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Oral Perceptions of Fat and Taste Stimuli Are Modulated by Affect and Mood Induction (2013)
Platte, Petra ; Herbert, Cornelia ; Pauli, Paul ; Breslin, Paul A. S.
This study examined the impact of three clinical psychological variables (non-pathological levels of depression and anxiety, as well as experimentally manipulated mood) on fat and taste perception in healthy subjects. After a baseline orosensory evaluation, ‘sad’, ‘happy’ and ‘neutral’ video clips were presented to induce corresponding moods in eighty participants. Following mood manipulation, subjects rated five different oral stimuli, appearing sweet, umami, sour, bitter, fatty, which were delivered at five different concentrations each. Depression levels were assessed with Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety levels were assessed via the Spielberger’s STAI-trait and state questionnaire. Overall, subjects were able to track the concentrations of the stimuli correctly, yet depression level affected taste ratings. First, depression scores were positively correlated with sucrose ratings. Second, subjects with depression scores above the sample median rated sucrose and quinine as more intense after mood induction (positive, negative and neutral). Third and most important, the group with enhanced depression scores did not rate low and high fat stimuli differently after positive or negative mood induction, whereas, during baseline or during the non-emotional neutral condition they rated the fat intensity as increasing with concentration. Consistent with others’ prior observations we also found that sweet and bitter stimuli at baseline were rated as more intense by participants with higher anxiety scores and that after positive and negative mood induction, citric acid was rated as stronger tasting compared to baseline. The observation that subjects with mild subclinical depression rated low and high fat stimuli similarly when in positive or negative mood is novel and likely has potential implications for unhealthy eating patterns. This deficit may foster unconscious eating of fatty foods in sub-clinical mildly depressed populations.
Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets (2021)
Postema, Merel C. ; Hoogman, Martine ; Ambrosino, Sara ; Asherson, Philip ; Banaschewski, Tobias ; Bandeira, Cibele E. ; Baranov, Alexandr ; Bau, Claiton H.D. ; Baumeister, Sarah ; Baur‐Streubel, Ramona ; Bellgrove, Mark A. ; Biederman, Joseph ; Bralten, Janita ; Brandeis, Daniel ; Brem, Silvia ; Buitelaar, Jan K. ; Busatto, Geraldo F. ; Castellanos, Francisco X. ; Cercignani, Mara ; Chaim‐Avancini, Tiffany M. ; Chantiluke, Kaylita C. ; Christakou, Anastasia ; Coghill, David ; Conzelmann, Annette ; Cubillo, Ana I. ; Cupertino, Renata B. ; de Zeeuw, Patrick ; Doyle, Alysa E. ; Durston, Sarah ; Earl, Eric A. ; Epstein, Jeffery N. ; Ethofer, Thomas ; Fair, Damien A. ; Fallgatter, Andreas J. ; Faraone, Stephen V. ; Frodl, Thomas ; Gabel, Matt C. ; Gogberashvili, Tinatin ; Grevet, Eugenio H. ; Haavik, Jan ; Harrison, Neil A. ; Hartman, Catharina A. ; Heslenfeld, Dirk J. ; Hoekstra, Pieter J. ; Hohmann, Sarah ; Høvik, Marie F. ; Jernigan, Terry L. ; Kardatzki, Bernd ; Karkashadze, Georgii ; Kelly, Clare ; Kohls, Gregor ; Konrad, Kerstin ; Kuntsi, Jonna ; Lazaro, Luisa ; Lera‐Miguel, Sara ; Lesch, Klaus‐Peter ; Louza, Mario R. ; Lundervold, Astri J. ; Malpas, Charles B ; Mattos, Paulo ; McCarthy, Hazel ; Namazova‐Baranova, Leyla ; Nicolau, Rosa ; Nigg, Joel T. ; Novotny, Stephanie E. ; Oberwelland Weiss, Eileen ; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L. ; Oosterlaan, Jaap ; Oranje, Bob ; Paloyelis, Yannis ; Pauli, Paul ; Picon, Felipe A. ; Plessen, Kerstin J. ; Ramos‐Quiroga, J. Antoni ; Reif, Andreas ; Reneman, Liesbeth ; Rosa, Pedro G.P. ; Rubia, Katya ; Schrantee, Anouk ; Schweren, Lizanne J.S. ; Seitz, Jochen ; Shaw, Philip ; Silk, Tim J. ; Skokauskas, Norbert ; Soliva Vila, Juan C. ; Stevens, Michael C. ; Sudre, Gustavo ; Tamm, Leanne ; Tovar‐Moll, Fernanda ; van Erp, Theo G.M. ; Vance, Alasdair ; Vilarroya, Oscar ; Vives‐Gilabert, Yolanda ; von Polier, Georg G. ; Walitza, Susanne ; Yoncheva, Yuliya N. ; Zanetti, Marcus V. ; Ziegler, Georg C. ; Glahn, David C. ; Jahanshad, Neda ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Thompson, Paul M. ; Fisher, Simon E. ; Franke, Barbara ; Francks, Clyde
Objective Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left‐right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium. Methods We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries. Results There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen’s d from −0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study‐wide correction for multiple testing. Conclusion Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait.
