und EEG während zerebrovaskulären Operationen. Das quantitative EEG hat das Potenzial, frühe ischämische Ereignisse eher zu detektieren als dies mit SSEP möglich ist.
Der Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met Polymorphismus (rs4680) ist am Abbau von Dopamin und Noradrenalin im menschlichen Gehirn beteiligt. In bisherigen Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Met-Allel mit einer erhöhten Reaktivität auf negative Stimuli assoziiert ist. Auf Basis der Tonischen/ Phasischen Dopaminhypothese wird postuliert, dass diese erhöhte Reaktivität auf negative Reize durch defizitäre Disengagementprozesse verursacht sein könnte. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, diese theoretische Annahme mithilfe von Blickbewegungsmessungen zu überprüfen und zu untersuchen, ob die erhöhte Reaktivität sich auch in verlängerten Disengagementlatenzen von negativen Reizen widerspiegelt. Es wurden dafür drei Studien durchgeführt, in denen eine adaptierte Version der emotionalen Antisakkadenaufgabe in Verbindung mit einer Blickbewegungsmessung eingesetzt wurde. In der zweiten Studie wurde zusätzlich eine EEG-Messung durchgeführt. Außerdem wurde in der dritten Studie die Aufmerksamkeitslokation manipuliert. In der ersten und zweiten Studie zeigte sich nicht wie erwartet ein linearer Effekt in Relation zum COMT Val158Met Polymorphismus, sondern ein Heterosiseffekt. Dieser Effekt zeigte sich nur in der einfacheren Prosakkadenbedingung. In der ersten Studie wurde der Heterosiseffekt bei negativen Reizen gefunden, wohingegen in der zweiten Studie der Heterosiseffekt nur in einer EEG- Komponente, der Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), aber sowohl bei positiven als auch negativen Reizen gefunden wurde. In der dritten Studie zeigte sich kein Genotypeffekt. Es wird vermutet, dass der COMT Effekt in der emotionalen Verarbeitung aufgabenspezifisch sein könnte und daher, neben linearen Zusammenhängen, unter bestimmten Umständen auch ein Heterosiseffekt auftreten kann. Die Ergebnisse sollten nicht auf eine männliche Stichprobe generalisiert werden, da in allen Studien lediglich weibliche Versuchspersonen teilnahmen.
Mit der EEG-Umlage wurden bis zum Jahr 2023 die Förderkosten für den Ökostromausbau auf die Stromverbraucher umgelegt. Ursprünglich knüpfte die Umlagepflicht an eine Stromlieferung an, weshalb der eigenerzeugte Strom nicht erfasst war. Das sog. Eigenstromprivileg wurde mit dem EEG 2014 grundsätzlich abgeschafft. Allerdings führten diverse Ausnahmetatbestände dazu, dass ein Großteil der Eigenverbrauchsmengen weiterhin privilegiert waren.
Die Arbeit untersucht, in welchem Maße dieser Flickenteppich an unterschiedlichen Regelungen auf die verfassungs- und europarechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen zurückzuführen ist. Neben einer systematischen Erfassung des einfachgesetzlichen Rechtsrahmens erfolgt eine Analyse, inwiefern das Verfassungs- und Europarecht den gesetzlichen Gestaltungsspielraum für staatlich veranlasste, jedoch privatrechtlich ausgestaltete Umlagesysteme einschränkt.
