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Sonstige beteiligte Institutionen
Stimulating the immune system to attack cancer is a promising approach, even for the control of advanced cancers. Several cytokines that promote interferon-γ-dominated immune responses show antitumor activity, with interleukin 12 (IL-12) being of major importance. Here, we used an antibody-IL-12 fusion protein (NHS-IL12) that binds histones of necrotic cells to treat human sarcoma in humanized mice. Following sarcoma engraftment, NHS-IL12 therapy was combined with either engineered IL-7 (FcIL-7) or IL-2 (IL-2MAB602) for continuous cytokine bioavailability. NHS-IL12 strongly induced innate and adaptive antitumor immunity when combined with IL-7 or IL-2. NHS-IL12 therapy significantly improved survival of sarcoma-bearing mice and caused long-term remissions when combined with IL-2. NHS-IL12 induced pronounced cancer cell senescence, as documented by strong expression of senescence-associated p16\(^{INK4a}\) and nuclear translocation of p-HP1γ, and permanent arrest of cancer cell proliferation. In addition, this cancer immunotherapy initiated the induction of myogenic differentiation, further promoting the hypothesis that efficient antitumor immunity includes mechanisms different from cytotoxicity for efficient cancer control in vivo.
Donor CD4\(^+\)Foxp3\(^+\) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) suppress graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT allo-HCT]). Current clinical study protocols rely on the ex vivo expansion of donor T reg cells and their infusion in high numbers. In this study, we present a novel strategy for inhibiting GvHD that is based on the in vivo expansion of recipient T reg cells before allo-HCT, exploiting the crucial role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in T reg cell biology. Expanding radiation-resistant host T reg cells in recipient mice using a mouse TNFR2-selective agonist before allo-HCT significantly prolonged survival and reduced GvHD severity in a TNFR2-and T reg cell-dependent manner. The beneficial effects of transplanted T cells against leukemia cells and infectious pathogens remained unaffected. A corresponding human TNFR2-specific agonist expanded human T reg cells in vitro. These observations indicate the potential of our strategy to protect allo-HCT patients from acute GvHD by expanding T reg cells via selective TNFR2 activation in vivo.
We demonstrate two-quantum (2Q) coherent two-dimensional (2D)electronic spectroscopy using a shot-to-shot-modulated pulse shaper and fluorescence detection. Broadband collinear excitation is realized with the supercontinuum output of an argon-filled hollow-core fiber, enabling us to excite multiple transitions simultaneously in the visible range. The 2Q contribution is extracted via a three-pulse sequence with 16-fold phase cycling and simulated employing cresyl violet as a model system. Furthermore, we report the first experimental realization of one-quantum−two-quantum (1Q-2Q) 2D spectroscopy, offering less congested spectra as compared with the 2Q implementation. We avoid scattering artifacts and nonresonant solvent contributions by using fluorescence as the observable. This allows us to extract quantitative information about doubly excited states that agree with literature expectations. The high sensitivity and background-free nature of fluorescence detection allow for a general applicability of this method to many other systems.