Associative learning shapes visual discrimination in a web-based classical conditioning task (2021)
Stegmann, Yannik ; Andreatta, Marta ; Pauli, Paul ; Wieser, Matthias J.
Threat detection plays a vital role in adapting behavior to changing environments. A fundamental function to improve threat detection is learning to differentiate between stimuli predicting danger and safety. Accordingly, aversive learning should lead to enhanced sensory discrimination of danger and safety cues. However, studies investigating the psychophysics of visual and auditory perception after aversive learning show divergent findings, and both enhanced and impaired discrimination after aversive learning have been reported. Therefore, the aim of this web-based study is to examine the impact of aversive learning on a continuous measure of visual discrimination. To this end, 205 participants underwent a differential fear conditioning paradigm before and after completing a visual discrimination task using differently oriented grating stimuli. Participants saw either unpleasant or neutral pictures as unconditioned stimuli (US). Results demonstrated sharpened visual discrimination for the US-associated stimulus (CS+), but not for the unpaired conditioned stimuli (CS-). Importantly, this finding was irrespective of the US's valence. These findings suggest that associative learning results in increased stimulus salience, which facilitates perceptual discrimination in order to prioritize attentional deployment.
Social cognitive factors outweigh negative emotionality in predicting COVID-19 related safety behaviors (2021)
Hein, Grit ; Gamer, Matthias ; Gall, Dominik ; Gründahl, Marthe ; Domschke, Katharina ; Andreatta, Marta ; Wieser, Matthias J. ; Pauli, Paul
Emotion-motivation models propose that behaviors, including health behaviors, should be predicted by the same variables that also predict negative affect since emotional reactions should induce a motivation to avoid threatening situations. In contrast, social cognitive models propose that safety behaviors are predicted by a different set of variables that mainly reflect cognitive and socio-structural aspects. Here, we directly tested these opposing hypotheses in young adults (N = 4134) in the context of COVID-19-related safety behaviors to prevent infections. In each participant, we collected measures of negative affect as well as cognitive and socio-structural variables during the lockdown in the first infection wave in Germany. We found a negative effect of the pandemic on emotional responses. However, this was not the main predictor for young adults’ willingness to comply with COVID-19-related safety measures. Instead, individual differences in compliance were mainly predicted by cognitive and socio-structural variables. These results were confirmed in an independent data set. This study shows that individuals scoring high on negative affect during the pandemic are not necessarily more likely to comply with safety regulations. Instead, political measures should focus on cognitive interventions and the societal relevance of the health issue. These findings provide important insights into the basis of health-related concerns and feelings as well as behavioral adaptations.
Active zone compaction correlates with presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (2021)
Mrestani, Achmed ; Pauli, Martin ; Kollmannsberger, Philip ; Repp, Felix ; Kittel, Robert J. ; Eilers, Jens ; Doose, Sören ; Sauer, Markus ; Sirén, Anna-Leena ; Heckmann, Manfred ; Paul, Mila M.