In dieser Dissertation untersuchten wir die neuronalen Korrelate des Training-Effektes einer auditorischen P300 Gehirn-Computer Schnittstelle mittels fMRI Analyse in einem prä-post Design mit zehn gesunden Testpersonen. Wir wiesen in drei Trainings-sitzungen einen Trainingseffekt in der EEG-Analyse der P300 Welle nach und fanden entsprechende Kontraste in einer prä-post Analyse von fMRI Daten, wobei in allen fünf Sitzungen das gleiche Paradigma verwendet wurde. In der fMRI Analyse fanden wir fol-gende Ergebnisse: in einem Target-/ Nichttarget Kontrast zeigte sich verstärkte Aktivie-rung in Generatorregionen der P300 Welle (temporale und inferiore frontale Regionen) und interessanterweise auch in motorassoziierten Arealen, was höhere kognitiver Pro-zesse wie Aufmerksamkeitslenkung und Arbeitsspeicher widerspiegeln könnte. Der Kon-trast des Trainingseffektes zeigte nach dem Training einen stärkeren Rebound Effekt im Sinne einer verstärkten Aktivierung in Generatorregionen der P300 Welle, was eine ver-besserte Erkennung und Prozessierung von Target-Stimuli reflektieren könnte. Eine Ab-nahme von Aktivierung in frontalen Arealen in diesem Kontrast könnte durch effizientere Abläufe kognitiver Prozesse und des Arbeitsgedächtnis erklärt werden.
ZIELSETZUNG Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung beinhaltet in ihrer Kernsymptomatik eine Störung der Motorik. Bisher wurden viele Studien zur motorischen Inhibition veröffentlich, wenige jedoch zur Exekution von motorischen Aufgaben. Im der vorliegenden Studie wurden Kinder und Jugendliche mit ADHS und gesunde Kontrollprobanden mittels zweier Aufgaben zur repetitiven Fingerbewegung untersucht. Zeitgleich wurden die Gehirndurchblutung mittels fNIRS sowie die neuronale Aktivität mittels EEG registriert. Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, die Ergebnisse von Romanos et al. (2007) zu replizieren sowie weitere Erkenntnisse über die Korrelation zwischen fNIRS- und EEG-Aktivierungen zu erlangen.
METHODEN Die Patientengruppe wurde jeweils einmal mit und einmal ohne Medikation gemessen, die Kontrollgruppe nur einmal. Die Kinder wurden nach entsprechender Aufklärung mit EEG- und fNIRS-Messeinrichtungen vorbereitet und führten nach einem kurzen Probedurchlauf einfach motorische Fingerbewegungen durch. Es wurden sowohl eine Finger-Daumen-Opposition als auch ein Zeigefinger-Tapping in einem bestimmten Rhythmus und Reihenfolge verlangt. Ergänzend wurde ein Oberflächen-EMG im Bereich der beteiligten Muskulatur am Unterarm aufgezeichnet. EEG-, fNIRS- und EMG-Ergebnisse wurden gemittelt und die unterschiedlichen Gruppen miteinander verglichen.
ERGEBNISSE In unserer Auswertung waren 24 Kinder mit der Diagnose einer ADHS sowie eine nach Alter und IQ vergleichbare Kontrollgruppe mit 16 Kindern. Das mittlere Alter betrug 12,4 (ADHS-Patienten) bzw. 12,10 Jahre (Kontrollen). Aufgrund einer ungleichen Geschlechterverteilung musste das Geschlecht als Kovariate in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden. Wir konnten sowohl für die fNIRS als auch für die EEG typische Aktivierungsmuster feststellen. Für die medizierten Probanden fanden wir untypische, diffusere Aktivierung außerhalb des Bereichs des Motorkortex mit fNIRS. Im EEG konnte nur die mPINV-Potentialkomponente ausgewertet werden, die iMP-Komponente konnte aufgrund technischer Probleme nicht ausgewertet werden. Die EMG-Messung fiel wie erwartet aus und zeigte für alle Bedingungen signifikante Aktivierung der ipsilateralen Muskulatur.
