Purpose Glioma patients face a limited life expectancy and at the same time, they suffer from afflicting symptoms and undesired effects of tumor treatment. Apart from bone marrow suppression, standard chemotherapy with temozolomide causes nausea, emesis and loss of appetite. In this pilot study, we investigated how chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) affects the patients' levels of depression and their quality of life. Methods In this prospective observational multicentre study (n = 87), nausea, emesis and loss of appetite were evaluated with an expanded MASCC questionnaire, covering 10 days during the first and the second cycle of chemotherapy. Quality of life was assessed with the EORTC QLQ-C30 and BN 20 questionnaire and levels of depression with the PHQ-9 inventory before and after the first and second cycle of chemotherapy. Results CINV affected a minor part of patients. If present, it reached its maximum at day 3 and decreased to baseline level not before day 8. Levels of depression increased significantly after the first cycle of chemotherapy, but decreased during the further course of treatment. Patients with higher levels of depression were more severely affected by CINV and showed a lower quality of life through all time-points. Conclusion We conclude that symptoms of depression should be perceived in advance and treated in order to avoid more severe side effects of tumor treatment. Additionally, in affected patients, delayed nausea was most prominent, pointing toward an activation of the NK1 receptor. We conclude that long acting antiemetics are necessary totreat temozolomide-induced nausea.

Both brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and audiometry play a crucial role in neuro-oncological treatment decisions in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 associated (NF2) vestibular schwannoma (VS) as hearing preservation is the major goal. In this study, we investigated the risk of immediate postoperative hearing deterioration (>15 dB and/or 15% loss in pure-tone average [PTA]/ speech discrimination score [SDS] in a cohort of 100 operated VS (ears) in 72 NF2 patients by retrospective analysis of pre- and postoperative hearing data (PTA, SDS, American Association of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery [AAO-HNS], and brainstem auditory evoked potential [BAEP] class) taking into account relevant influencing factors, particularly preoperative audiometry and BAEP status and the extent of resection. Immediately after surgery, the hearing was preserved in 73% of ears and approximately ~60% of ears kept their hearing classes. Preoperative BAEP (p = 0.015) and resection amount (p = 0.048) significantly influenced postoperative hearing outcome. The prediction model for postoperative hearing deterioration/loss between preoperative BAEP and AAO-HNS class showed increased risk by increasing BAEP class. Twenty-one tumors/ears were identified with large BAEP and AAO-HNS class discrepancies (≥2 points) and were associated with a high (48–100%) risk of deafness after surgery in ears with preoperative available hearing. Overall, the results were heterogeneous but the better both BAEP and audiometry class before surgery, the higher the chance of hearing maintenance afterwards. Large resection amounts (e.g., 100% risk in near-total resections) exhibit a significant (p < 0.05) higher risk compared to smaller amounts (e.g., 10/20% in laser-coagulated/partially resected tumors). Our results emphasized the indispensable role of both hearing monitoring in form of audiometry and neurophysiology (BAEP) in the pre-and perioperative monitoring of NF2-associated VS. Both BAEP and audiometry are good prognostic markers for the postoperative hearing outcome. The extent of resection should be strictly guided by and adjusted to the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.

