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Meningococci spread via respiratory droplets, whereas the closely related gonococci are transmitted sexually. Several outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease have been reported in Europe and the United States among men who have sex with men (MSM). We recently identified an outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal disease among MSM in Germany and France. In this study, genomic and proteomic techniques were used to analyze the outbreak isolates. In addition, genetically identical urethritis isolates were recovered from France and Germany and included in the analysis. Genome sequencing revealed that the isolates from the outbreak among MSM and from urethritis cases belonged to a clade within clonal complex 11. Proteome analysis showed they expressed nitrite reductase, enabling anaerobic growth as previously described for gonococci. Invasive isolates from MSM, but not urethritis isolates, further expressed functional human factor H binding protein associated with enhanced survival in a newly developed transgenic mouse model expressing human factor H, a complement regulatory protein. In conclusion, our data suggest that urethritis and outbreak isolates followed a joint adaptation route including adaption to the urogenital tract.
Der klinische Verlauf von Idiopathischen Lungenfibrosen (IIP) ist schwer vorherzusagen. Letzte Daten zeigten, dass die histopathologische Klassifikation z.B. in Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP), Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP) oder Desquamativ Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP) mit dem Ausmaß der Erkrankung assoziiert ist. Bei allen Patietnen mit dem Verdacht auf eine Interstitielle Lungenerkrankung (ILD) wird in der Regel eine bronchoalveoläre Lavage (BAL) durchgeführt, aber bis jetzt scheint nur die histopathologische Differenzierung ausschlaggebend für die Abschätzung des klinischen Verlaufs zu sein. In diesem Zusammenhang bestimmten wir die Spiegel der profibrotische Zytokine Transformig Growth Factor ß1 (TGF ß1) und Platelet Derived Growth Factor AB (PDGF-AB) im Serum und in der Bronchoalveolären Lavagenflüssigkeit (BALF) von 87 Patienten mit ILD mittels ELISAs. Dann suchten wir nach Korrelationen zu klinischen Parametern. Bei der Evaluation fanden wir Daten von 23 Patienten mit IIP (15 UIP, 8 NSIP/DIP), 28 mit Sarkoidose, 6 mit Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis, 9 mit Pneumonie, 5 mit Chronic Obstrictiv Pulmonary Disease und 16 Patienten mit anderen ILD. Als Kontrolle verwendeten wir die Daten von 16 Patietnen, die sich aus anderen Gründen einer BAL unterzogen, jedoch ohne die Diagnose einer schweren Erkrankung. Die Konzentration von TGF ß1 in der BALF von IIP-Patienten betrug 17,17 +/- 1,46 pg/ml (+/-SEM) und in der Kontrollgruppe 11,43 +/- 1,71 pg/ml. Im Vergleich zur Kontrolle waren die TGF ß1-Spiegel in der BALF um ca. 50% erhöht (p=0,004). Bei Patienten mit UIP entdeckten wir höhere Werte als bei NSIP/DIP (18,91 +/- 1,61 pg/ml versus 13,92 +/- 2,69 pg/ml; p=0,031). Das bedeutet, dass Patienten mit einem phänotypsch höheren Fibrosierungsgrad der Erkrankung einen höheren TGF ß1-Spiegel in der BALF erreichen. Eine positive Korrelation zwischen TGF ß1 in der BALF und der Gesamtzahl von neutrophilen Granulozyten macht diese Zellen als möglchen zellulären Herkunftsort von TGF ß1 wahrscheinlich. Aber wir fanden keine Korrelation zu klinischen Parametern, wie beispielsweise Lungenfunktionsparameter, Krankheitsdauer oder Ansprechen auf Therapieoptionen. Serum-Spiegel von TGF ß1 und Konzentrationen von PDGF-AB im Serum oder BALF zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Abschließend konnten wir also zeigen, dass die Konzentration von TGF ß1 ind er BALF mit dem fibrotischen Phänotyp von ILD assoziiert ist. Die klinische Relevanz bleibt noch zu klären.
Background: Scientific guidelines have been developed to update and harmonize exercise based cardiac rehabilitation (ebCR) in German speaking countries. Key recommendations for ebCR indications have recently been published in part 1 of this journal. The present part 2 updates the evidence with respect to contents and delivery of ebCR in clinical practice, focusing on exercise training (ET), psychological interventions (PI), patient education (PE). In addition, special patients' groups and new developments, such as telemedical (Tele) or home-based ebCR, are discussed as well. Methods: Generation of evidence and search of literature have been described in part 1. Results: Well documented evidence confirms the prognostic significance of ET in patients with coronary artery disease. Positive clinical effects of ET are described in patients with congestive heart failure, heart valve surgery or intervention, adults with congenital heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Specific recommendations for risk stratification and adequate exercise prescription for continuous-, interval-, and strength training are given in detail. PI when added to ebCR did not show significant positive effects in general. There was a positive trend towards reduction in depressive symptoms for “distress management” and “lifestyle changes”. PE is able to increase patients’ knowledge and motivation, as well as behavior changes, regarding physical activity, dietary habits, and smoking cessation. The evidence for distinct ebCR programs in special patients’ groups is less clear. Studies on Tele-CR predominantly included low-risk patients. Hence, it is questionable, whether clinical results derived from studies in conventional ebCR may be transferred to Tele-CR. Conclusions: ET is the cornerstone of ebCR. Additional PI should be included, adjusted to the needs of the individual patient. PE is able to promote patients self-management, empowerment, and motivation. Diversity-sensitive structures should be established to interact with the needs of special patient groups and gender issues. Tele-CR should be further investigated as a valuable tool to implement ebCR more widely and effectively.
Since the addition of fluoride to drinking water in the 1940s, there have been frequent and sometimes heated discussions regarding its benefits and risks. In a recently published review, we addressed the question if current exposure levels in Europe represent a risk to human health. This review was discussed in an editorial asking why we did not calculate benchmark doses (BMD) of fluoride neurotoxicity for humans. Here, we address the question, why it is problematic to calculate BMDs based on the currently available data. Briefly, the conclusions of the available studies are not homogeneous, reporting negative as well as positive results; moreover, the positive studies lack control of confounding factors such as the influence of well-known neurotoxicants. We also discuss the limitations of several further epidemiological studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria of our review. Finally, it is important to not only focus on epidemiological studies. Rather, risk analysis should consider all available data, including epidemiological, animal, as well as in vitro studies. Despite remaining uncertainties, the totality of evidence does not support the notion that fluoride should be considered a human developmental neurotoxicant at current exposure levels in European countries.