DISKUSSION Unsere Ergebnisse stehen nicht im Einklang mit der aktuellen Literatur. Teilweise stimmen sie mit der Arbeit von Romanos et al. (2007) aus unserer Arbeitsgruppe überein. Zudem ist zu erwähnen, dass bisher wenige Arbeiten existieren, die sich mit fNIRS-Messungen im Motorkortex beschäftigt haben. Zahlreiche Arbeiten dagegen beschäftigten sich mit der Inhibitionsleistung bei Patienten mit ADHS und zeigen dazu häufig Ergebnisse aus dem präfrontalen Kortex. Hierbei finden sich unterschiedliche Ergebnisse, die sowohl eine Hypo- als auch eine Hyperaktivität nachweisen können. Verschiedene Studien konnten zeigen, dass die Gehirnaktivität durch Methylphenidat normalisiert wird. Wir finden jedoch im – bisher schlecht untersuchten – Motorkortex eine diffusere Aktivierung durch die Medikation. Eine Studie von Lange et al. (2007) zeigte, dass durch MPH die Handschrift langsamer, aber ordentlicher wird. Möglicherweise wird durch die Medikation aus dem automatisierten Prozess des Schreibens ein bewusst kognitiv gesteuerter Prozess, der mit einer veränderten, verstärkten Gehirnaktivierung im Bereich des Motorkortex einhergeht. Dies könnte unseren Befund erklären. MPH wirkt im Bereich des dopaminergen Systems durch Bindung an den Dopamintransporter (K. H. Krause et al., 2000b). Eine besonders hohe Konzentration findet sich im Bereich des Striatums. Wir interpretieren unser Ergebnis so, dass eine Beeinflussung der subkortikalen Strukturen sekundär zu Aktivierungsveränderungen im Bereich des Motorkortex führt und so die diffusere Aktivierung erklärbar ist. Weitere Studien werden nötig sein um dieses Phänomen genauer zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus zeigte sich, dass die Finger-Daumen-Oppositions-Aufgabe veränderte Gehirnpotentiale im Vergleich zur Tapping-Aufgabe hervorrief, vermutlich durch die erhöhte Komplexität bei der Finger-Daumen-Opposition.
Wir korrelierten die durch fNIRS und EEG gefundenen Aktivierungen und konnten keine aussagekräftige Korrelation finden, anders als in Studien von Ehlis et al. (2009) und Takeuchi et al. (2009).
ADHS-Patienten im Alter von 8-12 Jahren wurde ein Ruhe-EEG von 10 Minuten jeweils mediziert sowie medikamentennüchtern abgeleitet und mittels des Vigilanzalgorithmus Leipzig von Hegerl und Hensch (2012) ausgewertet und den bei gesunden Kontrollkindern gleichen Alters gemessenen EEG-Frequenzen nach Auswertung durch die gleiche Methode gegenübergestellt.
In our current obesogenic environment, exposure to visual food-cues can easily lead to craving and overeating because short-term, pleasurable effects of food intake dominate over the anticipated long-term adverse effects such as weight gain and associated health problems. Here we contrasted these two conditions during food-cue presentation while acquiring event-related potentials (ERPs) and subjective craving ratings. Female participants (n = 25) were presented with either high-calorie (HC) or low-calorie (LC) food images under instructions to imagine either immediate (NOW) or long-term effects (LATER) of consumption. On subjective ratings for HC foods, the LATER perspective reduced cravings as compared to the NOW perspective. For LC foods, by contrast, craving increased under the LATER perspective. Early ERPs (occipital N1, 150-200 ms) were sensitive to food type but not to perspective. Late ERPs (late positive potential, LPP, 350-550 ms) were larger in the HC-LATER condition than in all other conditions, possibly indicating that a cognitive focus on negative long-term consequences induced negative arousal. This enhancement for HC-LATER attenuated to the level of the LC conditions during the later slow wave (550-3000 ms), but amplitude in the HC-NOW condition was larger than in all other conditions, possibly due to a delayed appetitive response. Across all conditions, LPP amplitudes were positively correlated with self-reported emotional eating. In sum, results reveal that regulation effects are secondary to an early attentional analysis of food type and dynamically evolve over time. Adopting a long-term perspective on eating might promote a healthier food choice across a range of food types.
