Continuous norming methods have seldom been subjected to scientific review. In this simulation study, we compared parametric with semi-parametric continuous norming methods in psychometric tests by constructing a fictitious population model within which a latent ability increases with age across seven age groups. We drew samples of different sizes (n = 50, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500 and 1,000 per age group) and simulated the results of an easy, medium, and difficult test scale based on Item Response Theory (IRT). We subjected the resulting data to different continuous norming methods and compared the data fit under the different test conditions with a representative cross-validation dataset of n = 10,000 per age group. The most significant differences were found in suboptimal (i.e., too easy or too difficult) test scales and in ability levels that were far from the population mean. We discuss the results with regard to the selection of the appropriate modeling techniques in psychometric test construction, the required sample sizes, and the requirement to report appropriate quantitative and qualitative test quality criteria for continuous norming methods in test manuals.

Die raschen Fortschritte der medizinischen, insbesondere der genetischen Diagnostik sind für Eltern von Kindern mit Behinderung Fluch und Segen zugleich: Einerseits stellt Unsicherheit hinsichtlich der Ursache der Behinderung für Eltern eine massive Belastung dar, die den Coping-Prozess wesentlich erschwert. Die Ausschöpfung der diagnostischen Möglichkeiten und das dann mögliche Auffinden des Grundes der Behinderung kann den effektiven Einsatz von Bewältigungsstrategien wesentlich erleichtern. Vorgeburtlich dagegen führt ein mit denselben Diagnosemethoden erhobener auffälliger Befund aufgrund des Mangels an therapeutischen Möglichkeiten sehr häufig zum Abbruch der Schwangerschaft. Mittels einer Fragebogenstudie an 925 Eltern von Kindern mit Down-Syndrom, Eltern von Kindern mit einem Kind mit geistiger Behinderung unklarer Ursache und Eltern nicht-behinderter Kinder wurde untersucht, ob diese Entwicklung zur Herausbildung eines neo-eugenischen Automatismus von pränataler Diagnose und Schwangerschaftsabbruch führt, als dessen Folge Menschen mit angeborener Behinderung als „vermeidbare Last“ erscheinen und Eltern von Kindern mit angeborenen Behinderungen gesellschaftlich ausgegrenzt werden.

Reading fluency is a major determinant of reading comprehension but depends on moderating factors such as auditory working memory (AWM), word recognition and sentence reading skills. We investigated how word and sentence reading skills relate to reading comprehension differentially across the first 6 years of schooling and tested which reading variable best predicted teacher judgements. We conducted our research in a rather transparent language, namely, German, drawing on two different data sets. The first was derived from the normative sample of a reading comprehension test (ELFE-II), including 2056 first to sixth graders with readings tests at the word, sentence and text level. The second sample included 114 students from second to fourth grade. The latter completed a series of tests that measured word and sentence reading fluency, pseudoword reading, AWM, reading comprehension, self-concept and teacher ratings. We analysed the data via hierarchical regression analyses to predict reading comprehension and teacher judgements. The impact of reading fluency was strongest in second and third grade, afterwards superseded by sentence comprehension. AWM significantly contributed to reading comprehension independently of reading fluency, whereas basic decoding skills disappeared after considering fluency. Students' AWM and reading comprehension predicted teacher judgements on reading fluency. Reading comprehension judgements depended both on the students' self-concept and reading comprehension. Our results underline that the role of word reading accuracy for reading comprehension quickly diminishes during elementary school and that teachers base their assessments mainly on the current reading comprehension skill.