5. Würzburger Wirtschaftssymposium, 20.11.2008 Deutsche Erfindungen verändern die Welt - heute wie vor 500 Jahren. Von Buchdruck, über Dieselmotor, Glühbirne bis hin zu Airbag, Aspirin, Dübel, Fernseher und mp3-Format. Alleine dieser bescheidene Überblick des Phänomens “Made in Germany” lässt den Betrachter die Bedeutung und das Potenzial von Innovationen am Standort Deutschland schnell erkennen. Experten aus Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft setzten sich am 20.11.2008 unter der Leitfrage: “Innovationen – Performancetreiber und nachhaltiger Wirtschaftsmotor in Deutschland?” mit der Bedeutung von Innovationen für den Standort Deutschland auseinander. Die Festschrift rundet - neben Interviews mit und Gastbeiträgen von Referenten der Veranstaltung - das 5. Würzburger Wirtschaftssymposium mit Stellungnahmen und Beiträgen renommierter Experten ab. Zu Wort kommen dabei Jungunternehmer ebenso wie Wissenschaftler der Universität Würzburg und Vertreter externer Organisationen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden alternative Phased-Array Konfigurationen untersucht, die eine gleichmäßige rÄaumliche Verteilung der Spulensensitivitäten für eine 2D parallel beschleunigte NMR-Bildgebung zur Verfügung stellen sowie eine höhere lokale Dichte probenrauschdominierter Einzelspulen als konventionelle Arraygeometrien ermöglichen. Hierzu wurde zunächst eine neuartige 16-Kanal Doppel-Spiral Arraygeometrie einem Birdcage-ähnlichen Spulenarray mit zwei Ringen aus je acht Spulenelementen gegenübergestellt, welches gewöhnlich in der klinischen Routine für NMR-Untersuchungen am menschlichen Kopf eingesetzt wird. Unter Verwendung analytischer Biot-Savart Berechnungen in der Entwicklungsumgebung Matlab konnten die jeweiligen Kodiereigenschaften sowie das mit den unterschiedlichen Arraykonfigurationen erzielbare intrinsische Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis ermittelt und verglichen werden. Zudem wurde auf gleiche Weise der Einfluss geometrischer Variationen im Aufbau des Doppel-Spiral Volumenarrays auf die intrinsische Isolation zwischen dem inneren, um +pi verdrehten und dem Äußeren, um -pi verdrehten Einfach-Spiral Spulenarray untersucht und Phased-Array Designs mit 32 unabhÄangigen Empfangselementen evaluiert. Im Rahmen einer experimentellen Evaluierung des Doppel-Spiral Arraykonzepts wurden zuerst einzelne Spulenelemente der unterschiedlichen 16-Kanal Volumenarrays verglichen, bevor eine Doppel-Spiral Phased-Array Prototypenspule aufgebaut wurde. Mit dieser konnten sowohl die vorausgesetzte intrinsische Entkopplung der zwei Einzel-Spiral Spulenarrays als auch die in alle drei Raumrichtungen homogene Verteilung der einzelnen Spulensensitivitäten anhand von Experimenten im NMR-System nachgewiesen werden. So war trotz der relativ geringen Anzahl von sechs unabhängigen Einzelkanälen eine um den Faktor 4 beschleunigte NMR-Untersuchung des menschlichen Kopfes mittels einer 3D MP-RAGE-Bildgebungssequenz möglich. Diese hohe Beschleunigung konnte für jede beliebige Orientierung der Kodierrichtungen in gleichermaßen guter Bildqualität erzielt werden und erwies sich somit als unabhängig von der gewünschten Positionierung des dreidimensionalen Untersuchungsvolumens. Das auf diese Weise bestätigte Konzept einer Doppel-Spiral Arraygeometrie stellt allerdings nicht nur eine gleichmäßige Sensitivitätsvariation entlang aller Raumrichtungen zur Verfügung, sondern ermöglicht auch eine höhere Dichte probenrauschdominierter Einzelspulen. In einem zweiten Ansatz wurde das Konzept räumlich kompakter Quadratur-Arrayelemente untersucht, die aus einer geeigneten geometrischen Kombination zweier Einzelspulen entstehen. Die Evaluierung der Leistungsfähigkeit einer derartigen Arrayelementkonfiguration erfolgte in diesem Fall durch den Vergleich einer aus vier Quadratur-Arrayelementen aufgebauten 8-Kanal Phased-Array Spule mit einem konventionellen 4-Kanal Spulenarray, welches sich aus vier waagrechten, in Reihen angeordneten Einzelspulen zusammensetzt. Die Kodiereigenschaften der jeweiligen Phased-Array Spulen sowie das zur Verfügung stehende intrinsische SNR wurden erneut mit Hilfe von Biot-Savart Simulationen in Matlab ermittelt. Diese zeigten, dass durch eine solche neuartige Elementkonfiguration eine Steigerung des erzielbaren Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses von nahezu 30% erreicht werden kann. Zudem konnte eine deutliche Verbesserung der Kodiereigenschaften in Folge einer, bei gleicher Ausdehnung der Arraystruktur, verdoppelten Anzahl an Einzelspulen beobachtet werden. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung erfolgte anhand einer einfachen aus vier Quadratur-Arrayelementen aufgebauten 8-Kanal Phased-Array Spule. Mit dieser wurden im Kernspintomographen NMR-Untersuchungen an Phantomen durchgeführt, die den SNR-Gewinn sowie die signifikante Verbesserung der Kodiereigenschaften durch die Verwendung von Quadratur-Elementen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Simulationsergebnissen bestätigen konnten. Eine derartige Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit eines gewöhnlichen, flachen Spulenarrays durch das Hinzufügen senkrechter, intrinsisch entkoppelter Spulenelemente zeigt sich auch in den Resultaten coronal und sagittal orientierter NMR-Bildgebungsuntersuchungen der Wirbelsäule eines gesunden Probanden. Hierbei sind selbst bei Beschleunigungen von einem Faktor 4 keine Artefakte aufgrund einer schlecht konditionierten parallelen Bildrekonstruktion zu beobachten.
The ITS2 Database
(2012)
The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) has been used as a phylogenetic marker for more than two decades. As ITS2 research mainly focused on the very variable ITS2 sequence, it confined this marker to low-level phylogenetics only. However, the combination of the ITS2 sequence and its highly conserved secondary structure improves the phylogenetic resolution1 and allows phylogenetic inference at multiple taxonomic ranks, including species delimitation.
The ITS2 Database presents an exhaustive dataset of internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences from NCBI GenBank accurately reannotated. Following an annotation by profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), the secondary structure of each sequence is predicted. First, it is tested whether a minimum energy based fold (direct fold) results in a correct, four helix conformation. If this is not the case, the structure is predicted by homology modeling. In homology modeling, an already known secondary structure is transferred to another ITS2 sequence, whose secondary structure was not able to fold correctly in a direct fold.
The ITS2 Database is not only a database for storage and retrieval of ITS2 sequence-structures. It also provides several tools to process your own ITS2 sequences, including annotation, structural prediction, motif detection and BLAST search on the combined sequence-structure information. Moreover, it integrates trimmed versions of 4SALE and ProfDistS for multiple sequence-structure alignment calculation and Neighbor Joining tree reconstruction. Together they form a coherent analysis pipeline from an initial set of sequences to a phylogeny based on sequence and secondary structure.
In a nutshell, this workbench simplifies first phylogenetic analyses to only a few mouse-clicks, while additionally providing tools and data for comprehensive large-scale analyses.
Tardigrades have unique stress-adaptations that allow them to survive extremes of cold, heat, radiation and vacuum. To study this, encoded protein clusters and pathways from an ongoing transcriptome study on the tardigrade \(Milnesium\) \(tardigradum\) were analyzed using bioinformatics tools and compared to expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from \(Hypsibius\) \(dujardini\), revealing major pathways involved in resistance against extreme environmental conditions. ESTs are available on the Tardigrade Workbench along with software and databank updates. Our analysis reveals that RNA stability motifs for \(M.\) \(tardigradum\) are different from typical motifs known from higher animals. \(M.\) \(tardigradum\) and \(H.\) \(dujardini\) protein clusters and conserved domains imply metabolic storage pathways for glycogen, glycolipids and specific secondary metabolism as well as stress response pathways (including heat shock proteins, bmh2, and specific repair pathways). Redox-, DNA-, stress- and protein protection pathways complement specific repair capabilities to achieve the strong robustness of \(M.\) \(tardigradum\). These pathways are partly conserved in other animals and their manipulation could boost stress adaptation even in human cells. However, the unique combination of resistance and repair pathways make tardigrades and \(M.\) \(tardigradum\) in particular so highly stress resistant.