The maximum of the brain electrical field after NoGo stimuli is located more anteriorly than that after stimuli that tells participants to respond. The difference in topography was called NoGo-Anteriorization (NGA). Recently, there was a debate, whether the NGA is related to a central inhibitory process or not. However, experiments showed that the NGA is not the result of motor potentials during Go trials, the NGA does not represent higher response conflict and or higher mental effort in NoGo trials, and the NGA is not based on less cognitive response selection in NoGo trials. Therefore, the experiments support the assumption that the NGA is connected to an inhibitory mechanism in NoGo conditions.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common neuropsychiatric diseases in paediatric populations. The high comorbidity of ADHD and OCD with each other, especially of ADHD in paediatric OCD, is well described. OCD and ADHD often follow a chronic course with persistent rates of at least 40–50 %. Family studies showed high heritability in ADHD and OCD, and some genetic findings showed similar variants for both disorders of the same pathogenetic mechanisms, whereas other genetic findings may differentiate between ADHD and OCD. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that partly similar executive functions are affected in both disorders. The deficits in the corresponding brain networks may be responsible for the perseverative, compulsive symptoms in OCD but also for the disinhibited and impulsive symptoms characterizing ADHD. This article reviews the current literature of neuroimaging, neurochemical circuitry, neuropsychological and genetic findings considering similarities as well as differences between OCD and ADHD.
The present dissertation aims to shed light on different mechanisms of socio-emotional feedback in social decision-making situations. The objective is to evaluate emotional facial expressions as feedback stimuli, i.e., responses of interaction partners to certain social decisions. In addition to human faces, artificial emojis are also examined due to their relevance for modern digital communication. Previous research on the influence of emotional feedback suggests that a person's behavior can be effectively reinforced by rewarding stimuli. In the context of this dissertation, the differences in the feedback processing of human photographs and emojis, but also the evaluation of socially expected versus socially unexpected feedback were examined in detail in four studies. In addition to behavioral data, we used the electroencephalogram (EEG) in all studies to investigate neural correlates of social decision-making and emotional feedback.
As the central paradigm, all studies were based on a modified ultimatum game. The game is structured as follows: there is a so-called proposer who holds a specific amount of money (e.g., 10 cents) and offers the responder a certain amount (e.g., 3 cents). The responder then decides whether to accept or reject the offer. In the version of the ultimatum game presented here, different types of proposers are introduced. After the participants have accepted or rejected in the role of the responder, the different proposers react to the participant’s decision with specific emotional facial expressions. Different feedback patterns are used for the individual experiments conducted in the course of this dissertation.
In the first study, we investigated the influence of emotional feedback on decision-making in the modified version of the ultimatum game. We were able to show that a proposer who responds to the acceptance of an offer with a smiling face achieves more accepted offers overall than a control proposer who responds to both accepted and rejected offers with a neutral facial expression. Consequently, the smile served as a positive reinforcement. Similarly, a sad expression in response to a rejected offer also resulted in higher acceptance rates as compared to the control identity, which could be considered an expression of compassion for that proposer. On a neuronal level, we could show that there are differences between simply looking at negative emotional stimuli (i.e., sad and angry faces) and their appearance as feedback stimuli after rejected offers in the modified ultimatum game. The so-called feedback-related negativity was reduced (i.e., more positive) when negative emotions appeared as feedback from the proposers. We argued that these findings might show that the participants wanted to punish the proposers by rejecting an offer for its unfairness and therefore the negative feedback met their expectations. The altered processing of negative emotional facial expressions in the ultimatum game could therefore indicate that the punishment is interpreted as successful. This includes the expectation that the interaction partner will change his behavior in the future and eventually make fairer offers.
In the second study we wanted to show that smiling and sad emojis as feedback stimuli in the modified ultimatum game can also lead to increased acceptance rates. Contrary to our assumptions, this effect could not be observed. At the neural level as well, the findings did not correspond to our assumptions and differed strongly from those of the first study. One finding, however, was that the neural P3 component showed how the use of emojis as feedback stimuli particularly characterizes certain types of proposers. This is supported by the fact that the P3 is increased for the proposer who rewards an acceptance with a smile as well as for the proposer who reacts to rejection with a sad emoji compared to the neutral control proposer.