Neurotransmitter release is stabilized by homeostatic plasticity. Presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP) operates on timescales ranging from minute- to life-long adaptations and likely involves reorganization of presynaptic active zones (AZs). At Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junctions, earlier work ascribed AZ enlargement by incorporating more Bruchpilot (Brp) scaffold protein a role in PHP. We use localization microscopy (direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy [dSTORM]) and hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN) to study AZ plasticity during PHP at the synaptic mesoscale. We find compaction of individual AZs in acute philanthotoxin-induced and chronic genetically induced PHP but unchanged copy numbers of AZ proteins. Compaction even occurs at the level of Brp subclusters, which move toward AZ centers, and in Rab3 interacting molecule (RIM)-binding protein (RBP) subclusters. Furthermore, correlative confocal and dSTORM imaging reveals how AZ compaction in PHP translates into apparent increases in AZ area and Brp protein content, as implied earlier.
A genome-wide association meta-analysis of prognostic outcomes following cognitive behavioural therapy in individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders (2019)
Rayner, Christopher ; Coleman, Jonathan R. I. ; Purves, Kirstin L. ; Hodsoll, John ; Goldsmith, Kimberley ; Alpers, Georg W. ; Andersson, Evelyn ; Arolt, Volker ; Boberg, Julia ; Bögels, Susan ; Creswell, Cathy ; Cooper, Peter ; Curtis, Charles ; Deckert, Jürgen ; Domschke, Katharina ; El Alaoui, Samir ; Fehm, Lydia ; Fydrich, Thomas ; Gerlach, Alexander L. ; Grocholewski, Anja ; Hahlweg, Kurt ; Hamm, Alfons ; Hedman, Erik ; Heiervang, Einar R. ; Hudson, Jennifer L. ; Jöhren, Peter ; Keers, Robert ; Kircher, Tilo ; Lang, Thomas ; Lavebratt, Catharina ; Lee, Sang-hyuck ; Lester, Kathryn J. ; Lindefors, Nils ; Margraf, Jürgen ; Nauta, Maaike ; Pané-Farré, Christiane A. ; Pauli, Paul ; Rapee, Ronald M. ; Reif, Andreas ; Rief, Winfried ; Roberts, Susanna ; Schalling, Martin ; Schneider, Silvia ; Silverman, Wendy K. ; Ströhle, Andreas ; Teismann, Tobias ; Thastum, Mikael ; Wannemüller, Andre ; Weber, Heike ; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich ; Wolf, Christiane ; Rück, Christian ; Breen, Gerome ; Eley, Thalia C.
Major depressive disorder and the anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, disabling and moderately heritable. Depression and anxiety are also highly comorbid and have a strong genetic correlation (r(g) approximate to 1). Cognitive behavioural therapy is a leading evidence-based treatment but has variable outcomes. Currently, there are no strong predictors of outcome. Therapygenetics research aims to identify genetic predictors of prognosis following therapy. We performed genome-wide association meta-analyses of symptoms following cognitive behavioural therapy in adults with anxiety disorders (n = 972), adults with major depressive disorder (n = 832) and children with anxiety disorders (n = 920; meta-analysis n = 2724). We (h(SNP)(2)) and polygenic scoring was used to examine genetic associations between therapy outcomes and psychopathology, personality and estimated the variance in therapy outcomes that could be explained by common genetic variants learning. No single nucleotide polymorphisms were strongly associated with treatment outcomes. No significant estimate of h(SNP)(2) could be obtained, suggesting the heritability of therapy outcome is smaller than our analysis was powered to detect. Polygenic scoring failed to detect genetic overlap between therapy outcome and psychopathology, personality or learning. This study is the largest therapygenetics study to date. Results are consistent with previous, similarly powered genome-wide association studies of complex traits.
Can Religiosity and Social Support Explain Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Cultural Study (2022)
Ghafoor, Hina ; Nordbeck, Peter ; Ritter, Oliver ; Pauli, Paul ; Schulz, Stefan M.
Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF.
Height Simulation in a Virtual Reality CAVE System: Validity of Fear Responses and Effects of an Immersion Manipulation (2018)
Gromer, Daniel ; Madeira, Octávia ; Gast, Philipp ; Nehfischer, Markus ; Jost, Michael ; Müller, Mathias ; Mühlberger, Andreas ; Pauli, Paul
Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear in height situations. Virtual reality (VR) can be used to trigger such phobic fear, and VR exposure therapy (VRET) has proven effective for treatment of phobias, although it remains important to further elucidate factors that modulate and mediate the fear responses triggered in VR. The present study assessed verbal and behavioral fear responses triggered by a height simulation in a 5-sided cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) with visual and acoustic simulation and further investigated how fear responses are modulated by immersion, i.e., an additional wind simulation, and presence, i.e., the feeling to be present in the VE. Results revealed a high validity for the CAVE and VE in provoking height related self-reported fear and avoidance behavior in accordance with a trait measure of acrophobic fear. Increasing immersion significantly increased fear responses in high height anxious (HHA) participants, but did not affect presence. Nevertheless, presence was found to be an important predictor of fear responses. We conclude that a CAVE system can be used to elicit valid fear responses, which might be further enhanced by immersion manipulations independent from presence. These results may help to improve VRET efficacy and its transfer to real situations.
Heat pain modulation with virtual water during a virtual hand illusion (2019)
Käthner, Ivo ; Bader, Thomas ; Pauli, Paul
Immersive virtual reality is a powerful method to modify the environment and thereby influence experience. The present study used a virtual hand illusion and context manipulation in immersive virtual reality to examine top-down modulation of pain. Participants received painful heat stimuli on their forearm and placed an embodied virtual hand (co-located with their real one) under a virtual water tap, which dispensed virtual water under different experimental conditions. We aimed to induce a temperature illusion by a red, blue or white light suggesting warm, cold or no virtual water. In addition, the sense of agency was manipulated by allowing participants to have high or low control over the virtual hand’s movements. Most participants experienced a thermal sensation in response to the virtual water and associated the blue and red light with cool/cold or warm/hot temperatures, respectively. Importantly, the blue light condition reduced and the red light condition increased pain intensity and unpleasantness, both compared to the control condition. The control manipulation influenced the sense of agency, but did not influence pain ratings. The large effects revealed in our study suggest that context effects within an embodied setting in an immersive virtual environment should be considered within VR based pain therapy.
Causal interactive links between presence and fear in virtual reality height exposure (2019)
Gromer, Daniel ; Reinke, Max ; Christner, Isabel ; Pauli, Paul
Virtual reality plays an increasingly important role in research and therapy of pathological fear. However, the mechanisms how virtual environments elicit and modify fear responses are not yet fully understood. Presence, a psychological construct referring to the ‘sense of being there’ in a virtual environment, is widely assumed to crucially influence the strength of the elicited fear responses, however, causality is still under debate. The present study is the first that experimentally manipulated both variables to unravel the causal link between presence and fear responses. Height-fearful participants (N = 49) were immersed into a virtual height situation and a neutral control situation (fear manipulation) with either high versus low sensory realism (presence manipulation). Ratings of presence and verbal and physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) fear responses were recorded. Results revealed an effect of the fear manipulation on presence, i.e., higher presence ratings in the height situation compared to the neutral control situation, but no effect of the presence manipulation on fear responses. However, the presence ratings during the first exposure to the high quality neutral environment were predictive of later fear responses in the height situation. Our findings support the hypothesis that experiencing emotional responses in a virtual environment leads to a stronger feeling of being there, i.e., increase presence. In contrast, the effects of presence on fear seem to be more complex: on the one hand, increased presence due to the quality of the virtual environment did not influence fear; on the other hand, presence variability that likely stemmed from differences in user characteristics did predict later fear responses. These findings underscore the importance of user characteristics in the emergence of presence.
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