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Background: Physical activity and motor skills acquisition are of high importance for health-related prevention and a normal development in childhood. However, few intervention studies exist in preschool children focussing on an increase in physical activity and motor skills. Proof of positive effects is available but not consistent. Methods/Design: The design, curriculum, and evaluation strategy of a cluster randomised intervention study in preschool children are described in this manuscript. In the Prevention through Activity in Kindergarten Trial (PAKT), 41 of 131 kindergartens of Wuerzburg and Kitzingen, Germany, were randomised into an intervention and a control group by a random number table stratified for the location of the kindergarten in an urban (more than 20.000 inhabitants) or rural area. The aims of the intervention were to increase physical activity and motor skills in the participating children, and to reduce health risk factors as well as media use. The intervention was designed to involve children, parents and teachers, and lasted one academic year. It contained daily 30-min sessions of physical education in kindergarten based on a holistic pedagogic approach termed the “early psychomotor education”. The sessions were instructed by kindergarten teachers under regular supervision by the research team. Parents were actively involved by physical activity homework cards. The kindergarten teachers were trained in workshops and during the supervision. Assessments were performed at baseline, 3-5 months into the intervention, at the end of the intervention and 2-4 months after the intervention. The primary outcomes of the study are increases in physical activity (accelerometry) and in motor skills performance (composite score of obstacle course, standing long jump, balancing on one foot, jumping sidewise to and fro) between baseline and the two assessments during the intervention. Secondary outcomes include decreases in body adiposity (BMI, skin folds), media use (questionnaire), blood pressure, number of accidents and infections (questionnaire), increases in specific motor skills (throwing, balancing, complex motor performance, jumping) and in flexibility. Discussion: If this trial proofs the effectiveness of the multilevel kindergarten based physical activity intervention on preschooler’s activity levels and motor skills, the programme will be distributed nationwide in Germany. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00623844
Background
Skeletal muscle function dysfunction has been reported in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Studies so far showed inconclusive data whether reduced exercise capacity is related to intrinsic muscle dysfunction in CF.
Methods
Twenty patients with CF and 23 age-matched controls completed an incremental cardiopulmonary cycling test. Further, a Wingate anaerobic test to assess muscle power was performed. In addition, all participants completed an incremental knee-extension test with 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess muscle metabolism (inorganic phosphate (Pi) and phosphocreatinine (PCr) as well as intracellular pH). In the MRI, muscle cross-sectional area of the M. quadriceps (qCSA) was also measured. A subgroup of 15 participants (5 CF, 10 control) additionally completed a continuous high-intensity, high-frequency knee-extension exercise task during 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess muscle metabolism.
Results
Patients with CF showed a reduced exercise capacity in the incremental cardiopulmonary cycling test (VO2peak: CF 77.8 ± 16.2%predicted (36.5 ± 7.4 ml/qCSA/min), control 100.6 ± 18.8%predicted (49.1 ± 11.4 ml/qCSA/min); p < 0.001), and deficits in anaerobic capacity reflected by the Wingate test (peak power: CF 537 ± 180 W, control 727 ± 186 W; mean power: CF 378 ± 127 W, control 486 ± 126 W; power drop CF 12 ± 5 W, control 8 ± 4 W. all: p < 0.001). In the knee-extension task, patients with CF achieved a significantly lower workload (p < 0.05). However, in a linear model analysing maximal work load of the incremental knee-extension task and results of the Wingate test, respectively, only muscle size and height, but not disease status (CF or not) contributed to explaining variance. In line with this finding, no differences were found in muscle metabolism reflected by intracellular pH and the ratio of Pi/PCr at submaximal stages and peak exercise measured through MRI spectroscopy.
Conclusions
The lower absolute muscle power in patients with CF compared to controls is exclusively explained by the reduced muscle size in this study. No evidence was found for an intrinsic skeletal muscle dysfunction due to primary alterations of muscle metabolism.