The third study examined the discrepancy between the findings of the first and second study. Accordingly, both humans and emojis representing the different proposers were presented in the ultimatum game. In addition, emojis were selected that showed a higher similarity to known emojis from common messenger services compared to the second study. We were able to replicate that the proposers in the ultimatum game, who reward an acceptance of the offer with a smile, led to an increased acceptance rate compared to the neutral control proposers. This difference is independent of whether the proposers are represented by emojis or human faces. With regard to the neural correlates, we were able to demonstrate that emojis and human faces differ strongly in their neural processing. Emojis showed stronger activation than human faces in the face-processing N170 component, the feedback-related negativity and the P3 component. We concluded that the results of the N170 and feedback-related negativity could indicate a signal for missing social information of emojis compared to faces. The increased P3 amplitude for emojis might imply that emojis appear unexpectedly as reward stimuli in a social decision task compared to human faces.
The last study of this project dealt with socially unexpected feedback. In comparison to the first three studies, new proposer identities were implemented. In particular, the focus was on a proposer who reacted to the rejection of an offer unexpectedly with a smile and to the acceptance with a neutral facial expression. According to the results, participants approach this unexpected smile through increased rejection, although it is accompanied by financial loss. In addition, as reported in studies one and three, we were able to show that proposers who respond to the acceptance of an offer with a smiling face and thus meet the expectations of the participants have higher offer acceptance rates than the control proposer. At the neuronal level, especially the feedback from the socially unexpected proposer led to an increased P3 amplitude, which indicates that smiling after rejection is attributed a special subjective importance.
The experiments provide new insights into the social influence through emotional feedback and the processing of relevant social cues. Due to the conceptual similarity of the studies, it was possible to differentiate between stable findings and potentially stimulus-dependent deviations, thus creating a well-founded contribution to the current research. Therefore, the novel paradigm presented here, and the knowledge gained from it could also play an important role in the future for clinical questions dealing with limited social competencies.
We investigated the influence of mental imagery expertise in 15 pen and paper role-players as an expert group compared to the gender-matched control group of computer role-players in the difficult Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotation task. In this task, the participants have to decide which two of four rotated figures match the target figure. The dependent measures were performance speed and accuracy. In our exploratory investigation, we further examined midline frontal theta band activation, parietal alpha band activation, and parietal alpha band asymmetry in EEG as indicator for the chosen rotation strategy. Additionally, we explored the gender influence on performance and EEG activation, although a very small female sample section was given. The expected gender difference concerning performance accuracy was negated by expertise in pen and paper role-playing women, while the gender-specific difference in performance speed was preserved. Moreover, gender differences concerning electro-cortical measures revealed differences in rotation strategy, with women using top-down strategies compared to men, who were using top-down strategies and active inhibition of associative cortical areas. These strategy uses were further moderated by expertise, with higher expertise leading to more pronounced activation patters, especially during successful performance. However, due to the very limited sample size, the findings of this explorative study have to be interpreted cautiously.
The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat
(2023)
Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life‐threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty‐two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US‐expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady‐state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US‐expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat.
This study aimed at evaluating the performance of the Studentized Continuous Wavelet Transform (t-CWT) as a method for the extraction and assessment of event-related brain potentials (ERP) in data from a single subject. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of the t-CWT were assessed and compared to a variety of competing procedures using simulated EEG data at six low signal-to-noise ratios. Results show that the t-CWT combines high sensitivity and specificity with favorable PPV and NPV. Applying the t-CWT to authentic EEG data obtained from 14 healthy participants confirmed its high sensitivity. The t-CWT may thus be well suited for the assessment of weak ERPs in single-subject settings.
Gambling is a popular activity in Germany, with 40% of a representative sample reporting having gambled at least once in the past year (Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung, 2014). While the majority of gamblers show harmless gambling behavior, a subset develops serious problems due to their gambling, affecting their psychological well-being, social life and work. According to recent estimates, up to 0.8% of the German population are affected by such pathological gambling. People in general and pathological gamblers in particular show several cognitive distortions, that is, misconceptions about the chances of winning and skill involvement, in gambling. The current work aimed at elucidating the biopsychological basis of two such kinds of cognitive distortions, the illusion of control and the gambler’s and hot hand fallacies, and their modulation by gambling problems. Therefore, four studies were conducted assessing the processing of near outcomes (used as a proxy for the illusion of control) and outcome sequences (used as a proxy for the gambler’s and hot hand fallacies) in samples of varying degrees of gambling problems, using a multimethod approach.
