Refine
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (409)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Journal article (220)
- Doctoral Thesis (181)
- Preprint (6)
- Report (1)
- Review (1)
Keywords
- Organische Chemie (130)
- Supramolekulare Chemie (20)
- Selbstorganisation (17)
- Farbstoff (13)
- Naphthylisochinolinalkaloide (13)
- Fluoreszenz (12)
- Organische Synthese (11)
- self-assembly (11)
- Merocyanine (10)
- Strukturaufklärung (10)
- supramolecular chemistry (10)
- 1 (9)
- Chemische Synthese (9)
- Perylenbisimid (9)
- Chemie (8)
- Elektronentransfer (8)
- Perylenderivate (8)
- fluorescence (8)
- perylene bisimide (8)
- 3 (7)
- Isolierung <Chemie> (7)
- Molekulare Erkennung (7)
- Nanodiamant (7)
- Naturstoffe (7)
- Sekundärmetabolit (7)
- Totalsynthese (7)
- Aggregation (6)
- Diamant (6)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (6)
- Malaria (6)
- Nanopartikel (6)
- dyes (6)
- nanodiamond (6)
- Asymmetrische Synthese (5)
- Biosynthese (5)
- Chromophor (5)
- DNA (5)
- Diels-Alder reactions (5)
- Kombinatorische Synthese (5)
- Natural Products (5)
- Polymere (5)
- Squaraine (5)
- Supramolecular Chemistry (5)
- Zirkulardichroismus (5)
- structure elucidation (5)
- total synthesis (5)
- Aggregat <Chemie> (4)
- Ancistrocladaceae (4)
- Ancistrocladus (4)
- Click-Chemie (4)
- Exziton (4)
- Guanidinderivate (4)
- Katalyse (4)
- Ladungstransfer (4)
- Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide (4)
- Naturstoff (4)
- Oxidation (4)
- Selbstassemblierung (4)
- Stereoselektive Synthese (4)
- Supramolekulare Struktur (4)
- Triarylamine (4)
- Wasserstoffbrückenbindung (4)
- chemistry (4)
- in vitro selection (4)
- naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids (4)
- non-covalent interactions (4)
- oxidation (4)
- photocatalysis (4)
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (4)
- structural elucidation (4)
- supramolekulare Chemie (4)
- transient absorption (4)
- water oxidation (4)
- 4-0xadiazin-6-ones (3)
- Absolute Configuration (3)
- Amphiphile Verbindungen (3)
- Anthracenderivate (3)
- CD-Spektroskopie (3)
- Chiralität (3)
- Chiralität <Chemie> (3)
- Circular Dichroism (3)
- Cycloadditions (3)
- DNS (3)
- DNS-Schädigung (3)
- Enantioselektivität (3)
- Energietransfer (3)
- Exzitonenkopplung (3)
- Fluorescence (3)
- Flüssigkristall (3)
- HPLC (3)
- Merocyanin (3)
- NMR-Spektroskopie (3)
- Naphthylisochinoline (3)
- Natural products (3)
- Organic Chemistry (3)
- Organischer Halbleiter (3)
- Peptidsynthese (3)
- Perylenbisdicarboximide <Perylen-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide)> (3)
- Perylene Bisimide (3)
- RNA (3)
- Rezeptor (3)
- Scheibe-Aggregat (3)
- Self-assembly (3)
- Stereochemie (3)
- Synthese (3)
- Synthesediamant (3)
- Triphyophyllum peltatum (3)
- absolute configuration (3)
- aggregation (3)
- biosynthesis (3)
- catalysis (3)
- circular dichroism (3)
- energy transfer (3)
- isolation (3)
- nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen (3)
- organische Solarzelle (3)
- ruthenium complexes (3)
- transient absorption spectroscopy (3)
- 10-bis(dicarboximide)> (2)
- 2 (2)
- 4-0xadiazine-2-carboxylate (2)
- 4:9 (2)
- 6 (2)
- Absolute Konfiguration (2)
- Aminosäuren (2)
- Anorganische Chemie (2)
- Arabidopsis thaliana (2)
- Aromatically annulated triquinacenes (2)
- Aromatisch anellierte Triquinacene (2)
- Azoalkene (2)
- Benzvalen (2)
- Bioaktive Verbindungen (2)
- Bioorganik (2)
- Bioorganische Chemie (2)
- Bispidinderivate (2)
- C-C coupling (2)
- C-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids (2)
- Carbocations (2)
- Chemische Reaktion (2)
- Chirality (2)
- Chlorinderivate (2)
- Circular-Dichroismus (2)
- Columnare Phase (2)
- Computational chemistry (2)
- Cycloadditionen (2)
- DBH (2)
- Dichtefunktionalformalismus (2)
- Dipolare Cycloaddition (2)
- Donator <Chemie> (2)
- Dyes (2)
- Dünnschichttransistor (2)
- Energy Transfer (2)
- Enol Iactones (2)
- Enzyminhibitor (2)
- Epoxidation (2)
- Epoxidierung (2)
- Exciton coupling (2)
- FRET (2)
- Festkörperoberfläche (2)
- Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (2)
- Fotokatalyse (2)
- Gold (2)
- Guanidiniocarbonylpyrrol (2)
- HPLC-CD-Kopplung (2)
- Hydrogel (2)
- Infektionskrankheiten (2)
- Isolation (2)
- Isolierung (2)
- Ketenes (2)
- Kohlenhydrate (2)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- Käfigverbindungen (2)
- Leishmaniose (2)
- Makrozyklus (2)
- Merocyanine dyes (2)
- Molecular Recognition (2)
- N (2)
- Nanosegregation (2)
- Naphthochinone (2)
- Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids (2)
- Naturstoffchemie (2)
- Oberflächenfunktionalisierung (2)
- Organic Synthesis (2)
- Organischer Feldeffekttransistor (2)
- Organokatalyse (2)
- PNA (2)
- Parkinson (2)
- Parkinson-Krankheit (2)
- Peptide (2)
- Perylen (2)
- Perylenbisdicarboximide <Perylen-3 (2)
- Perylenbisimide (2)
- Perylene bisimide (2)
- Photochemie (2)
- Photochemistry (2)
- Photolyse (2)
- Photolysis (2)
- Photosensibilisator (2)
- Polarität (2)
- Polyketide (2)
- Porphyrin (2)
- Porphyrine (2)
- QSAR (2)
- Quantenchemie (2)
- RNA Enzymes (2)
- RNA modification (2)
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (2)
- Radikal <Chemie> (2)
- Raumfüllung (2)
- Screening (2)
- Selbstassoziation (2)
- Singlet Oxygen (2)
- Singulettsauerstoff (2)
- Structural elucidation (2)
- Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungsstudien (2)
- Thermotroper Flüssigkristall (2)
- Total synthesis (2)
- Transiente Absorption (2)
- Triarylamin (2)
- Triphyophyllum (2)
- Triquinacenderivate (2)
- Vanadium (2)
- Viskosität (2)
- Wirkmechanismus (2)
- Wirt-Gast-Beziehung (2)
- Zeitabhängige Dichtefunktionaltheorie (2)
- Zellkultur (2)
- axial chirality (2)
- boranes (2)
- bulk polarity (2)
- charge separation (2)
- charge transfer (2)
- chirality (2)
- click chemistry (2)
- combinatorial chemistry (2)
- cooperativity (2)
- curved hydrocarbons (2)
- dimer (2)
- dye (2)
- dyes/pigments (2)
- electron transfer (2)
- epoxidation (2)
- functionalization (2)
- gekrümmte Kohlenwasserstoffe (2)
- guanidiniocarbonyl pyrrole (2)
- hexahydro- (2)
- homogenous catalysis (2)
- hydrolysis (2)
- infectious diseases (2)
- intervalence charge transfer (2)
- macrocycle (2)
- malaria (2)
- marine natural product (2)
- merocyanines (2)
- methyl 6-oxo-5-phenyl- (2)
- mode of action (2)
- molecular recognition (2)
- naphthalene diimide (2)
- organic chemistry (2)
- organic photovoltaics (2)
- organic semiconductor (2)
- organic semiconductors (2)
- organic solar cells (2)
- organic synthesis (2)
- pentacene (2)
- peptides (2)
- photoinduced electron transfer (2)
- polymers (2)
- preparation (2)
- radical (2)
- redox cascade (2)
- rotational unsymmetric substituents (2)
- rotationsunsymmetrische Substituenten (2)
- self-sorting (2)
- spectroscopy (2)
- sphingolipids (2)
- stereoselektive Synthese (2)
- streptomyces (2)
- structure-activity-relationship studies (2)
- supercritical solvents (2)
- superkritische Lösungsmittel (2)
- supramolecular (2)
- supramolekular (2)
- synthesis (2)
- thin film transistor (2)
- triarylamine (2)
- vanadium (2)
- viscisity (2)
- water (2)
- y-oxo- (2)
- "steepest descent-modest ascent" (1)
- "steilsten Abstieg - schwächste Aufstieg" (1)
- 'Lacton-Konzept' (1)
- 'lactone concept' (1)
- (bi)pyridine-based ligand (1)
- 0]hexane (1)
- 1' -c]naphthalene (1)
- 1-aryl- (1)
- 1-dibromo-1a (1)
- 10 (1)
- 11-dihydro- / 1-Pyrazoline (1)
- 2"-> (1)
- 2':6' (1)
- 2-Bismethylenecyclobutanes (1)
- 2-Bismethylenecyclohexane (1)
- 2-Cyclopentanedione derivatives (1)
- 2-Norcaranols (1)
- 2-photon absorption (1)
- 2-α:2' (1)
- 3-Azabicyclo{3 (1)
- 3-Cyclopenrtandiyl Radikalkationen (1)
- 3-Cyclopentanediyl Radical Cations (1)
- 3-Methenonaphthalenes (1)
- 3-aryl- (1)
- 3-cyclohexadiene (1)
- 3-n-butyl-N-phenyl- (1)
- 4 (1)
- 4-Pentadienylamine (1)
- 4-tetrahydro- (1)
- 4</sup>.0<sup>3 (1)
- 4]0xadiazino[4 (1)
- 4]non-7-en-6-ylpotassium (1)
- 4a (1)
- 5 (1)
- 5-b]isoquinolin-1-one derivatives (1)
- 5-dinitrobenzoates (1)
- 5</sup>]beptanes (1)
- 5H-Dibenzo[a (1)
- 5]cyclohepta[ 1 (1)
- 6-Norpinanols (1)
- 6-Norpinyl 3 (1)
- 6-Thiatricyclo[3.2.1.o 2.7 ]oct-3-ene 6 (1)
- 6-aryl- (1)
- 6-dibromo-3-phenyl- (1)
- 6-dioxide (1)
- 6-phenyl (1)
- 6H-1 (1)
- 6a-Tetrahydro-2H-cyclobuta[b]pyrans (1)
- 7 (1)
- 7-Norcaranylidene carbenoid (1)
- 7-dibromo (1)
- 7</sup>]heptane derivatives (1)
- 7b-tetrahydro- (1)
- 8 (1)
- 8-Tetrahydro-3H-2-benzopyrans (1)
- 8a-Tetrahydro-2H-1-benzopyran (1)
- 9-Oxabispidin (1)
- 9-Oxabispidine (1)
- 9-oxabispidine (1)
- 9-oxabispidines (1)
- A-D-A dyes (1)
- A. abbreviatus (1)
- A. likoko (1)
- ADME analysis (1)
- Absolutkonfiguration (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Acetophenon (1)
- Acetylneuraminsäure <N-> (1)
- Ackerschmalwand (1)
- Acridiziniumsalze (1)
- Actinomyceten (1)
- Actinomycetes (1)
- Adhäsion (1)
- Adiabatische Kalorimetrie (1)
- Adipic acid (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Aggregate (1)
- Aktiver Transport (1)
- Akzeptor <Chemie> (1)
- Alignment (1)
- Alkaloid (1)
- Alkaloide (1)
- Alkene (1)
- Alkine (1)
- Alkoxylierung (1)