Treatment of dysferlinopathy with deflazacort: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
(2013)
Background: Dysferlinopathies are autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in the dysferlin (DYSF) gene encoding the dysferlin protein. DYSF mutations lead to a wide range of muscular phenotypes, with the most prominent being Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B).
Methods: We assessed the one-year-natural course of dysferlinopathy, and the safety and efficacy of deflazacort treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. After one year of natural course without intervention, 25 patients with genetically defined dysferlinopathy were randomized to receive deflazacort and placebo for six months each (1 mg/kg/day in month one, 1 mg/kg every 2nd day during months two to six) in one of two treatment sequences. Results: During one year of natural course, muscle strength declined about 2% as measured by CIDD (Clinical Investigation of Duchenne Dystrophy) score, and 76 Newton as measured by hand-held dynamometry. Deflazacort did not improve muscle strength. In contrast, there is a trend of worsening muscle strength under deflazacort treatment, which recovers after discontinuation of the study drug. During deflazacort treatment, patients showed a broad spectrum of steroid side effects.
Conclusion: Deflazacort is not an effective therapy for dysferlinopathies, and off-label use is not warranted. This is an important finding, since steroid treatment should not be administered in patients with dysferlinopathy, who may be often misdiagnosed as polymyositis.
India's economic rise since the 1990s has been followed by a more prominent global role for the country. Despite economic setbacks in recent years and huge domestic challenges like poverty, caste issues, and gender inequality, India today is almost universally characterised as an “emerging power”. At the same time, the country continues to show an enormous diversity. Thus, exploring emerging India can surely not be confined to economic analysis only. Instead, it is vital to take current developments in domestic and international politics, society, culture, religion, and political thinking into consideration as well. Following an interdisciplinary approach, contributions from Political Science, International Relations, Indology, Political Theory, and Economics are fundamental in order to grasp the country's diversity. This collection assembles eight essays which, individually, serve as working papers reflecting the authors' various research focuses, while collectively composing a multifaceted and multidis-ciplinary picture of emerging India. It thereby reflects the approach the University of Würz-burg’s Centre for Modern India and the Institute for Political Science and Sociology’s India Forum are committed to: bringing together different academic disciplines in order to generate nuanced insights into India’s manifold diversity.
Background
Neisseria meningitidis is a naturally transformable, facultative pathogen colonizing the human nasopharynx. Here, we analyze on a genome-wide level the impact of recombination on gene-complement diversity and virulence evolution in N. meningitidis. We combined comparative genome hybridization using microarrays (mCGH) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 29 meningococcal isolates with computational comparison of a subset of seven meningococcal genome sequences.
Principal Findings
We found that lateral gene transfer of minimal mobile elements as well as prophages are major forces shaping meningococcal population structure. Extensive gene content comparison revealed novel associations of virulence with genetic elements besides the recently discovered meningococcal disease associated (MDA) island. In particular, we identified an association of virulence with a recently described canonical genomic island termed IHT-E and a differential distribution of genes encoding RTX toxin- and two-partner secretion systems among hyperinvasive and non-hyperinvasive lineages. By computationally screening also the core genome for signs of recombination, we provided evidence that about 40% of the meningococcal core genes are affected by recombination primarily within metabolic genes as well as genes involved in DNA replication and repair. By comparison with the results of previous mCGH studies, our data indicated that genetic structuring as revealed by mCGH is stable over time and highly similar for isolates from different geographic origins.
Conclusions
Recombination comprising lateral transfer of entire genes as well as homologous intragenic recombination has a profound impact on meningococcal population structure and genome composition. Our data support the hypothesis that meningococcal virulence is polygenic in nature and that differences in metabolism might contribute to virulence.