The first study analyzed the processing and evaluation of near outcomes as well as choice behavior in a wheel of fortune paradigm using electroencephalography (EEG). To assess the influence of gambling problems, a group of problem gamblers was compared to a group of controls. The results showed that there were no differences in the processing of near outcomes between the two groups. Near compared to full outcomes elicited smaller P300 amplitudes. Furthermore, at a trend level, the choice behavior of participants showed signs of a pattern opposite to the gambler’s fallacy, with longer runs of an outcome color leading to increased probabilities of choosing this color again on the subsequent trial. Finally, problem gamblers showed smaller feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitudes relative to controls.
The second study also targeted the processing of near outcomes in a wheel of fortune paradigm, this time using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a group of participants with varying degrees of gambling problems. The results showed increased activity in the bilateral superior parietal cortex following near compared to full outcomes.
The third study examined the peripheral physiology reactions to near outcomes in the wheel of fortune. Heart period and skin conductance were measured while participants with varying degrees of gambling problems played on the wheel of fortune. Near compared to full outcomes led to increased heart period duration shortly after the outcome. Furthermore, heart period reactions and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were modulated by gambling problems. Participants with high relative to low levels of gambling problems showed increased SCRs to near outcomes and similar heart period reactions to near outcomes and full wins.
The fourth study analyzed choice behavior and sequence effects in the processing of outcomes in a coin toss paradigm using EEG in a group of problem gamblers and controls. Again, problem gamblers showed generally smaller FRN amplitudes compared to controls. There were no differences between groups in the processing of outcome sequences. The break of an outcome streak led to increased power in the theta frequency band. Furthermore, the P300 amplitude was increased after a sequence of previous wins. Finally, problem gamblers compared to controls showed a trend of switching the outcome symbol relative to the previous outcome symbol more often.
In sum, the results point towards differences in the processing of near compared to full outcomes in brain areas and measures implicated in attentional and salience processes. The processing of outcome sequences involves processes of salience attribution and violation of expectations. Furthermore, problem gamblers seem to process near outcomes as more win-like compared to controls. The results and their implications for problem gambling as well as further possible lines of research are discussed.
Previous EEG research only investigated one stage ultimatum games (UGs). We investigated the influence of a second bargaining stage in an UG concerning behavioral responses, electro-cortical correlates and their moderations by the traits altruism, anger, anxiety, and greed in 92 participants. We found that an additional stage led to more rejection in the 2-stage UG (2SUG) and that increasing offers in the second stage compared to the first stage led to more acceptance. The FRN during a trial was linked to expectance evaluation concerning the fairness of the offers, while midfrontal theta was a marker for the needed cognitive control to overcome the respective default behavioral pattern. The FRN responses to unfair offers were more negative for either low or high altruism in the UG, while high trait anxiety led to more negative FRN responses in the first stage of 2SUG, indicating higher sensitivity to unfairness. Accordingly, the mean FRN response, representing the trait-like general electrocortical reactivity to unfairness, predicted rejection in the first stage of 2SUG. Additionally, we found that high trait anger led to more rejections for unfair offer in 2SUG in general, while trait altruism led to more rejection of unimproving unfair offers in the second stage of 2SUG. In contrast, trait anxiety led to more acceptance in the second stage of 2SUG, while trait greed even led to more acceptance if the offer was worse than in the stage before. These findings suggest, that 2SUG creates a trait activation situation compared to the UG.