- Alkoxylradikale (1)
- Alkoxylradikals (1)
- Allenes (1)
- Allylalkohol (1)
- Allylalkohole (1)
- Allylic Amination (1)
- Allylische Aminierung (1)
- Aloe <Gattung> (1)
- Aloe saponaria (1)
- Amino Acid Extraction (1)
- Amino Acid Transport (1)
- Aminosäurentransport (1)
- Amplification (1)
- Anchimeric assistance in solvolysis (1)
- Ancistrocladinium A (1)
- Ancistrocladus benomensis (1)
- Ancistrocladus cochinchinenesis (1)
- Ancistrocladus cochinchinensis (1)
- Ancistrocladus ealaensis (1)
- Ancistrocladus griffithii (1)
- Ancistrocladus likoko (1)
- Ancistrocladus tanzaniensis (1)
- Ancistrogriffin (1)
- Ancistrogriffine (1)
- Ancistrogriffithin A (1)
- Ancistrogriffithine A (1)
- Anellierung (1)
- Anion (1)
- Anthracen (1)
- Anthracene derivatives (1)
- Anthrachinonderivate (1)
- Anthrachinonfarbstoff (1)
- Anti-infectious activity (1)
- Antiausterity activity (1)
- Antidesma (1)
- Antidesma membranaceum (1)
- Antimalariamittel (1)
- Antimicrobial activities (1)
- Antimicrobial proteins (1)
- Antimikrobielle Aktivitäten (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Antitumor-Antibiotikum (1)
- Antitumor-antibitioc (1)
- Antitumorale Wirkstoffe (1)
- Antiviral nucleoside analogues (1)
- Aplysiapyranoide (1)
- Apoptosis (1)
- Aptamer (1)
- Aromatic-hydrocarbon (1)
- Aspergillus niger (1)
- Atomic and molecular interactions with photons (1)
- Atropisomere (1)
- Atropisomerie (1)
- Auflösungsraten (1)
- Ausrichtung (1)
- Axialchiralität (1)
- Axiale Chiralität (1)
- Azomethinylide (1)
- B3LYP Clusternäherung (1)
- BMP-2 (1)
- BMP-2 delivery (1)
- Bacillus anthracis (1)
- Bacillus megaterium (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Bakteriochlorophyll (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Barbaralane derivatives (1)
- Base pairing (1)
- Basenpaarung (1)
- Benzocycloheptene derivatives (1)
- Benzodiphenanthrenotriquinacen (1)
- Benzvalene (1)
- Berechnung (1)
- Biaryle (1)
- Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane derivatives (1)
- Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (1)
- Bicyclo[1.1.0]butylcarbinyl sulfonates (1)
- Bicyclo[2.1.l]hexan-5-one (1)
- Bicyclo[3.2.0.0<sup>2 (1)
- Bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-ene derivatives (1)
- Bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-yl anions (1)
- Bicyclobutanderivate (1)
- Bicyclobutane (1)
- Bicyclobutanes (1)
- Bindungslängenalternanz (1)
- Bindungslängenalternanz in Aromaten (1)
- Bingel-Hirsch-Reaktion (1)
- Bioactivity (1)
- Bioaktivität (1)
- Biochemistry (1)
- Biocompatibility (1)
- Biodegradable polymer scaffolds (1)
- Biogenese (1)
- Biogenesis Ancistrocladus griffithii (1)
- Biomaterial (1)
- Bioorganic Chemistry (1)
- Bioorganic chemistry (1)
- Bioorthogonal (1)
- Biosynthesis (1)
- Biotinylation (1)
- Biotinylierung (1)
- Biradikal (1)
- Bisbenzo[ 4 (1)
- Bispidin (1)
- Bodipy (1)
- Bola-Amphiphil (1)
- Bond length alternation in aromatics (1)
- Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (1)
- Bone tissue engineering (1)
- Bor-Stickstoff-Verbindungen (1)
- Bor-dotiert (1)
- Borane (1)
- Boron-Nitrogen Dative Bond (1)
- Butadien (1)
- C-13 NMR (1)
- C-verknüpfte Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide (1)
- CCL2 (MCP-1) (1)
- CD-Spectra (1)
- CD-Spektren (1)
- CD4+ T cells (1)
- CD8+ T cells (1)
- CE-oTOF-MS (1)
- CXCL8 (IL-8) (1)
- Caco-2 (1)
- Cage (1)
- Calculation (1)
- Calix[4]aren (1)
- Calluskultur (1)
- Carbazolderivate (1)
- Carbene insertion (1)
- Carbon (1)
- Carbonylverbindung (1)
- Carbonylverbindungen (1)
- Carboxylat-Rezeptor (1)
- Ceramide (1)
- Charge-transfer-Komplexe (1)
- Chemical Sensor (1)
- Chemical Synthesis (1)
- Chemische Bindung (1)
- Chemischer Sensor (1)
- Chili RNA Aptamer (1)
- Chinodimethane (1)
- Chinolizinderivate (1)
- Chinoliziniumsalze (1)
- Chirale Verbindungen (1)
- Chirality Transfer (1)
- Chloral (1)
- Chloral (Trichloracetaldehyd) (1)
- Chlorin (1)
- Chlorophyllderivate (1)
- Chloroquin (1)
- Chromophore (1)
- Chromophores (1)
- Circular Dichroismus (1)
- Clostridium botulin (1)
- Clustermodell (1)
- Combinatorial Method Development (1)
- Computerchemie (1)
- Congo (1)
- Congolese Ancistrocladus plants (1)
- Conjugated polymers (1)
- Coordination Polymer (1)
- Cope-Umlagerung (1)
- Coronaviren (1)
- Corrole (1)
- Coupled-Cluster Theory (1)
- Coupled-Cluster-Theorie (1)
- Cryoelectron microscopy (1)
- Curtin / Hammett Verhalten (1)
- Curtin / Hammett-Behavior (1)
- Cyaninfarbstoff (1)
- Cyclic Allenes (1)
- Cyclic peptides (1)
- Cyclische Allene (1)
- Cyclische Verbindungen (1)
- Cycloaddition (1)
- Cycloalkene (1)
- Cycloallene dimerization (1)
- Cyclobuta[c}pyridines (1)
- Cyclobutylcarbinyl sulfonates (1)
- Cyclohept-3-en-1-ols (1)
- Cyclooctine (1)
- Cyclooctyne (1)
- Cyclopenta[c]pyran-3(5H)-on (1)
- Cyclopenta[c]pyran-3(7H)-on (1)
- Cyclopenta[c]pyrane (1)
- Cyclopentadienderivate (1)
- Cyclopentapyrane (1)
- Cyclophan (1)
- Cyclopropanetetracarbonitrile derivatives (1)
- Cyclovoltammetrie (1)
- DNA catalysis (1)
- DNA catalyst (1)
- DOSY-NMR (1)
- Deagglomerierung (1)
- Deoxyribozyme (1)
- Deoxyribozymes (1)
- Design (1)
- Di-Pi-Methan-Umlagerung (1)
- Di-pi-methane-rearrangement (1)
- Diarylethen (1)
- Diarylethene (1)
- Diarylethylene (1)
- Diastereoselectivity (1)
- Diastereoselektivität (1)
- Dibenzobarrelene (1)
- Dicarboximide (1)
- Dicarboximides (1)
- Dichtebestimmung in Theorie und Experiment (1)
- Diels-Alder reaction (1)
- Diels-Alder-Reaktion (1)
- Diketopyrrolopyrrol (1)
- Dimer (1)
- Dimer-Konfiguration (1)
- Dimere (1)
- Dimeric Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids (1)
- Dimers (1)
- Dioncochinon B (1)
- Dioncophyllaceae (1)
- Dioncoquinone B (1)
- Dioxetan (1)
- Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwir (1)
- Dipolmoment (1)
- Diradicals (1)
- Diradikalen (1)
- Doering-Moore-Skattebol-Reaction (1)
- Doering-Moore-Skattebol-Reaktion (1)
- Donor (1)
- Donor-Photosensibilisator-Akzeptor Triade (1)
- Dotierung (1)
- Dyad (1)
- Dyade (1)
- Dyes/pigments (1)
- ECD-Spektroskopie (1)
- Effectors in plant pathology (1)
- Einschlusskomplexe (1)
- Eisen (1)
- Electron Transfer (1)
- Electron demand in ditosylates (1)
- Electron density (1)
- Electron transfer (1)
- Electronic Circular Dichroism (1)
- Elektronendichte (1)
- Elektronendichtebestimmung (1)
- Elektronenspinresonanzspektroskopie (1)
- Elektronischer Circulardichroismus (1)
- Embedded Clustermodell (1)
- Emission (1)
- En-Reaktion (1)
- En-Synthese (1)
- Enantioselectivity (1)
- Encarbamat (1)
- Endorezeptor (1)
- Ene Reaction (1)
- Enecarbamate (1)
- Energieaufnahme (1)
- Energietransfer <Mikrophysik> (1)
- Energy transfer (1)
- Enolether (1)
- Enzym (1)
- Enzym-Screening (1)
- Enzymkinetik (1)
- Episulfid (1)
- Epitranscriptomics (1)
- Esterasen (1)
- Ethylenglykolderivate (1)
- Euphorbiaceae (1)
- Exciton Coupling (1)
- Excitons (1)
- FLEXS (1)
- FT-IR spectroscopy (1)
- Farbstoffe (1)
- Farbstoffe/Pigmente (1)
- Feeding experiment (1)
- Festkörper (1)
- Festkörper-NMR (1)
- Fiels-effect transistors (1)
- Fluoreszenz-Assay (1)
- Fluoreszenzresonanz-Energietransfer (1)
- Fluoreszenzschalter (1)
- Fluoreszenzsolvatochromie (1)
- Fluoreszenzsonde (1)
- Fluoreszenzspektroskopie (1)
- Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion (1)
- Flüssigkristalle (1)
- Foldamers (1)
- Fotochemische Reaktion (1)
- Fotovoltaik (1)
- Fulleren (1)
- Fulleren-Netzwerk (1)
- Fullerenderivate (1)
- Fullerene (1)
- Functional nucleic acids (1)
- Functionalisation (1)
- Functionalization (1)
- Fungal host response (1)
- Fungi (1)
- Funktionalisierung (1)
- Funktionelle Polymere (1)
- Furanderivate (1)
- G-quadruplexes (1)
- Gaborochinone A und B (1)
- Gaboroquinone A und B (1)
- Galabiose (1)
- Galectine (1)
- Garcinia biflavonoids (1)
- Gelieren (1)
- Gespannte Ringe (1)
- Gespannte Verbindungen (1)
- Glucosinolat (1)
- Glucosinolate (1)
- Glycochip (1)
- Glycoengineering (1)
- Glycosyltransferase (1)
- Gold Nanoparticles (1)
- Gold Nanopartikel (1)
- Golgi (1)
- Graphene nanoribbons (1)
- Growth; BMP-2 (1)
- Guanidinium Cations (1)
- Guanidiniumverbindungen (1)
- Guanin (1)
- H-Aggregate (1)
- H-bonds (1)
- HPLC-CD (1)
- HPLC-CD coupling (1)
- HPLC-CD-NMR (1)
- HPLC-ECD-Kopplung (1)
- HPLC-ECD-coupling (1)
- HPLC-ESI-MS-MS-Analytik (1)
- HPLC-ESI-MS-MS-analysis (1)
- HPLC-MS (1)
- HPLC-NMR coupling (1)
- HPLC-NMR-Kopplung (1)
- Halogene (1)
- Halonium ions (1)
- Hamilton-Rezeptor (1)
- Heilpflanzen (1)
- Hekate (1)
- Helicität <Chemie> (1)
- Helix- and Zick-Zack-Konformere (1)
- Helix- and Zig-Zag-Conformers (1)
- Heteroaggregate (1)
- Heteroaggregates (1)
- Hexaarylbenzene (1)
- Hexaarylbenzole (1)
- High efficiency (1)
- High performance (1)
- Homo Diels-Alder reactions (1)
- Homoaromaticity in carbanions (1)
- Homobenzvalene (1)
- Host-Guest-Chemistry (1)
- Hybride (1)
- Hydroboration (1)
- Hydroborierung (1)
- Hydrogen bond (1)
- Hydrogen-Bond (1)
- Hydrolyse (1)
- Hydrophober Effekt (1)
- Hydroxycarbonsäureester (1)
- Hydroxycarbonsäuren (1)
- Hyperfine coupling constants (1)
- II-VI Halbleiter (1)
- Immobilisiertes Enzym (1)
