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The aim of this study was to investigate if the biomarkers myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament-H (NF-H) yielded informative value in forensic diagnostics when examining cadaveric cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biochemically via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and comparing the corresponding brain tissue in fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) autopsy cases by immunocytochemistry versus immunohistochemistry. In 21 trauma and 19 control cases, CSF was collected semi-sterile after suboccipital puncture and brain specimens after preparation. The CSF MBP (p = 0.006) and NF-H (p = 0.0002) levels after TBI were significantly higher than those in cardiovascular controls. Immunohistochemical staining against MBP and against NF-H was performed on cortical and subcortical samples from also biochemically investigated cases (5 TBI cases/5 controls). Compared to the controls, the TBI cases showed a visually reduced staining reaction against MBP or repeatedly ruptured neurofilaments against NF-H. Immunocytochemical tests showed MBP-positive phagocytizing macrophages in CSF with a survival time of > 24 h. In addition, numerous TMEM119-positive microglia could be detected with different degrees of staining intensity in the CSF of trauma cases. As a result, we were able to document that elevated levels of MBP and NF-H in the CSF should be considered as useful neuroinjury biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.
In the last few years, quantitative analysis of metabolites in body fluids using LC/MS has become an established method in laboratory medicine and toxicology. By preparing metabolite profiles in biological specimens, we are able to understand pathophysiological mechanisms at the biochemical and thus the functional level. An innovative investigative method, which has not yet been used widely in the forensic context, is to use the clinical application of metabolomics. In a metabolomic analysis of 41 samples of postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples divided into cohorts of four different causes of death, namely, cardiovascular fatalities, isoIated torso trauma, traumatic brain injury, and multi-organ failure, we were able to identify relevant differences in the metabolite profile between these individual groups. According to this preliminary assessment, we assume that information on biochemical processes is not gained by differences in the concentration of individual metabolites in CSF, but by a combination of differently distributed metabolites forming the perspective of a new generation of biomarkers for diagnosing (fatal) TBI and associated neuropathological changes in the CNS using CSF samples.
Background
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked multisystemic disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype. Especially atypical or late-onset type 2 phenotypes present a therapeutical dilemma.
Methods
To determine the clinical impact of the alpha-Galactosidase A (GLA) p.A143T/ c.427G > A variation, we retrospectively analyzed 25 p.A143T patients in comparison to 58 FD patients with other missense mutations.
Results
p.A143T patients suffering from stroke/ transient ischemic attacks had slightly decreased residual GLA activities, and/or increased lyso-Gb3 levels, suspecting FD. However, most male p.A143T patients presented with significant residual GLA activity (~50 % of reference), which was associated with normal lyso-Gb3 levels. Additionally, p.A143T patients showed less severe FD-typical symptoms and absent FD-typical renal and cardiac involvement in comparison to FD patients with other missense mutations. Two tested female p.A143T patients with stroke/TIA did not show skewed X chromosome inactivation. No accumulation of neurologic events in family members of p.A143T patients with stroke/transient ischemic attacks was observed.
Conclusions
We conclude that GLA p.A143T seems to be most likely a neutral variant or a possible modifier instead of a disease-causing mutation. Therefore, we suggest that p.A143T patients with stroke/transient ischemic attacks of unknown etiology should be further evaluated, since the diagnosis of FD is not probable and subsequent ERT or chaperone treatment should not be an unreflected option.
Background: While most neuropathologic studies focus on regions involved in behavioral abnormalities in autism, it is also important to identify whether areas that appear functionally normal are devoid of pathologic alterations. In this study we analyzed the posteroinferior occipitotemporal gyrus, an extrastriate area not considered to be affected in autism. This area borders the fusiform gyrus, which is known to exhibit functional and cellular abnormalities in autism.
Findings: No studies have implicated posteroinferior occipitotemporal gyrus dysfunction in autism, leading us to hypothesize that neuropathology would not occur in this area. We indeed observed no significant differences in pyramidal neuron number or size in layers III, V, and VI in seven pairs of autism and controls.
Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neuropathology is unique to areas involved in stereotypies and social and emotional behaviors, and support the specificity of the localization of pathology in the fusiform gyrus.
Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, necessitating novel strategies to inhibit MYC function. The ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 (HECTH9, ARF-BP1, MULE) associates with both MYC and the MYC-associated protein MIZ1. We show here that HUWE1 is required for growth of colorectal cancer cells in culture and in orthotopic xenograft models. Using high-throughput screening, we identify small molecule inhibitors of HUWE1, which inhibit MYC-dependent transactivation in colorectal cancer cells, but not in stem and normal colon epithelial cells. Inhibition of HUWE1 stabilizes MIZ1. MIZ1 globally accumulates on MYC target genes and contributes to repression of MYC-activated target genes upon HUWE1 inhibition. Our data show that transcriptional activation by MYC in colon cancer cells requires the continuous degradation of MIZ1 and identify a novel principle that allows for inhibition of MYC function in tumor cells.
Interdisziplinarität markiert ein Forschungsprogramm, das unterschiedliche Konjunkturen erlebt hat. Auch wenn es aktuell wieder an Zuspruch gewinnt, bleiben oftmals die Konturen der Vorstellung von Interdisziplinarität verschwommen. Wenn eine Forschungsgruppe dezidiert die interdisziplinäre Perspektive aufgreift, ist es daher zwingend geboten, sich über den Begriff und seine Implikationen zu verständigen.
Darauf aufbauend zeigen wir, wie sich die DFG-Forschungsgruppe 2757 interdisziplinär aufstellt und vernetzt, um eine komplexe Fragestellung zu klären, die durch Einzelforschung nicht befriedigend behandelt werden kann. Dazu erläutern wir zunächst die in interdisziplinärer Reflexion gewonnenen und ausgewählten begrifflichen Grundlagen, Theorien und Methoden und präsentieren die entsprechenden Grundideen unserer Forschungsgruppe. Auf dieser Basis beschreiben wir deren organisatorische Tektonik sowie die inhaltlichen und methodischen Verbindungen der einzelnen Teilprojekte. Somit präzisieren wir unsere Vorstellung von interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit im Sinne einer vernetzten Forschung.
Wir erarbeiten mit unserem Vorgehen in interdisziplinärer Hinsicht einen angemessenen Zugang zur Thematik, der es erlaubt, die grundlegenden Fragen aus unterschiedlichen epistemologischen Perspektiven zu beleuchten und damit umfassender zu erfassen, als es aus einer rein disziplinären Sicht möglich wäre. Weiterhin streben wir eine Erweiterung und Vertiefung unseres methodischen Vorgehens an, indem verschiedene fachspezifische Methoden verwendet und kombiniert werden. Auf dieser Grundlage versprechen wir uns innovative Ergebnisse, die theoretische und methodologische Aspekte betreffen.
Targeting the intrinsic metabolism of immune or tumor cells is a therapeutic strategy in autoimmunity, chronic inflammation or cancer. Metabolite repair enzymes may represent an alternative target class for selective metabolic inhibition, but pharmacological tools to test this concept are needed. Here, we demonstrate that phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP), a prototypical metabolite repair enzyme in glycolysis, is a pharmacologically actionable target. Using a combination of small molecule screening, protein crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations and NMR metabolomics, we discover and analyze a compound (CP1) that inhibits PGP with high selectivity and submicromolar potency. CP1 locks the phosphatase in a catalytically inactive conformation, dampens glycolytic flux, and phenocopies effects of cellular PGP-deficiency. This study provides key insights into effective and precise PGP targeting, at the same time validating an allosteric approach to control glycolysis that could advance discoveries of innovative therapeutic candidates.