Die Immunabwehr des Patienten stellt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der spontanen Tumorregression dar. Bisher zählten zytotoxische CD8-positive T Zellen und natürliche Killerzellen zu den wichtigsten zellulären Vertretern der Tumorkontrolle. Im Tierversuch konnte jedoch kein signifikanter Einfluss dieser Zellen auf die spontane Regression nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings fand sich eine hohe Anzahl an Makrophagen im Tumorgewebe. In vorangegangenen Untersuchungen zeigte sich bei der Depletion der Makrophagen mittels Clodronate im Tiermodell der Ratte ein deutlich gesteigertes Tumorwachstum. In der hier durchgeführten Versuchsreihe wurde nun der Einfluss von Makrophagen auf das Tumorwachstum orthotop implantierter C6-Glioblastomsphäroide betrachtet. Dabei wurden die Makrophagen durch den Granulozyten-Makrophagen Kolonie-stimulierenden Faktor (rhGM-CSF, Leukine) aktiviert. 29 SD-Ratten wurden C6-Gliom-Sphäroide orthotop implantiert. 20 der Tiere wurden jeden zweiten Tag mit 1µg/100g Körpergewicht rhGSM-CSF s. c. behandelt. Neun Tiere dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Zur Verlaufsbeurteilung wurden an den Tagen 7, 14, 21, 28, 32 und 42 nach Implantation MRT-Untersuchungen (T1, T2 und 3D CISS-Sequenzen) durchgeführt. Die Tumorvolumina wurden mit Hilfe dieser MRT-Untersuchungen ermittelt. Die histologische Aufarbeitung beinhaltete HE-, CD68-Makrophagen-, CD8-positive T Zellen- sowie Ki-67 Proliferations- Färbungen in Paraffinschnitten von Gehirn, Tumor und Milz. In 15 der 20 behandelten Tiere entwickelten sich solide Tumoren. Am Tag 7 konnte lediglich bei zwei Tieren mittels MRT ein minimales Tumorwachstum nachgewiesen werden. In der Kontrollgruppe war bereits bei drei von neun Tieren minimales Tumorwachstum zu verzeichnen. Am Tag 14 zeigten sich bei 11 von 17 (65%) Tieren der Versuchsgruppe solide Tumoren. Drei der verbleibenden 15 Tiere zeigten am Tag 21 erstmalig Tumorwachstum. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte in der Kontrollgruppe bereits an Tag 14 bei allen Tieren ein Tumorwachstum nachgewiesen werden. In der GM-CSF Gruppe entwickelten sich die Tumoren später und erreichten mit einem Median von 134mm³ ein geringeres Volumen als in der Kontrollgruppe (262mm³). Das mediane Überleben war mit 35 Tagen in der Gruppe der behandelten Tiere signifikant länger als in der Kontrollgruppe mit 24 Tagen. Zudem wurden in der histologischen Aufarbeitung der Tumoren signifikant mehr Makrophagen im Tumorgewebe nachgewiesen. Die Stimulation der Makrophagen durch GM CSF im orthotopen C6 Glioblastommodell der Ratte führte zu einem beachtlich reduzierten und verzögerten Tumorwachstum. Die behandelten Tiere überlebten signifikant länger als die Tiere der Kontrollgruppe. Die aktuelle Datenlage bestätigt die bedeutende Rolle der angeborenen Immunabwehr durch Makrophagen in der Kontrolle des Tumorwachstums bei experimentellen Glioblastomen. Die Aktivierung der Makrophagen hatte einen deutlichen Einfluss auf das Tumorwachstum, wohingegen eine T Zell-Depletion nur einen geringen Einfluss darauf hatte. Makrophagen als Vertreter des angeborenen Immunsystems wurden bisher in ihrer Rolle der Tumorkontrolle unterschätzt. Es bedarf noch weiterer Untersuchungen, ob die Makrophagen in Zukunft, ohne die körpereigenen Zellen anzugreifen, zur wirkungsvollen Tumorbekämpfung herangezogen werden könnten.

Background Mobile 3-dimensional fluoroscopes are an integral part of modern neurosurgical operating theatres and can also be used in combination with free available image post processing to depict cerebral vessels. In preparation of stereotactic surgery, preoperative Computed Tomography (CT) may be required for image fusion. Contrast CT may be of further advantage for image fusion as it regards the vessel anatomy in trajectory planning. Time-consuming in-hospital transports are necessary for this purpose. Mobile 3D-fluoroscopes may be used to generate a CT equal preoperative data set without an in-hospital transport. This study was performed to determine the feasibility and image quality of intraoperative 3-dimensional fluoroscopy with intravenous contrast administration in combination with stereotactical procedures. Methods 6 patients were included in this feasibility study. After fixation in a radiolucent Mayfield clamp a rotational fluoroscopy scan was performed with 50 mL iodine contrast agent. The image data sets were merged with the existing MRI images at a planning station and visually evaluated by two observer. The operation times were compared between the frame-based and frameless systems (“skin-to-skin” and “OR entry to exit”). Results The procedure proves to be safe. The entire procedure from fluoroscope positioning to the transfer to the planning station took 5–6 min with an image acquisition time of 24 s. In 5 of 6 cases, the fused imaging was able to reproduce the vascular anatomy accurately and in good quality. Both time end-points were significantly shorter compared to frame-based interventions. Conclusion The images could easily be transferred to the planning and navigation system and were successfully merged with the MRI data set. The procedure can be completely integrated into the surgical workflow. Preoperative CT imaging or transport under anaesthesia may even be replaced by this technique in the future. Furthermore, hemorrhages can be successfully visualized intraoperatively and might prevent time delays in emergencies.

Neurotransmitter release is stabilized by homeostatic plasticity. Presynaptic homeostatic potentiation (PHP) operates on timescales ranging from minute- to life-long adaptations and likely involves reorganization of presynaptic active zones (AZs). At Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junctions, earlier work ascribed AZ enlargement by incorporating more Bruchpilot (Brp) scaffold protein a role in PHP. We use localization microscopy (direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy [dSTORM]) and hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN) to study AZ plasticity during PHP at the synaptic mesoscale. We find compaction of individual AZs in acute philanthotoxin-induced and chronic genetically induced PHP but unchanged copy numbers of AZ proteins. Compaction even occurs at the level of Brp subclusters, which move toward AZ centers, and in Rab3 interacting molecule (RIM)-binding protein (RBP) subclusters. Furthermore, correlative confocal and dSTORM imaging reveals how AZ compaction in PHP translates into apparent increases in AZ area and Brp protein content, as implied earlier.