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The genus Ficaria is now considered to comprize eight Eurasian species. The most widespread European species is the tetraploid F. verna Huds. The present study provides evidence for the existence of two main lineages of F. verna that differ considerably in their genomic size by about 3 pg. A Western F. verna lineage west of river Rhine displays a mean genome size (2C-value) of 34.2 pg and is almost precisely codistributed with the diploid F. ambigua Boreau (20 pg) north of the Mediterranean. The remaining part of Europe appears to be occupied by the Eastern F. verna lineage solely (mean genome size of 31.3 pg) which codistributes in South-Eastern Europe with the diploid F. calthifolia Rchb. (15 pg). There is little overlap at the boundary of Western and Eastern F. verna lineages with the occurrence of a separate intermediate group in the Netherlands (mean genomic size of 33.2 pg) that appears to result from hybridization of both lineages. On the basis of these observations and further considerations we propose development of F. ambigua and F. calthifolia south of the Alps with subsequent divergence to populate their current Western and Eastern European ranges, respectively. The Western F. verna lineage is proposed to originate from autotetraploidization of F. ambigua (precursor) with moderate genomic downsizing and the Eastern F. verna lineage from auto¬tetraploidization of F. calthifolia (precursor).
Rubus viridilucidus Drenckhahn ist eine tetraploide Brombeerart (2n=28) aus der Sektion Corylifolii, Serie Subcanescentes mit einem Genomgewicht (2C-Wert) von 1,49 pg, das dem Genomgewicht verwandter Sippen der Serie Subcanescentes wie R. scabrosus, R. fasciculatiformis und R. fasciculatus (1,52–1,54 pg) aus Unterfranken entspricht. Charakteristische Merkmale sind 3–4(5)-zählige Blätter mit herab gekrümmten rundlichen bis breit obovaten Endblättchen und breitovalen Seitenblättchen, die eine völlig unbehaarte, lichtgrüne, mattglänzende Blattoberfläche besitzen mit kontrastierender hell grünlich-grauer, samtig behaarter Blattunterseite. Die überwiegend rundlichen bis stumpf kantigen, lichtgrünen bis rötlich überlaufenen Schösslinge sind unbehaart und spärlich mit kurzen (<4mm) nadelförmigen Stacheln und wenigen Stieldrüsen besetzt. R. viridilucidus entwickelt zusätzlich zu den Blütenzweigen der zweijährigen Schösslinge (Ausbreitungsschösslinge) einen besonderen blühenden 0,8 bis 1,6 m langen Schösslingstyp aus, den Rispenschössling, der direkt aus dem Wurzelstock entspringt und terminal in eine Blütenrispe ausläuft. Bei R. viridilucidus sind zwei verschiedene Typen von Rispenschösslingen ausgebildet. Die Sippe wächst bevorzugt auf gestörten Flächen wie Brachen, Straßenrändern, Lagerplätzen, Weinbergrändern und kann sich mit 1–2 m jährlichem Zuwachs (Satellitenbildauswertung, Vermessungen vor Ort) schnell ausbreiten. Die bekannt gewordenen Fundstellen erstrecken sich vom nördlichen Baden-Württemberg bis in den nördlichsten Teil von Bayern (Rhön).
Forum Geobotanicum is an electronic journal devoted to disseminate information concerning geographical distribution, ecology, morphology, taxonomy and conservation of vascular plants in the European Union with a main focus on middle Europe. It covers from molecular biology to environmental aspects. The focus is to publish original papers, reviews and announcements for the educated generalist as well as the specialist in this broad field. Forum Geobotanicum does not aim to supplant existing paper journals, but will be much more flexible in format, publication time and world-wide distribution than paper journals. Many important studies are being currently published in local journals and booklets and some of them are published privately. Hence, these studies will become aware to only a limited readership. Forum Geobotanicum will encourage authors of such papers to submit them as special issues of the journal. Moreover, the journal is planning to build up an E-mail-address section to support communication between geobotanists in Europe. The editors are optimistic that this electronic journal will develop to a widely used communication forum that will help to stimulate activities in the entire field of geobotany in middle Europe. To overcome problems of long term archivation and effective taxonomic publication of articles published electronically in Forum Geobotanicum, print versions of each volume of the journal and appropriate digital storage devices will be delivered freely to selected university libraries and state libraries in middle Europe.
Besides external characteristics and reading a piece of DNA (barcode), the DNA weight per nucleus (genome size) via flow cytometry is a key value to detect species and hybrids and determine ploidy. In addition, the DNA weight appears to be related to various properties, such as the size of the cell and the nucleus, the duration of mitosis and meiosis and the generation time. Sometimes it is even possible to distinguish between groups or sections, which can lead to new classification of the genera. The variation in DNA weight is also useful to analyze biodiversity, genome evolution and relationships between related taxa. Moreover, it is important to know how large a genome is before one determines the base sequence of the DNA of a plant. Flow cytometry is also important for understanding fundamental processes in plants such as growth and development and recognizing chimeras. In the literature, DNA weight measurements are usually limited to one genus and often only locally (Siljak et al. 2010; Bai et al. 2012). In this study, however, it was decided to investigate all vascular plants from one country. This can also contribute to the protection of rare plants. This study is the first flora in the world whose weight of DNA per nucleus and peak patterns has been determined. More than 6400 plants, representing more than 2350 (sub)species (more than 90%) have been collected, thanks to the help of almost 100 volunteers of Floristisch Onderzoek Nederland (Floron). Multiple specimens of many species have therefore been measured, preferably from different populations, in some cases more than fifty. For 1370 species, these values were not previously published. Moreover, a good number of the remaining 45% are new for The Netherlands. In principle, each species has a fixed weight of DNA per nucleus. It has also been found that, especially between the genera, there are strong differences in the number of peaks that determine the DNA weight, from one to five peaks. This indicates that in a plant or organ there are sometimes nuclei with multiples of its standard DNA weight (multiple ploidy levels). It is impossible to show graphs of more than 2350 species. Therefore, we have chosen to show the peak pattern in a new way in a short formula. Within most genera there are clear differences in the DNA weights per nucleus between the species, in some other genera the DNA weight is hardly variable. Based on about twenty genera that were previously measured completely in most cases (‘t Hart et al. 2003: Veldkamp and Zonneveld 2011; Soes et al. 2012; Dirkse et al. 2014, 2015; Verloove et al. 2017; Zonneveld [et al.] 2000−2018), it can be noted that even if all species of a genus have the same number of chromosomes, there can still be a difference of up to three times in the weight of the DNA. Therefore, a twice larger DNA weight does not have to indicate four sets of chromosomes. Finally, this research has also found clues to examine further the current taxonomy of a number of species or genera.