- In-vitro (1)
- Indirect and direct contributions to A<sub>iso</sub> (1)
- Infektionskrankheit (1)
- Influence of excitation classes (1)
- Inhibitor (1)
- Intensity (1)
- Intervalenzladungstransfer (1)
- Intervalenzverbindungen (1)
- Iridiumkomplexe (1)
- Isomorphe Nukleobasen-Analoga (1)
- Isoquinolines (1)
- J- and H-Aggregate (1)
- J- and H-Aggregates (1)
- J-Aggregat (1)
- J-Aggregate (1)
- J-aggregate (1)
- J-aggregate behavior (1)
- Jurkat cells (1)
- K-region (1)
- K2–K model (1)
- Kannenpflanze (1)
- Katalysatorimmobilisierung (1)
- Ketone (1)
- Kinetic Self-assembly (1)
- Kinetik (1)
- Knipholon (1)
- Knipholone (1)
- Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindung (1)
- Kohn-Sham Orbitale (1)
- Kohn-Sham Orbitals (1)
- Kolloid (1)
- Kombinatorische Chemie (1)
- Komplexierung (1)
- Kondensiertes Ringsystem (1)
- Konfiguration (1)
- Konfiguration <Chemie> (1)
- Konformeren (1)
- Kongo (1)
- Kooperativität (1)
- Koordinationsisomerie (1)
- Koordinationspolymer (1)
- Koordinationspolymere (1)
- Kraftfeld (1)
- Kraftmikroskopie (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Kristalloberfläche (1)
- Kupplungsreaktion (1)
- LC-CD (1)
- Lacton concept (1)
- Lacton-Konzept (1)
- Lactone conformations (1)
- Ladungstrennung (1)
- Lebende Polymerisation (1)
- Lectins (1)
- Leitfähige Polymere (1)
- Levansucrase (1)
- Lichtabsorption (1)
- Lichtsammelsystem (1)
- Ligand (1)
- Ligand <Biochemie> (1)
- Liganden-Design (1)
- Light-emitting diodes (1)
- Line-shape analysis (1)
- Lipidmembran (1)
- Liquid Crystal (1)
- Liquid Crystals (1)
- Liquid-crystalline (1)
- Living Polymerisation (1)
- Long-range coupling constants (1)
- Lösungsmitte (1)
- Lösungsmittel (1)
- MALDI-MS (1)
- MRCI (1)
- Magnetfeldeffekt (1)
- Magnetische Kernresonanz (1)
- Mahlen (1)
- Makrocyclische Verbindungen (1)
- Mandibular continuity defects (1)
- Mangan (1)
- Marcus inverted region (1)
- Marine Pilze (1)
- Marrow stromal cells (1)
- Masernvirus (1)
- Masernvirus Inhibitoren (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Mechanismus (1)
- Melanin (1)
- Membrane Carrier (1)
- Membrantransport (1)
- Merocyanine Dye (1)
- Merocyanine dye (1)
- Merocyaninfarbstoffe (1)
- Mesenchymal transition (1)
- Mesogen (1)
- Metabolic Glycoengineering (1)
- Metabolismus (1)
- Metabolit (1)
- Metaheuristik-Suchmethoden (1)
- Metall-Ion (1)
- Metallosupramolekulare Chemie (1)
- Methyltransferase Ribozyme (1)
- Michael addition (1)
- Michael-Addition (1)
- Microarray (1)
- Microenvironment (1)
- Migratory aptitudes in carbocations (1)
- Mizellen (1)
- Mode Selectivity (1)
- Molecular Modelling (1)
- Molecular dynamics (1)
- Molecular mechanism (1)
- Molecular probes (1)
- Molecular-dynamics (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Molekulardesign (1)
- Moleküldynamik (1)
- Moleküloptimierung (1)
- Moller-Plesset (1)
- Monoschicht (1)
- Mulliken-Hush (1)
- Multi Reference (1)
- Multibranched structures (1)
- Multiheteroatom-Cope-Rearrangement (1)
- Multiheteroatom-Cope-Umlagerungen (1)
- Multiple Myeloma (1)
- Multiples Myelom (1)
- Multireferenz (1)
- N-acetyllactosamine (1)
- N-oleoyl serinol (1)
- N6-methyladenosine (1)
- NDI-H (1)
- NIQs (1)
- NIR (1)
- NIR OLED (1)
- NMR spectroscopy (1)
- NV-Zentren (1)
- Nahordnung (1)
- Nanodiamond (1)
- Nanostructure (1)
- Nanostrukturen (1)
- Naphthalinbisimid (1)
- Naphthalindiimid (1)
- Naphthochinonen (1)
- Naphthoquinones (1)
- Naphthylisochinolin alkaloide (1)
- Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloid (1)
- Naphthylisoquinolin (1)
- Naphthylisoquinoline (1)
- Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid (1)
- Naphthylisoquinolines (1)
- Natural product (1)
- Natural product isolation (1)
- Naturstoffisolation (1)
- Neighbouring group participation (1)
- Neisseria (1)
- Nematische Phase (1)
- Nepenthaceae (1)
- Nepenthes (1)
- Neuromelanin (1)
- Neurotoxine (1)
- Nitrosoaren (1)
- Nitrosoarene (1)
- Nitroxolin (1)
- Nonbonded Interactions (1)
- Norcaranes (1)
- Norpinanes (1)
- Norrish-Typ-II-Yang-Cyclisierung (1)
- Norrish-Type-II-Yang-cyclization (1)
- Nucleinsäuren (1)
- Nucleoside (1)
- Nukleinsäure (1)
- O-Heterocyclen (1)
- O-heterocycles (1)
- OFETs (1)
- OLED (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächenstruktur (1)
- Octavalen (1)
- Oligofructoside (1)
- Oligomere (1)
- Oligomers and Polymers (1)
- Oligopeptide (1)
- Onbead-Enzymscreening (1)
- One-photon (1)
- Optical properties (1)
- Optical spectroscopy (1)
- Optimierungsmethoden (1)
- Optimization methods (1)
- Oral squamous cell carcinoma (1)
- Organell (1)
- Organelle (1)
- Organic Field-Effect Transistor (1)
- Organic field-effect transistor (1)
- Organic semiconductors (1)
- Organische Halbleiter (1)
- Organische Photovoltaik (1)
- Organisierte Medien (1)
- Organized media (1)
- Organo catalysis (1)
- Organokatalysatoren (1)
- Orientation (1)
- Oxazolidinon (1)
- Oxazolidinone (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- Oxo-Anionen-Erkennung (1)
- PBI cyclophane (1)
- PKS (1)
- Pancreatic cancer (1)
- Paracyclophane (1)
- Parkinson's disease (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Pathway (1)
- Pentacen (1)
- Pentenol (1)
- Pentenole (1)
- Peptid-Nucleinsäuren (1)
- Peptidbibliothek (1)
- Perovskite (1)
- Peroxyl (1)
- Perylen-Farbstoffe (1)
- Perylenbisanhydrid (1)
- Perylenbisimiden (1)
- Perylenbisimides (1)
- Perylendianhydrid (1)
- Perylene Bisimides (1)
- Perylentetracarbonsäurederivate (1)
- Pflanzeninhaltsstoff (1)
- Pflanzenzelle (1)
- Pflanzenzellkulturen (1)
- Pflanzliche Zellkultur (1)
- Phenylanthrachinone (1)
- Phenylanthrachinones (1)
- Phosphatasen (1)
- Photo-Biokatalyse (1)
- Photochemische Reaktion (1)
- Photochromie (1)
- Photoelektron (1)
- Photophysik (1)
- Photoresponsives Verhalten (1)
- Photovoltaic (1)
- Photovoltaik (1)
- Phytochemical investigations of a Congolese Ancistrocladus Liana (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plant cell cultures (1)
- Polyamin (1)
- Polycarbazole (1)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1)
- Polycyclische Aromaten (1)
- Polyketides (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer-drug interaction (1)
- Polymeres Netzwerk (1)
- Polymerhalbleiter (1)
- Polymerkomplexe (1)
- Polymerkristall (1)
- Polymerlösung (1)
- Polymethinfarbstoff (1)
- Potential-energy curves (1)
- Primaquin (1)
- Propinolderivate (1)
- Protease (1)
- Protective Group Strategy (1)
- Proteinadsorption (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Proteinen mit antimikrobieller Wirkung (1)
- Proteinmodifikation (1)
- Proteinmodifizierung (1)
- Proteom (1)
- Proteomanalyse (1)
- Protonen-NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- Pyracen (1)
- Pyracylen (1)
- Pyramidalisierte Alkene (1)
- Pyramidalized Alkenes (1)
- Pyranonen (1)
- Pyrenderivate (1)
- Pyrene (1)
- Pyridonderivate (1)
- Pyrrolderivate (1)
- Pyrrolidin (1)
- Pyrrolidinderivate (1)
- Quality assessment of antimalarial medicines from the Congo (1)
- Quantenchemische Rechnungen (1)
- Quantifizierung (1)
- Quantum Chemical CD Calculations (1)
- Quantum mechanics / molecular modeling (1)
- Quasi-Newton-Verfahren (1)
- RNA Aptamer (1)
- RNA aptamers (1)
- RNA labeling (1)
- RNA ligation (1)
- RNA-Aptamere (1)
- RNS (1)
- RU-(II) complexes (1)
- Radical-ion pair (1)
- Radikal (1)
- Radikale (1)
- Raman (1)
- Rastertunnelmikroskopie (1)
- Reaktionskinetik (1)
- Rearrangement of carbocations (1)
- Redox-Kaskade (1)
- Redoxkaskade (1)
- Redoxreaktion (1)
- Regioselektivität (1)
- Remdesivir (1)
- Ribozyme-catalyzed RNA labeling (1)
- Ring closing metathesis (1)
- Ringschlussmetathese (1)
- Ringöffnungspolymerisation (1)
- Ru(II)–Fe(II)–Ru(II) complex (1)
- Ruthenium (1)
- Ruthenium Komplexe (1)
- Räumliche Anordnung (1)
- SARS (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 polymerase (1)
- SERS (1)
- SacB (1)
- Sauerstoffradikal (1)
- Schiff-base (1)
- Schiffbase (1)
- Schiffsche Basen (1)
- Scholl reaction (1)
- Scholl-Reaktion (1)
- Schutzgruppenstrategie (1)
- Schwefel-Funktionalisierung (1)
- Schwefelatom (1)
- Schwefeldonor (1)
- Schwefelorganische Verbindungen (1)
- Schwefeltransfer (1)
- Schwämme (1)
- Schädigung (1)
- Scleractinia (1)
- Sekundärstruktur (1)
- Sekundärstrukturen (1)
- Selbstassemblierung in Wasser (1)
- Selektivität (1)
- Self-Assembly (1)
- Self-Assembly in Water (1)
- Self-Sortierung (1)
- Semiempirical Methods (1)
- Semiempirische Methode (1)
- Semiempirische Verfahren (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sialic acids (1)
- Sialinsäuren (1)
- Silanderivate (1)
- Simulations (1)
- Sinus floor augmentation (1)
- Solution-state NMR (1)
- Solvatochromie (1)
- Solvolyse (1)
- Solvolysen (1)
- Solvolyses (1)
- Sonde (1)
- Sonogashira (1)
- Sonogashira-Hagihara-Reaktion (1)
- Space filling (1)
- Spartein (1)
- SpecDis (1)
- Speicher <Informatik> (1)
- Spektroelektrochemie (1)
- Spermin (1)
- Sphingolipid (1)
- Sphingolipide (1)
- Spin density (1)
- Spin flip (1)
- Spin-chemistry (1)
- Spinchemie (1)
- Spirokohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Spirotetracyclo[4.1.0.0<sup>2 (1)