Ausgangspunkt für diese Arbeit war die Diskrepanz zwischen der vielfach belegten Schwierigkeit schizophrener Patienten bei der Dekodierung emotionaler Gesichtsausdrücke und dem mangelhaften Wissen über die hierfür verantwortlichen Prozesse. In der Literatur der letzten Jahre gab es einige viel versprechende Ergebnisse, die nahe legten, dass mit dem Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) sowohl die Verarbeitung von Gesichtern, als auch der Mimik messbar ist. Somit wäre das EEG eine geeignete Methode den Prozess der Emotionsdekodierung bei schizophrenen Patienten zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit untersucht folgende zwei Hauptfragestellungen. Erstens, wie lassen sich die für die Verarbeitung von Gesichtern und das Erkennen von emotionalen Gesichtsausdrücken verantwortlichen kognitiven Prozesse mit Hilfe ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale des EEGs reliabel messen? Zweitens, sind diese Prozesse bei schizophrenen Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Probanden beeinträchtigt? Zur Klärung der ersten Fragestellung wurden drei Stichproben gesunder Personen untersucht. Es zeigte sich in allen drei Untersuchungen, dass sich die Verarbeitung von Gesichtern im Vergleich zu Kontrollreizen in einer negativen Komponente um 170 ms über temporalen Elektrodenpositionen widerspiegelt (Gesichterpeak, N170). Die N170 konnte mit dem Quellenlokalisationsprogramm LORETA unter anderem im Gyrus Fusiformis, der entsprechenden Hirnregion für die Gesichtsverarbeitung, lokalisiert werden. Für die Dekodierung emotionaler Gesichtsausdrücke konnten keine wiederholbaren Effekte nachgewiesen werden. Im Weiteren wurde die Gesichtsverarbeitung bei schizophrenen Patienten untersucht. 22 als schizophren diagnostizierte Patienten wurden mit einer nach dem Alter, dem Geschlecht und dem Bildungsstatus angepassten Kontrollgruppe verglichen. In dieser Auswertung deutete sich bei schizophrenen Patienten ein Defizit in den frühen Verarbeitungsschritten von Gesichtern an. Dieses Ergebnis wurde in dieser Art noch nicht gezeigt und reiht sich ein in Studien, die sowohl strukturelle Veränderungen in den für die Gesichtsverarbeitung wesentlichen Hirnregionen bei schizophrenen Patienten zeigen konnten als auch ein allgemeines Defizit früher visueller Verarbeitung nahe legen.
Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits.
Background:
In major depressive disorder (MDD), electrophysiological and imaging studies suggest reduced neural activity in the parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions. In the present study, neural correlates of emotional processing in MDD were analyzed for the first time in a pre-/post-treatment design by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG), allowing for detecting temporal dynamics of brain activation.
Methods:
Twenty-five medication-free Caucasian in-patients with MDD and 25 matched controls underwent a baseline MEG session with passive viewing of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Fifteen patients were followed-up with a second MEG session after 4 weeks of antidepressant monopharmacotherapy with mirtazapine. The corresponding controls received no intervention between the measurements. The clinical course of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression scale.
Results:
Prior to treatment, an overall neocortical hypoactivation during emotional processing, particularly at the parietal regions and areas at the right temporoparietal junction, as well as abnormal valence-specific reactions at the right parietal and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) regions were observed in patients compared to controls. These effects occurred <150ms, suggesting dysfunctional processing of emotional stimuli at a preconscious level. Successful antidepressant treatment resulted in a normalization of the hypoactivation at the right parietal and right temporoparietal regions. Accordingly, both dlPFC regions revealed an increase of activity after therapy.
Conclusions:
The present study provides neurophysiological evidence for dysfunctional emotional processing in a fronto-parieto-temporal network, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of MDD. These activation patterns might have the potential to serve as biomarkers of treatment success.
Background:
In major depressive disorder (MDD), electrophysiological and imaging studies suggest reduced neural activity in the parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions. In the present study, neural correlates of emotional processing in MDD were analyzed for the first time in a pre-/post-treatment design by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG), allowing for detecting temporal dynamics of brain activation.
Methods:
Twenty-five medication-free Caucasian in-patients with MDD and 25 matched controls underwent a baseline MEG session with passive viewing of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Fifteen patients were followed-up with a second MEG session after 4 weeks of antidepressant monopharmacotherapy with mirtazapine. The corresponding controls received no intervention between the measurements. The clinical course of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression scale.
