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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by recurrent genetic events. The BCL6 corepressor (BCOR) and its homolog, the BCL6 corepressor-like 1 (BCORL1), have been reported to be rare but recurrent mutations in AML. Previously, smaller studies have reported conflicting results regarding impacts on outcomes. Here, we retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of 1529 patients with newly diagnosed and intensively treated AML. BCOR and BCORL1 mutations were found in 71 (4.6%) and 53 patients (3.5%), respectively. Frequently co-mutated genes were DNTM3A, TET2 and RUNX1. Mutated BCORL1 and loss-of-function mutations of BCOR were significantly more common in the ELN2017 intermediate-risk group. Patients harboring loss-of-function mutations of BCOR had a significantly reduced median event-free survival (HR = 1.464 (95%-Confidence Interval (CI): 1.005–2.134), p = 0.047), relapse-free survival (HR = 1.904 (95%-CI: 1.163–3.117), p = 0.01), and trend for reduced overall survival (HR = 1.495 (95%-CI: 0.990–2.258), p = 0.056) in multivariable analysis. Our study establishes a novel role for loss-of-function mutations of BCOR regarding risk stratification in AML, which may influence treatment allocation.
Introduction: Several common alleles have been shown to be associated with breast and/or ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Recent genome-wide association studies of breast cancer have identified eight additional breast cancer susceptibility loci: rs1011970 (9p21, CDKN2A/B), rs10995190 (ZNF365), rs704010 (ZMIZ1), rs2380205 (10p15), rs614367 (11q13), rs1292011 (12q24), rs10771399 (12p11 near PTHLH) and rs865686 (9q31.2).
Methods: To evaluate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, we genotyped these SNPs in 12,599 BRCA1 and 7,132 BRCA2 mutation carriers and analysed the associations with breast cancer risk within a retrospective likelihood framework.
Results: Only SNP rs10771399 near PTHLH was associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1 mutation carriers (per-allele hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.94, P-trend = 3 x 10\(^{-4}\)). The association was restricted to mutations proven or predicted to lead to absence of protein expression (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 3.1 x 10\(^{-5}\), P-difference = 0.03). Four SNPs were associated with the risk of breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers: rs10995190, P-trend = 0.015; rs1011970, P-trend = 0.048; rs865686, 2df P = 0.007; rs1292011 2df P = 0.03. rs10771399 (PTHLH) was predominantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer for BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.90, P-trend = 4 x 10\(^{-5}\)) and there was marginal evidence of association with ER- negative breast cancer for BRCA2 mutation carriers (HR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62 to 1.00, P-trend = 0.049).
Conclusions: The present findings, in combination with previously identified modifiers of risk, will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction and an improved understanding of the disease etiology in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
(1) Background: Refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (R-aGvHD) remains a leading cause of death after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Survival rates of 15% after four years are currently achieved; deaths are only in part due to aGvHD itself, but mostly due to adverse effects of R-aGvHD treatment with immunosuppressive agents as these predispose patients to opportunistic infections and loss of graft-versus-leukemia surveillance resulting in relapse. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from different tissues and those generated by various protocols have been proposed as a remedy for R-aGvHD but the enthusiasm raised by initial reports has not been ubiquitously reproduced. (2) Methods: We previously reported on a unique MSC product, which was generated from pooled bone marrow mononuclear cells of multiple third-party donors. The products showed dose-to-dose equipotency and greater immunosuppressive capacity than individually expanded MSCs from the same donors. This product, MSC-FFM, has entered clinical routine in Germany where it is licensed with a national hospital exemption authorization. We previously reported satisfying initial clinical outcomes, which we are now updating. The data were collected in our post-approval pharmacovigilance program, i.e., this is not a clinical study and the data is high-level and non-monitored. (3) Results: Follow-up for 92 recipients of MSC-FFM was reported, 88 with GvHD ≥°III, one-third only steroid-refractory and two-thirds therapy resistant (refractory to steroids plus ≥2 additional lines of treatment). A median of three doses of MSC-FFM was administered without apparent toxicity. Overall response rates were 82% and 81% at the first and last evaluation, respectively. At six months, the estimated overall survival was 64%, while the cumulative incidence of death from underlying disease was 3%. (4) Conclusions: MSC-FFM promises to be a safe and efficient treatment for severe R-aGvHD.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind 200 unausgelesene Patienten der neurootologischen Abteilung der Universitätsklinik und – poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkranke in Würzburg untersucht worden. Neben den bewährten äquilibriometrischen Untersuchungsmethoden wie z.B. kalorische Vestibularisprüfung (Schmetterlingskalorigramm) und rotatorischer Intensitätsdämpfungstest (RIDT) wurden die Patienten auch einer optokinetischen Untersuchung unterzogen und dabei der optokinetische Afternystagmus bestimmt. Hierbei wird an unserer Klinik die programmierbare Drehstuhlmethode angewendet, die sich durch eine Umkehr der Bezugssysteme, der Patient wird hier gegen seine Umwelt gedreht, von der weitverbreiteten Trommelmethode unterscheidet. Zunächst wurden Durchschnittswerte für das gesamte Kollektiv ermittelt. Es fielen keine aussagekräftigen Parameter auf; wie zu erwarten stellten sich die Afternystagmus-Frequenzen in Drehrichtung gegenüber denen in Gegenrichtung erhöht dar. Anschließend wurden Untergruppierungen gebildet um Bezüge zwischen Afternystagmusreaktion und Schwindelanamnese nachzuweisen. Die Patienten wurden hinsichtlich des Alters, des Geschlechtes, und des kalorischen Hemmungsverhaltens selektiert. Des weiteren wurden Unterkollektive verschiedener vegetativer Symptome, des vestibulären-Reiz-Reaktionsstärke-Versuchs (VRRSV) und einzelner optokinetischer Untersuchungen gebildet. Es zeigte sich, dass die optokinetische Afternystagmusfrequenz im männlichen Kollektiv geringfügig gegenüber der des weiblichen Kollektives erhöht war. In den verschiedenen Altersgruppen nimmt die optokinetische Afternystagmusfrequenz in Drehrichtung mit dem Alter tendenziell ab; um geschlechtsspezifische altersabhängige Tendenzen zu untersuchen wurden entsprechende weitere Untergruppen gebildet. Auch hier konnte eine geringe Frequenzabnahme mit dem Alter, in der weiblichen Untersuchungsgruppe deutlicher als in der männlichen, festgestellt werden. Bei der Untersuchung der einzelnen Kalorik-Patientengruppen ergaben sich für die Gruppe der zentral gestörten Patienten eine tendenziell erhöhte optokinetische Afternystagmusfrequenz, welche deutlicher bei der Afternystagmusreaktion in Drehrichtung darzustellen war. Die Patienten mit einer „Schweißausbruch“-Anamnese wiesen im Kollektiv der Patienten mit vegetativen Symptomen die höchste optokinetische Afternystagmusfrequenz auf. Im VRRSV konnte keine Tendenz erkannt werden, erhöhte Werte im Kollektiv „recruitment“ lassen keine schlüssige Aussage zu. Auch die nach verschieden stark ausfallender optokinetische Afternystagmusreaktion selektierten Patienten ließen keine deutliche Aussage über Zusammenhänge in der Schwindelanamnese im Vergleich zum Gesamtkollektiv zu. Eine statistisch signifikante Absicherung war in keinem der Fälle möglich. Als typische Beispiele werden Einzelfälle in einer Kasuistik demonstriert. In der Diskussion werden die gewonnenen Ergebnisse mit Literaturwerten verglichen. Eine herausragende klinische Relevanz des Untersuchungsparameters „optokinetischer Afternystagmus“ konnte hierbei nicht ermittelt werden. Im Einzelfall stellt die Afternystagmusprüfung, insbesondere bei der Differenzierung vestibulärer Seitendifferenzen und Hyperreaktionen jedoch sicherlich eine interessante Untersuchungsmethode dar.
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs liver, lung, skin, brain are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.