- Sponges (1)
- Squamous-cell carcinoma (1)
- Squarain Farbstoffe (1)
- Squaraine Dyes (1)
- Sracking (1)
- Stacking (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus (1)
- State (1)
- Stereochemical Memory Effect (1)
- Stereochemischer Erinnerungseffekt (1)
- Stereochemistry (1)
- Stereoselective Synthesis (1)
- Stereoselektivität (1)
- Sternmesogen (1)
- Sternmesogene (1)
- Stokes-Verschiebung (1)
- Stokes-shifted fluorescence emission (1)
- Stone-Wales rearrangement (1)
- Stone-Wales-Umlagerung (1)
- Strained Rings (1)
- Streptomyces (1)
- Streptomyces axinellae (1)
- Structure Elucidation (1)
- Structure elucidation (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Struktursonden (1)
- Substituent effects (1)
- Substituenten Effekte (1)
- Suc1 (1)
- Sulfur transfer (1)
- Sulfurierung (1)
- Supramolecular Block Copolymers (1)
- Supramolecular aggregates (1)
- Supramolecular electronics (1)
- Supramolekulare Aggregate (1)
- Supramolekulare Polymere (1)
- Supramolekül (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetischer Farbstoff (1)
- Systems (1)
- TD-DFT (1)
- Tabusuche (1)
- Terpyridinderivate <2 (1)
- Terrylenbisimid (1)
- Terrylenderivate (1)
- Terrylene bisimide (1)
- Tetraarylpyracene (1)
- Tetrahydro-b-carboline (1)
- Tetrahydrodicyclopenta[fg,op]tetracen (1)
- Tetrahydrofuran (1)
- Tetrahydrofurane (1)
- Tetrakis(arylmethylene)ethane diradical (1)
- Tetralon (1)
- Tetralone (1)
- Theoretical Chemistry (1)
- Theoretische Charakterisierung (1)
- Theoretische Chemie (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Thermolyse (1)
- Thiiran (1)
- Thiireniumion (1)
- Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (1)
- Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (1)
- Tiplet emiters (1)
- Tiplett Emitter (1)
- Triad (1)
- Tribenzotriquinacen (1)
- Trichlorethylen (1)
- Tricyclo[3.3.1.0 2 (1)
- Tricyclo[4.1.0.0<sup>2.7</sup>]heptanes (1)
- Tricycloheptanderivate (1)
- Triplett (1)
- Tropische Pflanzen (1)
- Tumorigenicity (1)
- Tweezer-Rezeptoren (1)
- Typselektivität (1)
- UV-VIS-Spektroskopi (1)
- UV-VIS-Spektroskopie (1)
- UV-spectroscopy (1)
- UV/Vis spectroscopy (1)
- UV/Vis-Absorption (1)
- Ultraviolettspektroskopie (1)
- Urazoles (1)
- V-förmige Mesogene (1)
- V-shaped mesogens (1)
- Vanadium(V)- und Cobalt(II)-katalysierte Oxidation (1)
- Vancomycin (1)
- Verfütterungsexperiment (1)
- Vergleich (1)
- Vermahlung (1)
- Vesikel (1)
- Vibronic contributions (1)
- Wasseroxidation (1)
- Wasseroxidationsreaktion (1)
- Wasserspaltung (1)
- Wasserstoffbrücken (1)
- Wechselwirkung (1)
- Weitz-Scheffer Reaktion (1)
- Weitz-Scheffer reaction (1)
- Wirkstoff-Rezeptor-Bindung (1)
- Wirkstofffreisetzung (1)
- Wirt-Gast-Komplex-Chemie (1)
- Wirt-Gast-Mesogen (1)
- Wirts-Gast-Einschlusskomplex (1)
- Xanthin (1)
- Yaoundamin A (1)
- Yaoundamine A (1)
- Zelladhäsion (1)
- Zinc Chlorin (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinkchlorin (1)
- Zinkchlorine (1)
- Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter (1)
- Zweidimensionale NMR-Spektroskopie (1)
- [1 (1)
- [1.1.1]Propellan (1)
- [1.1.1]propellane (1)
- [2 + 2]- and [4 + 2]- (1)
- \(\alpha\)-phase (1)
- \(\beta\)-phase (1)
- abietane (1)
- absorption (1)
- acceptor (1)
- acetophenone (1)
- acridizinium salts (1)
- aelf-assembly (1)
- alignment (1)
- alkaloids (1)
- alkaloids-Quinoid (1)
- alkene (1)
- alkyne (1)
- allylic alcohols (1)
- alpha (1)
- alpha-Hydroxy carbon acids (1)
- amodiaquine (1)
- amplification (1)
- ancistrocladinium A (1)
- angeregte Zustände (1)
- annihilation (1)
- annulation (1)
- anthracene (1)
- anti-cancer-agent (1)
- anti-depressant drug (1)
- anti-trypanosomal (1)
- antibacterial activity (1)
- aplysiapyranoids (1)
- aqua material (1)
- aqueous medium (1)
- arenes (1)
- artemether - lumefantrine (1)
- artificial photosynthesis (1)
- association (1)
- atropisomer (1)
- azaphilone (1)
- azomethine ylide (1)
- bartalinia robillardoides (1)
- benzodiphenanthrenotriquinacene (1)
- benzvalene (1)
- biaxial nematogens (1)
- biaxiale Nematogene (1)
- bicyclic (1)
- biflavanoids (1)
- bioactive compound (1)
- biocompatibility (1)
- biological activities (1)
- biologische Aktivitäten (1)
- bioorganic chemistry (1)
- bioorthogonal (1)
- bioorthogonal metabolic glycoengineering; click chemistry; sialic acid (1)
- biophysical investigation (1)
- biosynthetic investigations (1)
- biradical (1)
- bis-terpyridyl ligands (1)
- bispidine (1)
- board-shaped mesogens (1)
- bola-amphiphile (1)
- bondlength alternation (1)
- boron (1)
- boron-doped diamond (1)
- brettförmige Mesogene (1)
- calix[4]arene (1)
- capillary zone electrophoresis (1)
- carbohydrate chemistry (1)
- carbon (1)
- carbonyl (1)
- carboxylate receptor (1)
- carrier transport (1)
- cascade reactions (1)
- catalytic (1)
- cell imaging (1)
- ceramide (1)
- ceramide analogs (1)
- ceriops decandra (1)
- charge recombination (1)
- charge transport (1)
- charge transport; hydrogen bonding; oligothiophene; organogel; self-assembly (1)
- charge-separated state (1)
- chila catalysis (1)
- chiral ligands (1)
- chirale Kathalyse (1)
- chirale Liganden (1)
- chloral (trichloroacetaldehyd) (1)
- chlorin (1)
- chlorophyll (1)
- classical and nonclassical (1)
- co-aggregation (1)
- complexation (1)
- computational chemistry (1)
- conformation (1)
- conformational search (1)
- conjugation (1)
- coordination polymer (1)
- corannulene (1)
- covalent and site-specific RNA labeling (1)
- cristal engeneering (1)
- curcumin (1)
- curvature (1)
- cyclic / 1-0xa-2 (1)
- cyclic perylene bisimide (1)
- cyclic trimer (1)
- cyclic voltammetry (1)
- cyclische Trimere (1)
- cyclopenta[c]pyran-3(5H)-one (1)
- cyclopenta[c]pyran-3(7H)-one (1)
- cyclopenta[c]pyrans (1)
- cyclophane (1)
- cylcoaddition (1)
- cylindrical micelles (1)
- cysteine protease (1)
- cytoplasm (1)
- dG (1)
- dSTORM (1)
- d]cycloheptene (1)
- damage (1)
- deagglmeration (1)
- decandrinin (1)
- density functional calculations (1)
- deoxyribozymes (1)
- di-\(\pi\)-methane rearrangement (1)
- diamond (1)
- dibenzobarrelenes (1)
- dibenzosemibullvalenes (1)
- diffusion (1)
- diketopyrrolopyrrole (1)
- dimerer Naphthylisochinolin-Alkaloide (1)
- dimerization (1)
- dimers (1)
- dinuclear (1)
- dioxetane (1)
- dipolar aggregation (1)
- discovery (1)
- dissolution rates (1)
- disulfide bonds (1)
- domain shift (1)
- donor-photosensibilisator-acceptor triad (1)
- drug delivery (1)
- drug release (1)
- drugs (1)
- dyads (1)
- electrocatalysis (1)
- emission (1)
- enantiomers (1)
- enantioselective (1)
- enantioselektiv (1)
- endoreceptor (1)
- energy transfer dynamics (1)
- enol ether (1)
- enzym kinetic (1)
- enzyme engineering (1)
- enzyme purification (1)
- enzyme screening (1)
- enzyme structure (1)
- enzymes (1)
- episulfide (1)
- esterase (1)
- ethenoanthracenes (1)
- excimer formation (1)
- excited states (1)
- exciton coupling (1)
- exciton dynamics (1)
- experimental and theoretical determination of electron density (1)
- extractives (1)
- films (1)
- flavenoids (1)
- flourescence quantum yield (1)
- fluerescence (1)
- fluorenscence (1)
- fluorescence assay (1)
- fluorescence resonance energy transfer (1)
- fluorescence switches (1)
- fluorescent (1)
- fluorescent protein (1)
- fluorescent resonance energy transfer (1)
- fluorogen-activating RNA aptamer (FLAP) (1)
- folda-dimer (1)
- force field (1)
- fullerene network (1)
- fullerenes (1)
- functional dyes (1)
- galectin-1 (1)
- generation and rearrangement (1)
- global minimum (1)
- glucosinolates (1)
- gold (1)
- guanine (1)
- guttiferae (1)
- halbleitende Polymere (1)
- halichondria panicea (1)
- halogens (1)
- helicenes (1)
- heterogeneous catalysis (1)
- hexaarylbenzenes (1)
- hexakisadducts (1)
- high-temperature NMR (1)
- highly substituted (1)
- host-guest mesogen (1)
- host-guest-complexation (1)
- hydrogel (1)
- hydrogen bond (1)
- hydrogen bonding (1)
- hydroxylation (1)
- impurity profiling (1)
- in vitro selection from a structured RNA library (1)
- induced phase transition (1)
- infectious disease (1)
- inflammation (1)
- inhibitor (1)
- intermolecular applications of ribozymes (1)
- intervalence charge-transfer (1)
- invasion (1)
- inflammatory response (1)
- iridium complex (1)
- iron (1)
- isomorphic nucleobase analog (1)
- isotropic hyper fine coupling (1)
- key structure - fluorescence activation relationships (SFARs) (1)
- kinetic study (1)
- kinetics of thermolysis (1)
- kinetische Untersuchung (1)
- kombinatorische Methodenentwicklung (1)
- kristalline Polymere mit Porösitäten (1)
- lH-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalenes (1)
- ladungsgetrennte Zustände (1)
- large Stokes shift (1)
- large stokes shift (1)
- laser (1)
- leishmaniasis (1)
- ligand binding (1)
- ligand design (1)
- light harvesting (1)
- liquid crystal (1)
- livingstonei (1)
- low-valent compounds (1)
- luminescence (1)
- lysosome (1)
- macrocycles (1)
- magnetic field effect (1)
- manganese (1)
- marine bacteria (1)
- marine fungi (1)
- marine natural products (1)
- marine sponge (1)
- mass spectrometry (1)
- materials design (1)
- mechanism (1)