Results:
Prior to treatment, an overall neocortical hypoactivation during emotional processing, particularly at the parietal regions and areas at the right temporoparietal junction, as well as abnormal valence-specific reactions at the right parietal and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) regions were observed in patients compared to controls. These effects occurred <150ms, suggesting dysfunctional processing of emotional stimuli at a preconscious level. Successful antidepressant treatment resulted in a normalization of the hypoactivation at the right parietal and right temporoparietal regions. Accordingly, both dlPFC regions revealed an increase of activity after therapy.
Conclusions:
The present study provides neurophysiological evidence for dysfunctional emotional processing in a fronto-parieto-temporal network, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of MDD. These activation patterns might have the potential to serve as biomarkers of treatment success.
Frontal asymmetry, a construct invented by Richard Davidson, linking positive and negative valence as well as approach and withdrawal motivation to lateralized frontal brain activation has been investigated for over thirty years. The frontal activation patterns described as relevant were measured via alpha-band frequency activity (8-13 Hz) as a measurement of deactivation in electroencephalography (EEG) for homologous electrode pairs, especially for the electrode position F4/ F3 to account for the frontal relative lateralized brain activation.
Three different theories about frontal activation patterns linked to motivational states were investigated in two studies. The valence theory of Davidson (1984; 1998a; 1998b) and its extension to the motivational direction theory by Harmon-Jones and Allen (1998) refers to the approach motivation with relative left frontal brain activity (indicated by relative right frontal alpha activity) and to withdrawal motivation with relative right frontal brain activation (indicated by relative left frontal alpha activity). The second theory proposed by Hewig and colleagues (2004; 2005; 2006) integrates the findings of Davidson and Harmon – Jones and Allen with the reinforcement sensitivity theory of Jeffrey A. Gray (1982, 1991). Hewig sees the lateralized frontal approach system and withdrawal system proposed by Davidson as subsystems of the behavioral activation system proposed by Gray and bilateral frontal activation as a biological marker for the behavioral activation system. The third theory investigated in the present studies is the theory from Wacker and colleagues (2003; 2008; 2010) where the frontal asymmetrical brain activation patterns are linked to the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory of Gray and McNaughton (2000). Here, right frontal brain activity (indicated by lower relative right frontal alpha activity) accounts for conflict, behavioral inhibition and activity of the revised behavioral inhibition system, while left frontal brain activation (indicated by lower relative left frontal alpha activity) stands for active behavior and the activity of the revised behavioral activation system as well as the activation of the revised flight fight freezing system. In order to investigate these three theories, a virtual reality T-maze paradigm was introduced to evoke motivational states in the participants, offering the opportunity to measure frontal brain activation patterns via EEG and behavior simultaneously in the first study. In the second study the virtual reality paradigm was additionally compared to mental imagery and a movie paradigm, two well-known state inducing paradigms in the research field of frontal asymmetry.
In the two studies, there was confirming evidence for the theory of Hewig and colleages (2004; 2005; 2006), showing higher bilateral frontal activation for active behavior and lateralized frontal activation patterns for approach (left frontal brain activation) and avoidance (right frontal brain activation) behavior. Additionally a limitation for the capability model of anterior brain asymmetry proposed by Coan and colleagues (2006), where the frontal asymmetry should be dependent on the relevant traits driving the frontal asymmetry pattern if a relevant situation occurs, could be found. As the very intense virtual reality paradigm did not lead to a difference of frontal brain activation patterns compared to the mental imagery paradigm or the movie paradigm for the traits of the participants, the trait dependency of the frontal asymmetry in a relevant situation might not be given, if the intensity of the situation exceeds a certain level. Nevertheless there was an influence of the traits in the virtual reality T-maze paradigm, because the shown behavior in the maze was trait-dependent.
The implications of the findings are multifarious, leading from possible objective personality testing via diversification of the virtual reality paradigm to even clinical implications for depression treatments based on changes in the lateralized frontal brain activation patterns for changes in the motivational aspects, but also for changes in bilateral frontal brain activation when it comes to the drive and preparedness for action in patients. Finally, with the limitation of the capability model, additional variance in the different findings about frontal asymmetry can be explained by taking the intensity of a state manipulation into account.