Der Gesundheitssport hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten als feste Säule im organisierten Sport etabliert. Erkenntnisse aus der Vereinsforschung, der Erforschung des Gesundheitsverhaltens und der Wechselwirkung von Sport und Gesundheit sowie Modellvorstellungen von Gesundheit und Krankheit werden zur Konzeption und Optimierung von Sportprogrammen herangezogen. Die vorliegende epidemiologische Studie arbeitet anhand einer Re-Analyse von 1752 Datensätzen aktiver Vereins-Gesundheitssportler aus dem Wettbewerb "Der Gesundheitsclub im Sportverein" zentrale Befunde zur Gesundheit, dem Gesundheitserleben und -verhalten sowie dem Sport(vereins)erleben heraus, um im Vergleich der Geschlechts- und Altersgruppen die Zielgruppe deskriptiv zu bestimmen. In einem zweiten Analyseschritt wird geprüft, wie sich Aktive im fitnessorientierten, präventiven und rehabilitativen Sport in ihrer Wahrnehmung unterscheiden. Dabei zeigt es sich, dass eine stärkere gesundheitliche Belastung der weiblichen und jüngeren Sportler mit einer ungünstigen Gesundheitswahrnehmung dieser Teilpopulationen einhergeht. Fitnesssportler dokumentieren sich hier als am geringsten belastet, was sie im Gegenzug zu einem vergleichsweise risikoreichen Gesundheitsverhalten zu verleiten scheint. Insgesamt attestiert sich die Sportlerstichprobe ein geringes Raucherpotential, jedoch einen mit dem Alter steigenden Anteil an Übergewichtigen bei einem grundsätzlich ausgeprägtem Schutzverhalten, dokumentiert durch das Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten. Kognitive Gesundheitsressourcen als ein Faktor verhaltensunterstützender Elemente werden insgesamt in der Stichprobe sehr gering kommuniziert, vor allem im Bereich des Handlungswissens, und diese scheinen generell krankheitsspezifisch generiert zu sein. Eine fundierte soziale Integration in das Netz des Sportvereins erreichen offensichtlich am ehesten die weiblichen Aktiven, während Männer aufgrund der Suche nach sozialer Anbindung die Sportaktivität aufnehmen. Fitnesssportler zeigen sich hier am stärksten eingebunden, während die Rehabilitanten die geringste soziale Integration dokumentieren, gleichwohl sie diese am stärksten im Verein suchen. In quantitativer Hinsicht zeigen sich Frauen sportlich aktiver als Männer bzw. Fitness- und Präventionssportler aktiver als Rehabilitationssportler. In die Befunde lassen sich die Erkenntnisse zur Motivationslage der Sportler einbinden, nachdem Fitnessaktive an einer Intensivierung der sozialen Kontakte, Präventionssportler an den kompensatorischen Leistungen der sportlichen Aktivität und Rehabilitanten an einer therapeutischen Zielsetzung orientiert sind. Als Fazit lässt sich eine konsequente Abstimmung der (Vereins)Sportangebote auf die Selbstwahrnehmung, Motive und Bedürfnisse der Sportler fordern, um eine ganzheitliche Gesundheitsförderung ermöglichen zu können. Diese Abstimmung muss jedoch in Abhängigkeit der Möglichkeiten und des Potentials des jeweiligen Sportvereins erfolgen.
Background
Health-related and disease-specific quality of life (HRQoL) has been increasingly valued as relevant clinical parameter in cystic fibrosis (CF) clinical care and clinical trials. HRQoL measures should assess – among other domains – daily functioning from a patient’s perspective. However, validation studies for the most frequently used HRQoL questionnaire in CF, the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (CFQ), have not included measures of physical activity or fitness. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between HRQoL, physical activity and fitness in patients with CF.
Methods
Baseline (n = 76) and 6-month follow-up data (n = 70) from patients with CF (age ≥12 years, FEV1 ≥35%) were analysed. Patients participated in two multi-centre exercise intervention studies with identical assessment methodology. Outcome variables included HRQoL (German revised multi-dimensional disease-specific CFQ (CFQ-R)), body composition, pulmonary function, physical activity, short-term muscle power, and aerobic fitness by peak oxygen uptake and aerobic power.
Results
Peak oxygen uptake was positively related to 7 of 13 HRQoL scales cross-sectionally (r = 0.30-0.46). Muscle power (r = 0.25-0.32) and peak aerobic power (r = 0.24-0.35) were positively related to 4 scales each, and reported physical activity to 1 scale (r = 0.29). Changes in HRQoL-scores were directly and significantly related to changes in reported activity (r = 0.35-0.39), peak aerobic power (r = 0.31-0.34), and peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.26-0.37) in 3 scales each. Established associates of HRQoL such as FEV1 or body mass index correlated positively with fewer scales (all 0.24 < r < 0.55).
Conclusions
HRQoL was associated with physical fitness, especially aerobic fitness, and to a lesser extent with reported physical activity. These findings underline the importance of physical fitness for HRQoL in CF and provide an additional rationale for exercise testing in this population.