- merocyanine dye (1)
- merocyanine dyes (1)
- metabolism (1)
- metaheuristic methods (1)
- metal complexenes (1)
- metal-ion-ligand coordination (1)
- metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) (1)
- metallosupramolecular chemistry (1)
- metallosupramolecular π-amphiphiles (1)
- methyltransferase (1)
- micelles (1)
- migration (1)
- minimal inhibitory concentration (1)
- mixed valence compunds (1)
- mobility (1)
- molecular docking (1)
- molecular switches (1)
- molecules (1)
- molekulare Erkennung (1)
- molekularer Schalter (1)
- mtrogen extruston (1)
- multichromophoric arrays (1)
- multiflora (1)
- multimetallic complexes (1)
- n-type semiconductors (1)
- nanographene (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanosegregation (1)
- nanotube (1)
- naphthoquinone (1)
- naphthyl isoquinoline alkaloids (1)
- naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid (1)
- naphthylisoquinolines (1)
- napthylisoquinoline alkaloids (1)
- natural products (1)
- near-IR chromophores (1)
- neuromelanin (1)
- neurotoxine (1)
- neutral polyradical (1)
- neutrales Polyradikal (1)
- nicht kovalente Wechselwirkungen (1)
- non covalent interactions (1)
- nucleation elongation (1)
- nucleation-elongation model (1)
- nucleic acid (1)
- nucleoside modification recognition (1)
- null-aggregate (1)
- o-Quinodimethane (1)
- obstructive pulmonary disease (1)
- oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) (1)
- onbead enzym screening (1)
- optical properties (1)
- optically active hydroperoxides (1)
- optically active phase-transfer catalysts (1)
- optics (1)
- optisch aktive Hydroperoxide (1)
- optisch aktive Phasentransferkatalysatoren (1)
- optische Eigenschaften (1)
- organelle (1)
- organic solar cell (1)
- organic sythesis (1)
- organic transistor (1)
- organische Chemie (1)
- organische Photovoltaik (1)
- organische Solarzellen (1)
- organische Synthese (1)
- organischer Feldeffekttransistor (1)
- organischer Transitor (1)
- organization (1)
- organocatalysis (1)
- organofunctionalized alkoxysilanes (1)
- organofunktionelle Alkoxysilane (1)
- organogelator (1)
- orylation (1)
- oxidative stress (1)
- oxo anion recognition (1)
- pancreatic cancer (1)
- parkinson (1)
- particles (1)
- pentaketide (1)
- pentenol (1)
- peroxyl (1)
- perylene (1)
- perylene bisimide dimers (1)
- perylene bisimide hydrogels (1)
- perylene bisimides (1)
- perylene dyes (1)
- phenazine (1)
- phenyl-substituted (1)
- phosphatase (1)
- phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (1)
- photochemical (1)
- photochemistry (1)
- photoconductive interlayer (1)
- photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer (1)
- photoluminescence (1)
- photosenitizers (1)
- photosensitization (1)
- pi-pi Wechselwirkungen (1)
- pi-pi- stacking (1)
- plant cell culture (1)
- pol(2-oxazoline) (1)
- polar solution (1)
- polare Lösung (1)
- poly(2-oxazine) (1)
- poly(2-oxazoline)s (1)
- polyamine (1)
- polycarbazole (1)
- polycyclic (1)
- polyketides (1)
- polymer-peptide-conjugate (1)
- polymerization (1)
- polypyridyl complexes (1)
- porous materials (1)
- porphyrin chemistry (1)
- position-specific installation of m1A in RNA (1)
- probe (1)
- protease (1)
- protease inhibition (1)
- protein adsorption (1)
- protein crystallography (1)
- protein-ligand-interaction (1)
- proteome (1)
- pyracene (1)
- pyracylene (1)
- pyrrolidine (1)
- qsar (1)
- quantum chemical analysis (1)
- quantum optics (1)
- quercetin (1)
- quinolizinium salts (1)
- radical ion pair (1)
- radicals (1)
- rearrangement (1)
- recombinant proteins (1)
- redox (1)
- regulatory T cells (Treg) (1)
- renewable fuels (1)
- resveratrol (1)
- reversible Verkapselung (1)
- reversible encapsulation (1)
- rhizophoraceae (1)
- ribozymes (1)
- ring-opening polymerization (1)
- rofumilast (1)
- rotational diffusion (1)
- ruthenium (1)
- ruthenium bda complexes (1)
- screening (1)
- seco-NIQs-Naphthylisoindolinone (1)
- secondary metabolites (1)
- secondary structures (1)
- selbst organisierende Monolagen (SAM) (1)
- selbstaggregierten (1)
- selectivity (1)
- self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (1)
- semiconducting polymers (1)
- sensor (1)
- short-range JCT-coupling (1)
- short-range order (1)
- sialic acids (1)
- site-specific RNA cleavage (1)
- site-specific RNA labeling (1)
- six-membered (1)
- solar cells (1)
- solar fuels (1)
- solid state (1)
- solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1)
- solid-state emitters (1)
- solubility (1)
- solvatochromism (1)
- solvolysis of (1)
- space filling (1)
- spacer-controlled self-assembly (1)
- spectroscopic analysis (1)
- spermine (1)
- sphingosine (1)
- sphingosine kinases (1)
- spin chemistry (1)
- spin relaxation (1)
- spiro hydrocarbons (1)
- squaraine polymer (1)
- star mesogen (1)
- stereochemistry (1)
- stereoselective syntheses (1)
- stereospecific sythesis (1)
- stokes shift (1)
- structural restriction (1)
- structure probes (1)
- structure probing (1)
- substandard and falsified medicines from the Congo (1)
- substituted (1)
- substituted 2-oxo- dimethyl esters (1)
- sucrose phosphorylase (1)
- sulfur donor (1)
- supramolecular Chemistry (1)
- supramolecular capsules (1)
- supramolecular materials (1)
- supramolecular polymerization (1)
- supramolekulare Farbstoffchemie (1)
- supramolekulare Kapseln (1)
- supramolekularen Elektronik (1)
- surface functionalisation (1)
- survival (1)
- systems (1)
- tenofovir (1)
- tethya aurantium (1)
- tetraaryl pyracene (1)
- tetrahydrodicyclopenta[fg,op]tetracene (1)
- tetrahydrofuran (1)
- tetrahydrofurans (1)
- tetromycin (1)
- theoretical characterisation (1)
- theoretical investigations (1)
- theoretische Untersuchungen (1)
- thermolysis (1)
- thiirane (1)
- thiirenium ion (1)
- thin-film transistors (1)
- thiol-ene (1)
- tissue engineering (1)
- topological analysis (1)
- topologische Analyse (1)
- trans-acting 2'-5' adenylyl transferase ribozymes (1)
- transiente Absorption (1)
- transiente Absorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- transition state (1)
- triaryalmine (1)
- triarylamines (1)
- trichloroethylene (1)
- trinuclear (1)
- triplet (1)
- triquinacene derivatives (1)
- tweezer receptors (1)
- two-dimensional nanostructures (1)
- two-photon absorption (1)
- two-photon excited fluorescence (1)
- upconversion (1)
- upramolecular polymerization process (1)
- vanadium(V)- and cobalt(II)-catalyzed oxidation (1)
- vesicle (1)
- water oxidation reation (1)
- water splitting (1)
- xanthine (1)
- y-Oxoketenes (1)
- zinc chlorins. (1)
- zooxanthellae (1)
- zyklische Peptide (1)
- Übergangszustand (1)
- ß-Lactones (1)
- ß-unsaturated (1)
- β-Lactones (1)
- δ-Lactones (1)
- δ-chloro- (1)
- π-Konjugierte Systeme (1)
- π-π-interactions (1)
- π–π Stacking (1)
- „ortho“-substituierte Tribenzotriquinacene (1)
- „ortho“-substituted tribenzotriquinacenes (1)
Institute
- Institut für Organische Chemie (409) (remove)
Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
- International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biology, University of Göttingen, Germany (2)
- Agricultural Center, BASF SE, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (1)
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany (1)
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (1)
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (1)
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen (1)
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (1)
- Hochschule Aalen (1)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, CMBI, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Austria (1)
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Göttingen (1)
EU-Project number / Contract (GA) number
- 682586 (11)
- 787937 (4)
- 242175-VascuBone (1)
- 242175‐VascuBone (1)
- 643238 (1)
- 669054 (1)
- 693023 (1)
- 715923 (1)
- LaserLab Europe (LLC001917) (1)
Photocatalytic water oxidation is a promising process for the production of solar fuels and the elucidation of factors that influence this process is of high significance. Thus, we have studied in detail light‐driven water oxidation with a trinuclear Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) macrocycle MC3 and its highly water soluble derivative m‐CH\(_2\)NMe\(_2\)‐MC3 using a series of ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complexes as photosensitizers under varied reaction conditions. Our investigations showed that the catalytic activities of these Ru macrocycles are significantly affected by the choice of photosensitizer (PS) and reaction media, in addition to buffer concentration, light intensity and concentration of the sensitizer. Our steady‐state and transient spectroscopic studies revealed that the photocatalytic performance of trinuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles is not limited by their intrinsic catalytic activities but rather by the efficiency of photogeneration of oxidant PS\(^+\) and its ability to act as an oxidizing agent to the catalysts as both are strongly dependent on the choice of photosensitizer and the amount of employed organic co‐solvent.
A Calix[4]arene‐Based Cyclic Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex for Light‐Driven Catalytic Water Oxidation
(2021)
A cyclic dinuclear ruthenium(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) complex equipped with oligo(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized axial calix[4]arene ligands has been synthesized for homogenous catalytic water oxidation. This novel Ru(bda) macrocycle showed significantly increased catalytic activity in chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation compared to the archetype mononuclear reference [Ru(bda)(pic)\(_2\)]. Kinetic investigations, including kinetic isotope effect studies, disclosed a unimolecular water nucleophilic attack mechanism of this novel dinuclear water oxidation catalyst (WOC) under the involvement of the second coordination sphere. Photocatalytic water oxidation with this cyclic dinuclear Ru complex using [Ru(bpy)\(_3\)]Cl\(_2\) as a standard photosensitizer revealed a turnover frequency of 15.5 s\(^{−1}\) and a turnover number of 460. This so far highest photocatalytic performance reported for a Ru(bda) complex underlines the potential of this water‐soluble WOC for artificial photosynthesis.
Remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The active form of remdesivir acts as a nucleoside analog and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir is incorporated by the RdRp into the growing RNA product and allows for addition of three more nucleotides before RNA synthesis stalls. Here we use synthetic RNA chemistry, biochemistry and cryoelectron microscopy to establish the molecular mechanism of remdesivir-induced RdRp stalling. We show that addition of the fourth nucleotide following remdesivir incorporation into the RNA product is impaired by a barrier to further RNA translocation. This translocation barrier causes retention of the RNA 3ʹ-nucleotide in the substrate-binding site of the RdRp and interferes with entry of the next nucleoside triphosphate, thereby stalling RdRp. In the structure of the remdesivir-stalled state, the 3ʹ-nucleotide of the RNA product is matched and located with the template base in the active center, and this may impair proofreading by the viral 3ʹ-exonuclease. These mechanistic insights should facilitate the quest for improved antivirals that target coronavirus replication.
Within this PhD thesis, chromophore-bridged biradicals were synthesised and their properties characterised. Therefore, it was necessary to develop novel synthetic procedures and implement several experimental characterisation methods. In summary, within this thesis the scope of pigment chromophore phenoxyl radical decoration was further explored and expanded to IIn as well as DPP colourants. HOMA analysis highlighted the importance of aromaticity in order to understand the spin crossover from heteroaromatic quinoidal to aromatic open shell DPPs. Finally, PBI, IIn and DPP biradicals were advanced towards stable materials by introduction of nitronyl nitroxide radical centres.
Inspired by the fact that sufficient solubility in aqueous media can be achieved by functional substitution of perylene bisimides (PBIs) with polar groups, one of the essential aims of this thesis was the design and successful synthesis of the new water-soluble PBI cyclophanes [2PBI]-1m and [2PBI]-1p, which are appended with branched, hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (OEG) chains. Subsequently, the focus was set on the elucidation of properties of PBI cyclophane hosts which are also of relevance for recognition processes in biological systems. The performance of the new amphiphilic PBI cyclophane [2PBI]-1p as synthetic receptors for various natural aromatic alkaloids in aqueous media was thoroughly investigated. Alkaloids represent a prominent class of ubiquitous nitrogen containing natural compounds with a great structural variety and diverse biological activity. As of yet, no chromophore host acting as a molecular probe for a range of alkaloids such as harmine or harmaline is known. In addition, the self-association behavior of cyclophane host [2PBI]-1m and its reference monomer in water was studied in order to gain insights into the thermodynamic driving forces affecting the self-assembly process of these two PBI systems in aqueous environment. Moreover, the chirality transfer upon guest binding previously observed for a PBI cyclophane was investigated further. The assignment of the underlying mechanism of guest recognition to either the induced fit or conformational selection model was of particular interest.
Herein described is the discovery of three novel types of dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, named mbandakamines, cyclombandakamines, and spirombandakamines. They were found in the leaves of a botanically as yet unidentified, potentially new Ancistrocladus species, collected in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Mbandakamines showed an exceptional 6′,1′′-coupling, in the peri-position neighboring one of the outer axes, leading to an extremely high steric hindrance at the central axis, and to U-turn-like molecular shape, which – different from all other dimeric NIQs, whose basic structures are all quite linear – brings three of the four bicyclic ring systems in close proximity to each other. This created an unprecedented follow-up chemistry, involving ring closure reactions, leading to two further, structurally even more intriguing subclasses, the cyclo- and the spirombandakamines, displaying eight stereogenic elements (the highest total number ever found in naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids). The metabolites exhibited pronounced antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities. Likewise reported in this doctoral thesis are the isolation and structural elucidation of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from two further potentially new Ancistrocladus species from DRC. Some of these metabolites have shown pronounced antiausterity activities against human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells.
N\(^6\)-Isopentenyladenosine in RNA Determines the Cleavage Site of Endonuclease Deoxyribozymes
(2020)
RNA-cleaving deoxyribozymes can serve as selective sensors and catalysts to examine the modification state of RNA. However, site-specific endonuclease deoxyribozymes that selectively cleave posttranscriptionally modified RNA are extremely rare and their specificity over unmodified RNA is low. In this study, we report that the native tRNA modification N\(^6\)-isopentenyladenosine (i\(^6\)A) strongly enhances the specificity and has the power to reconfigure the active site of an RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme. Using in vitro selection, we identified a DNA enzyme that cleaves i\(^6\)A-modified RNA at least 2500-fold faster than unmodified RNA. Another deoxyribozyme shows unique and unprecedented behaviour by shifting its cleavage site in the presence of the i\(^6\)A RNA modification. Together with deoxyribozymes that are strongly inhibited by i\(^6\)A, these results highlight intricate ways of modulating the catalytic activity of DNA by posttranscriptional RNA modifications.
Fundamental studies of functional nucleic acids: aptamers, riboswitches, ribozymes and DNAzymes
(2020)
This review aims at juxtaposing common versus distinct structural and functional strategies that are applied by aptamers, riboswitches, and ribozymes/DNAzymes. Focusing on recently discovered systems, we begin our analysis with small-molecule binding aptamers, with emphasis on in vitro-selected fluorogenic RNA aptamers and their different modes of ligand binding and fluorescence activation. Fundamental insights are much needed to advance RNA imaging probes for detection of exo- and endogenous RNA and for RNA process tracking. Secondly, we discuss the latest gene expression–regulating mRNA riboswitches that respond to the alarmone ppGpp, to PRPP, to NAD+, to adenosine and cytidine diphosphates, and to precursors of thiamine biosynthesis (HMP-PP), and we outline new subclasses of SAM and tetrahydrofolate-binding RNA regulators. Many riboswitches bind protein enzyme cofactors that, in principle, can catalyse a chemical reaction. For RNA, however, only one system (glmS ribozyme) has been identified in Nature thus far that utilizes a small molecule – glucosamine-6-phosphate – to participate directly in reaction catalysis (phosphodiester cleavage). We wonder why that is the case and what is to be done to reveal such likely existing cellular activities that could be more diverse than currently imagined. Thirdly, this brings us to the four latest small nucleolytic ribozymes termed twister, twister-sister, pistol, and hatchet as well as to in vitro selected DNA and RNA enzymes that promote new chemistry, mainly by exploiting their ability for RNA labelling and nucleoside modification recognition. Enormous progress in understanding the strategies of nucleic acids catalysts has been made by providing thorough structural fundaments (e.g. first structure of a DNAzyme, structures of ribozyme transition state mimics) in combination with functional assays and atomic mutagenesis.
Deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) are small, synthetic, single-stranded DNAs capable of catalysing chemical reactions, including RNA ligation. Herein, we report a novel class of RNA ligase deoxyribozymes that utilize 5’-adenylated RNA (5’-AppRNA) as the donor substrate, mimicking the activated intermediates of protein-catalyzed RNA ligation. Four new DNAzymes were identified by in vitro selection from an N40 random DNA library and were shown to catalyze the intermolecular linear RNA-RNA ligation via the formation of a native 3’-5’-phosphodiester linkage. The catalytic activity is distinct from previously described RNA-ligating deoxyribozymes. Kinetic analyses revealed the optimal incubation conditions for high ligation yields and demonstrated a broad RNA substrate scope. Together with the smooth synthetic accessibility of 5’-adenylated RNAs, the new DNA enzymes are promising tools for the protein-free synthesis of long RNAs, for example containing precious modified nucleotides or fluorescent labels for biochemical and biophysical investigations.
Herein we report a broad series of new trinuclear supramolecular Ru(bda) macrocycles bearing different substituents at the axial or equatorial ligands which enabled investigation of substituent effects on the catalytic activities in chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation. Our detailed investigations revealed that the activities of these functionalized macrocycles in water oxidation are significantly affected by the position at which the substituents were introduced. Interestingly, this effect could not be explained based on the redox properties of the catalysts since these are not markedly influenced by the functionalization of the ligands. Instead, detailed investigations by X-ray crystal structure analysis and theoretical simulations showed that conformational changes imparted by the substituents are responsible for the variation of catalytic activities of the Ru macrocycles. For the first time, macrocyclic structure of this class of water oxidation catalysts is unequivocally confirmed and experimental indication for a hydrogen-bonded water network present in the cavity of the macrocycles is provided by crystal structure analysis. We ascribe the high catalytic efficiency of our Ru(bda) macrocycles to cooperative proton abstractions facilitated by such a network of preorganized water molecules in their cavity, which is reminiscent of catalytic activities of enzymes at active sites.
In vitro selected ribozymes are promising tools for site-specific labeling of RNA. Previously known nucleic acid catalysts attached fluorescently labeled adenosine or guanosine derivatives through 2’,5’-branched phosphodiester bonds to the RNA of interest. Herein, we report new ribozymes that use orthogonal substrates, derived from the antiviral drug tenofovir, and attach bioorthogonal functional groups, as well as affinity handles and fluorescent reporter units through a hydrolytically more stable phosphonate ester linkage. The tenofovir transferase ribozymes were identified by in vitro selection and are orthogonal to nucleotide transferase ribozymes. As genetically encodable functional RNAs, these ribozymes may be developed for potential cellular applications. The orthogonal ribozymes addressed desired target sites in large RNAs in vitro, as shown by fluorescent labeling of E. coli 16S and 23S RNAs in total cellular RNA.
The self-assembly of a bowl-shaped naphthalimide-annulated corannulene of high solubility has been studied in a variety of solvents by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Evaluation by the anti-cooperative K\(_2\)-K model revealed the formation of supramolecular dimers of outstanding thermodynamic stability. Further structural proof for the almost exclusive formation of dimers over extended aggregates is demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) measurements as well as by theoretical calculations. Thus, herein we present the first report of a supramolecular dimer of an annulated corannulene derivative in solution and discuss its extraordinarily high thermodynamic stability with association constants up to > 10\(^6\)M\(^-\) \(^1\) in methylcyclohexane, which is comparable to the association constants given for planar phthalocyanine and perylene bisimide dyes.
The aim of the thesis was to develop water soluble poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) copolymers with new side group functionalities, which can be used for the formation of hydrogels in biomedical applications and for the development of peptide-polymer conjugates.
First, random copolymers of the monomer MeOx or EtOx with ButEnOx and EtOx with DecEnOx were synthesized and characterized. The vinyl functionality brought into the copolymer by the monomers ButEnOx and DecEnOx would later serve for post-polymerization functionalization. The synthesized copolymers were further functionalized with thiols via post-polymerization functionalization using a newly developed synthesis protocol or with a protected catechol molecule for hydrogel formation. For the formation of peptide-polymer conjugates, a cyclic thioester, namely thiolactone acrylamide and an azlactone precursor, whose synthesis was newly developed, were attached to the side chain of P(EtOx-co-ButEnOx) copolymers.
The application of the functionalized thiol copolymers as hydrogels using thiol-ene chemistry for cross-linking was demonstrated. The swelling behavior and mechanical properties were characterized. The hydrophilicity of the network as well as the cross-linking density strongly influenced the swelling behavior and the mechanical strength of the hydrogels. All hydrogels showed good cell viability results.
The hydrogel networks based on MeOx and EtOx were loaded with two dyes, fluorescein and methylene blue. It was observed that the uptake of the more hydrophilic dye fluorescein depended more on the ability of the hydrogel to swell. In contrast, the uptake of the more hydrophobic dye methylene blue was less dependent on the swelling degree, but much more on the hydrophilicity of the network.
For the potential application as cartilage glue, (biohybrid) hydrogels were synthesized based on the catechol-functionalized copolymers, with and without additional fibrinogen, using sodium periodate as the oxidizing agent. The system allowed for degradation due to the incorporated ester linkages at the cross-linking points. The swelling behavior as well as the mechanical properties were characterized. As expected, hydrogels with higher degrees of cross-linking showed less swelling and higher elastic modulus. The addition of fibrinogen however increased the elasticity of the network, which can be favorable for the intended application as a cartilage glue. Biological evaluation clearly demonstrated the advantage of degradable ester links in the hydrogel network, where chondrocytes were able to bridge the artificial gap in contrast to hydrogels without any ester motifs.
Lastly, different ways to form peptide-polymer conjugates were presented. Peptides were attached with the thiol of the terminal cysteine group to the vinyl side chain of P(EtOx-co-ButEnOx) copolymers by radical thiol-ene chemistry. Another approach was to use a cyclic thioester, thiolactone, or an azlactone functionality to bind a model peptide via native chemical ligation. The two latter named strategies to bind peptides to POx side chains are especially interesting as one and in the case of thiolactone two free thiols are still present at the binding site after the reaction, which can, for example, be used for further thiol-ene cross-linking to form POx hydrogels.
In summary, side functional poly(oxazoline) copolymers show great potential for numerous biomedical applications. The various side chain functionalities can be introduced by an appropriate monomer or by post-polymerization functionalization, as demonstrated. By their multi-functionality, hydrogel characteristics, such as cross-linking degree and mechanical strength, can be fine-tuned and adjusted depending on the application in the human body. In addition, the presented chemoselective and orthogonal reaction strategies can be used in the future to synthesize polymer conjugates, which can, for example, be used in drug delivery or in tissue regeneration.
RNA aptamers form compact tertiary structures and bind their ligands in specific binding sites. Fluorescence-based strategies reveal information on structure and dynamics of RNA aptamers. Here we report the incorporation of the universal emissive nucleobase analog 4-cyanoindole into the fluorogenic RNA aptamer Chili, and its application as a donor for supramolecular FRET to bound ligands DMHBI+ or DMHBO+. The photophysical properties of the new nucleobase-ligand-FRET pair revealed structural restraints for the overall RNA aptamer organization and identified nucleotide positions suitable for FRET-based readout of ligand binding. This strategy is generally suitable for binding site mapping and may also be applied for responsive aptamer devices.
Enzym-Modifikationen finden in der Natur in Form von posttranslationalen Protein-Modifikationen statt und sind ein faszinierender Mechanismus, um die biologische Vielfalt und Funktion von Proteinen um ein Vielfaches zu erhöhen. Daher ist es für ein ganzheitliches Verständnis bestimmter biologischer Prozesse oder enzymatischer Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen unerlässlich, chemische Methoden zu entwickeln, die in der Lage sind, diese natürliche Diversität nachzuahmen.[61] Die wohl größte Herausforderung der chemischen Protein-Konjugation ist die chemo- und regioselektive Modifikation einer gezielten Aminosäure bei gleichzeitig milden und physiologischen Reaktionsbedingungen. Trotz zahlreich beschriebener Ansätze zur selektiven Protein-Modifikation, bedarf es weiterhin neuer Methoden, da viele bestehende Herangehens¬weisen auf ein spezielles System zugeschnitten sind.[9, 63]
Aus diesem Grund sollte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine breit anwendbare Methode zur selektiven chemischen Tyrosin-Modifikation am Modell der Levansucrase aus Bacillus megaterium entwickelt werden. Durch eine zweistufige Protein-Modifikation, bestehend aus einer En-Reaktion im ersten Schritt und einer Click-Reaktion im zweiten Konjugationsschritt, gelang es die Produktspezifität der Bm Levansucrase rational zu beeinflussen. Zunächst wurde die Tyrosin-spezifische En-Reaktion mit der Luminol-Verbindung 1 an natürlich vorkommenden Tyrosin-Seitenketten der Levansucrase erprobt und analysiert. Hierbei zeigte sich durch massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen, dass hauptsächlich zwei der 25 vorhandenen Tyrosin-Reste mit dem Luminol-Tag 1 modifiziert wurden, zu denen die Seitenketten Y247 und Y196 gehörten. Um die Auswirkungen der Tyrosin-Modifikation leichter interpretieren zu können und eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung auszuschließen, wurde vorerst mit der Einzelmutante Y247F gearbeitet. Da nach der ersten Modifikation der Variante Y247F geringe Veränderungen im Produkt¬spektrum beobachtet wurden, insbesondere im hoch-molekularen Bereich, wurde die Click-Reaktion im zweiten Schritt mit der Intention durchgeführt, diesen Effekt zu verstärken. Schließlich bewirkte die Click-Reaktion mit Azidoglucose (AzGlc) bei Variante Y247F-1-AzGlc eine erhebliche Verschiebung der Produktverteilung von kleinen Fructooligosacchariden (ca. 1100 Da) hin zu hoch-molekularem Levan (ca. 2,1∙106 Da).
Drei weitere Positionen, die in der dritten Zone des Enzyms liegen, wurden für die gentechnische Substitution gegen nicht-native Tyrosin-Reste ausgewählt. Dadurch wurden die Varianten E314Y, D248Y sowie F445Y erhalten und anschließend wie zuvor in zwei Schritten chemisch modifiziert. Die Modifikation dieser Varianten führte hinsichtlich der Veränderung des Produktprofils zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen, wie sie mit dem Enzym Y247F erhalten wurden (Übersicht 1, A). Um den Einfluss verschiedener Seitenketten zu analysieren, wurden neben der Azidoglucose vier weitere Azido-Verbindungen in der Click-Reaktion getestet.
Die Resultate aus den genannten Untersuchungen und die Einbeziehung molekular¬-dynamischer Simulationen ließen erste Rückschlüsse auf die mechanistischen Prozesse der Bm Levansucrase und deren gezielte Manipulation zu: Die Größe der eingeführten Seitenkette sowie die Fähigkeit des Tags polare Wechselwirkungen auszubilden, spielen eine entscheidende Rolle zur rationalen Modulation der Produkt¬spezifität. Insbesondere die räumliche Orientierung und Bewegung der Seitenkette 1 AzGlc und die damit einhergehende sterische Hinderung trugen dazu bei, eine vorzeitige Dissoziation der wachsenden Fructane zu verhindern und ermöglichten dadurch die prozessive Polymersynthese.
Weitere Erkenntnisse über den Levan-Elongationsmechanismus wurden durch die Modifikation der Varianten N126Y und S125Y erhalten. Diese lagen im Gegensatz zu den zuvor untersuchten Tyrosin-Resten nicht im Wachstumsverlauf des Substrats und besaßen zudem eine kürzere Distanz zum aktiven Zentrum. In beiden Fällen führte bereits die erste Modifikation mit Luminol-Derivat 1 zu völlig unter¬schiedlichen Produktprofilen im Vergleich zu den zuvor untersuchten Enzym-Varianten. Während mit der Variante N126Y-1 eine signifikante Akkumulation (bis zu 800 % Zunahme) verschiedener Oligosaccharide erzielt wurde, synthetisierte die Variante S125Y-1 schon nach dem ersten Modifikationsschritt Levan-Polymer (Übersicht 1, B/C). Die zugrunde-liegenden Interaktionen und Trajektorien der eingeführten Seitenkette wurden ebenfalls mit Hilfe von MD Simulationen analysiert und bestätigten die zuvor getroffenen Annahmen. Durch die räumliche Nähe zur Substrat-Bindungstasche reichte bei Variante S125Y 1 bereits die Luminol-Verbindung aus, um die Substrat-Dissoziation zu verhindern und damit die Polymer¬synthese zu induzieren. Hingegen dazu ergaben die Simulationen eine sehr dynamische und fluktuierende Seitenkette für N126Y-1, was vermutlich zur Destabilisierung initialer Wechselwirkungen zwischen Substrat und der Protein¬oberfläche führte und dadurch die Freisetzung und Akkumulation kurzer Oligo-saccharide begünstigte.
Durch die bioorthogonale chemische Einführung einer artifiziellen Seitenkette war es schließlich möglich, das Produktspektrum der Bm Levansucrase sowohl in Richtung Polymersynthese als auch in Richtung kurzer Oligosaccharide zu lenken. Unter Verwendung der Tyrosin-spezifischen En-Reaktion wurden dafür gezielt native und nicht-native Tyrosin-Reste selektiv modifiziert und in einer Folge¬reaktion mittels Click-Chemie zusätzlich derivatisiert. Die Auswirkungen der Modifikations-Reaktionen auf den Elongationsmechanismus des Substrats konnten durch MD-Simulationen aufgeklärt werden. Das Ziel, die Produktspezifität der Levansucrase rational zu beeinflussen und in eine gezielte Richtung zu steuern, wurde damit erfolgreich umgesetzt.
Ein weiterer Fokus dieser Arbeit lag darin, eine effiziente und einfache Methode zur Reinigung eines Fructan-Gemisches zu entwickeln, um damit den Zugang zu Oligo-sacchariden definierter Größen zu vereinfachen. Die Verfügbarkeit bestimmter Oligosaccharide in ausreichender Menge und Reinheit würde die Untersuchung von Fructanen auf ihre präbiotischen Eigenschaften erleichtern und zum Verständnis der Korrelation zwischen dem Darmmikrobiom und verschiedenen Krankheits¬bildern beitragen.[125] Mit Hilfe der Levansucrase-Variante K373L wurde ein Fructan-Gemisch synthetisiert, das im Vergleich zum Produkt¬profil des Wildtyps einen höheren Anteil kurzkettiger Oligosaccharide aufwies. In einem dreistufigen Reinigungsprozess wurde das Produktgemisch im ersten Schritt von den Monosacchariden Glucose und Fructose sowohl fermentativ durch den Hefe¬stamm H. polymorpha als auch chromatographisch per Silicagel separiert. Anschließend erfolgte eine grobe Trennung der Oligosaccharide nach dem Größen¬ausschlussprinzip mit einer Bio-Gel®P2-Säule. Im letzten Schritt wurde die Oligosaccharidfraktion, die hauptsächlich Tri- und Tetrasaccharide enthielt, schließlich mittels Umkehrphasen-Säulenchromatographie (RP18-HPLC) in die gewünschten Produkte aufgetrennt. Auf diese Weise gelang es, die Oligosaccharide 1 Kestose (28 %), 6 Kestose (56 %) und 6 Nystose (20 %) in hoher Reinheit (> 95 %) und moderaten Ausbeuten zu isolieren (Übersicht 2).
Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit sollte die verschiedenen Disziplinen der Biokatalyse, chemischen Protein-Modifikation und Click-Reaktion mit einer neuen Kompontente, der Photokatalyse, verbinden und in einem innovativen Konzept die Grundlage für die Kombination dieser Forschungsbereiche schaffen. In diesem Kontext wurde einerseits eine lineare photo-biokatalysierte Kaskaden-Reaktion entworfen und vorbereitet, während andererseits die Synthese eines clickbaren Photokatalysators durchgeführt wurde (Übersicht 3). Für den enzymatischen Teil der Kaskaden-Reaktion wurden die Halogenasen RebH und RadH mit den zugehörigen Regenerationssystemen Fre und GDH erfolgreich in E. coli exprimiert, gereinigt und deren Aktivität nachgewiesen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein aktiver Alkin-funktionalisierter Photokatalysator synthetisiert, dessen Aktivität auch nach der Click-Reaktion mit einer Aminosäure und einem Peptid erhalten blieb. Damit wurden die Grundlagen geschaffen, um z. B. photoaktive Bausteine in ein Enzym einzubringen und somit neue lichtabhängige Reaktionszentren oder sogenannte Designer-Enzyme zu erzeugen.
Catalytic water splitting is a viable process for the generation of renewable fuels. Here it is reported for the first time that a trinuclear supramolecular Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2′‐bipyridine‐6,6′‐dicarboxylate) catalyst, anchored on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and subsequently immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes, shows outstanding performance in heterogeneous water oxidation. Activation of the catalyst on anodes by repetitive cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans results in a catalytic current density of 186 mA cm\(^{−2}\) at a potential of 1.45 V versus NHE. The activated catalyst performs water oxidation at an onset overpotential of 330 mV. The remarkably high stability of the hybrid anode is demonstrated by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and electrochemically, revealing the absence of any degradation after 1.8 million turnovers. Foot of the wave analysis of CV data of activated electrodes with different concentrations of catalyst indicates a monomolecular water nucleophilic attack mechanism with an apparent rate constant of TOFmax (turnover frequency) of 3200 s\(^{−1}\).
Obligate human pathogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the second most frequent bacterial cause of sexually transmitted diseases. These bacteria invade different mucosal tissues and occasionally disseminate into the bloodstream. Invasion into epithelial cells requires the activation of host cell receptors by the formation of ceramide-rich platforms. Here, we investigated the role of sphingosine in the invasion and intracellular survival of gonococci. Sphingosine exhibited an anti-gonococcal activity in vitro. We used specific sphingosine analogs and click chemistry to visualize sphingosine in infected cells. Sphingosine localized to the membrane of intracellular gonococci. Inhibitor studies and the application of a sphingosine derivative indicated that increased sphingosine levels reduced the intracellular survival of gonococci. We demonstrate here, that sphingosine can target intracellular bacteria and may therefore exert a direct bactericidal effect inside cells.
Marine organisms and their associated microbes are rich in diverse chemical leads. With the development of marine biotechnology, a considerable number of research activities are focused on marine bacteria and fungi-derived bioactive compounds. Marine bacteria and fungi are ranked on the top of the hierarchy of all organisms, as they are responsible for producing a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites with possible pharmaceutical applications. Thus, they have the potential to provide future drugs against challenging diseases, such as cancer, a range of viral diseases, malaria, and inflammation. This review aims at describing the literature on secondary metabolites that have been obtained from Scleractinian-associated organisms including bacteria, fungi, and zooxanthellae, with full coverage of the period from 1982 to 2020, as well as illustrating their biological activities and structure activity relationship (SAR). Moreover, all these compounds were filtered based on ADME analysis to determine their physicochemical properties, and 15 compounds were selected. The selected compounds were virtually investigated for potential inhibition for SARS-CoV-2 targets using molecular docking studies. Promising potential results against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and methyltransferase (nsp16) are presented.
The initial goal was the conversion of Bifidobacterium adolescentis Sucrose Phosphorylase (BaSP) into a polyphenol glucosidase by structure based enzyme engineering. BaSP was chosen because of its ability to utilize sucrose, an economically viable and sustainable donor substrate, and transfer the glucosyl moiety to various acceptor substrates. The introduction of aromatic residues into the active site was considered a viable way to render it more suitable for aromatic acceptor compounds by reducing its polarity and potentially introducing π-π-interactions with the polyphenols. An investigation of the active site revealed Gln345 as a suitable mutagenesis target. As a proof of concept BaSP Q345F was employed in the glycosylation of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and resveratrol. The variant was selective for the aromatic acceptor substrates and the glucose disaccharide side reaction was only observed after almost quantitative conversion of the aromatic substrates. A crystal structure of BaSP Q345F in complex with glucose was obtained and it displayed an unexpected shift of an entire domain by 3.3 Å. A crystal structure of BaSP D192N-Q345F, an inactive variant in complex with resveratrol-3-α-D-glucosid, the glucosylation product of resveratrol, synthesized by BaSP Q345F was solved. It proved that the domain shift is in fact responsible for the ability of the variant to glycosylate aromatic compounds. Simultaneously a ligand free crystal structure of BaSP Q345F disproved an induced fit effect as the cause of the domain shift. The missing link, a crystal structure of BaSP Q345F in the F-conformation is obtained. This does not feature the domain shift, but is in outstanding agreement with the wildtype structure. The domain shift is therefore not static but rather a step in a dynamic process. It is further conceivable that the domain shifted conformation of BaSP Q345F resembles the open conformation of the wild type and that an adjustment of a conformational equilibrium as a result of the Q345F point mutation is observed. An investigation into the background reaction, the formation of glucose-glucose disaccharides of BaSP Q345F and three further variants that addressed the same region (L341C, D316C-L341C and D316C-N340C) revealed the formation of nigerose by BaSP Q345F.
In this work the catalytic activity of nanodiamond particles with different dopants and surface terminations and of diamond nanomaterials funtionalized with ruthenium-based photocatalysts was investigated, illustrating materials application in photoredox chemistry and the photo(electro)catalytic reduction of CO2. Regarding the application of diamond nanomaterials in photocatalysis, methods to fabricate and characterize several (un)doped nanoparticles with different surface termination were successfully developed. Various photocatalysts, attached to nanodiamond particles via linker systems, were tested in photoredox catalysis and the photo(electro)catalytic reduction of CO2.