Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie
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Background: While most neuropathologic studies focus on regions involved in behavioral abnormalities in autism, it is also important to identify whether areas that appear functionally normal are devoid of pathologic alterations. In this study we analyzed the posteroinferior occipitotemporal gyrus, an extrastriate area not considered to be affected in autism. This area borders the fusiform gyrus, which is known to exhibit functional and cellular abnormalities in autism.
Findings: No studies have implicated posteroinferior occipitotemporal gyrus dysfunction in autism, leading us to hypothesize that neuropathology would not occur in this area. We indeed observed no significant differences in pyramidal neuron number or size in layers III, V, and VI in seven pairs of autism and controls.
Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neuropathology is unique to areas involved in stereotypies and social and emotional behaviors, and support the specificity of the localization of pathology in the fusiform gyrus.
Einführung. In der vorliegenden Studie untersuchten wir durch funktionelle Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (fNIRS) präfrontale Hirnoxygenierung während Ableistung von Sprachaufgaben. FNIRS weist über Bestimmung von Konzentrationsunterschieden von sauerstoffbeladenes (OxyHb) und sauerstofffreies Hämoglobin (DeoxyHb) regionale Blutflussänderungen nach und lässt somit validen Rückschluss auf Hirnaktivität zu. Bereits in früheren Studien konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Patienten mit Alkoholkrankheit verminderte präfrontale Hirnaktivität zeigen. Teil 2 der Studie untersucht den im Untersuchungsgebiet liegenden Schläfenmuskel (musculus temporalis) auf Einflüsse auf die Methode fNIRS.
Methoden. Wir verglichen 15 entgiftete Patienten mit Alkoholkrankheit (Patientengruppe, PG) mit passenden 15 gesunden Kontrollprobanden (Kontrollgruppe, KG)bezüglich deren Hirn- und Muskelaktivität während Ableistung Wortflüssigkeitsaufgabe (VFT; engl. Verbal Fluency Task). Bestimmte, insbesondere präfrontale Hirnareale wurden durch phonologische und semantische Testsaufgaben (TA´s), ebenso durch eine Kontrollaufgabe (KA), (Wochentag aufzählen) aktiviert. Durch EMG wurde während Durchführung der Aufgabe die Aktivität des musculus temporalis gemessen. Wir verwendeten zur Datenanalyse sowohl von fNIRS wie auch EMG eine 2x2x2x6 Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) mit Zwischensubjektfaktor „Gruppe“ und Innersubjektfaktoren „Bedingung“, „Seite“ und „Zeit“, gerechnet wurde dies für jeweils Oxy- und DeoxyHb sowie den phonologischen sowie semantischen Teil.
Ergebnisse. Beide Gruppen lieferten eine vergleichbare Menge an Worten, Hirnaktivierung zeigte sich bei beiden Gruppen signifikant höher in den Testaufgaben (phonologisch > semantisch). Die PG zeigte verminderte Hirnaktivierung präfrontal im phonologischen, vergleichbare Hirnaktivität im semantischen Teil. Beide Gruppen zeigten vergleichbare Muskelaktivität, jeweils signifikant höher in den jeweiligen Testaufgaben. Es zeigten sich keine systematischen Assoziationen (Korrelation nach Pearson) zwischen fNIRS und EMG.
Schlussfolgerungen. Insgesamt konnten vorherige Studien mit Nachweis niedrigerer präfrontaler Hirnoxygenierung bei entgifteten Patienten mit Alkoholkrankheit gegenüber gesunden Kontrollen bestätigt werden. Die Mehraktivierung beider Gruppen während phonologischer Aufgabe gründet in dem höheren intelektuellen Anspruch der Aufgabe, dies erklärt auch den Gruppenunterschied in speziell dieser Aufgabe. Durch eine vergleichbare Muskelaktivität der beiden Gruppen sowie fehlende Assoziationen zwischen fNIRS und EMG sehen wir keinen Einfluss von Muskelaktivität auf die Hirnaktivitätsmessung durch fNIRS. Auch eine valide Untersuchung von psychiatrisch kranken Probandengruppen wie Patienten mit Alkoholkrankheit ist hierdurch gut möglich. Die Studie befürwortet den künftigen Einsatz und weitere methodische Untersuchungen zur Messung mit fNIRS, einem validen, artefaktunempfindlichen, handlichen und relativ günstigen Messinstrument.
Background: Bipolar disorders (BD) are among the most severe mental disorders with first clinical signs and symptoms frequently appearing in adolescence and early adulthood. The long latency in clinical diagnosis (and subsequent adequate treatment) adversely affects the course of disease, effectiveness of interventions and health-related quality of life, and increases the economic burden of BD. Despite uncertainties about risk constellations and symptomatology in the early stages of potentially developing BD, many adolescents and young adults seek help, and most of them suffer substantially from symptoms already leading to impairments in psychosocial functioning in school, training, at work and in their social relationships. We aimed to identify subjects at risk of developing BD and investigate the efficacy and safety of early specific cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy (CBT) in this subpopulation.
Methods/Design: EarlyCBT is a randomised controlled multi-centre clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early specific CBT, including stress management and problem solving strategies, with elements of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) versus unstructured group meetings for 14 weeks each and follow-up until week 78. Participants are recruited at seven university hospitals throughout Germany, which provide in-and outpatient care (including early recognition centres) for psychiatric patients. Subjects at high risk must be 15 to 30 years old and meet the combination of specified affective symptomatology, reduction of psychosocial functioning, and family history for (schizo) affective disorders. Primary efficacy endpoints are differences in psychosocial functioning and defined affective symptomatology at 14 weeks between groups. Secondary endpoints include the above mentioned endpoints at 7, 24, 52 and 78 weeks and the change within groups compared to baseline; perception of, reaction to and coping with stress; and conversion to full BD.
Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate early specific CBT in subjects at high risk for BD. Structured diagnostic interviews are used to map the risk status and development of disease. With our study, the level of evidence for the treatment of those young patients will be significantly raised.
Background: Genomic reprogramming is thought to be, at least in part, responsible for the protective effect of brain preconditioning. Unraveling mechanisms of this endogenous neuroprotection, activated by preconditioning, is an important step towards new clinical strategies for treating asphyctic neonates. Therefore, we investigated whole-genome transcriptional changes in the brain of rats which underwent perinatal asphyxia (PA), and rats where PA was preceded by fetal asphyctic preconditioning (FAPA). Offspring were sacrificed 6 h and 96 h after birth, and whole-genome transcription was investigated using the Affymetrix Gene1.0ST chip. Microarray data were analyzed with the Bioconductor Limma package. In addition to univariate analysis, we performed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) in order to derive results with maximum biological relevance.
Results: We observed minimal, 25% or less, overlap of differentially regulated transcripts across different experimental groups which leads us to conclude that the transcriptional phenotype of these groups is largely unique. In both the PA and FAPA group we observe an upregulation of transcripts involved in cellular stress. Contrastingly, transcripts with a function in the cell nucleus were mostly downregulated in PA animals, while we see considerable upregulation in the FAPA group. Furthermore, we observed that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are exclusively regulated in FAPA animals.
Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate whole-genome transcription in the neonatal brain after PA alone, and after perinatal asphyxia preceded by preconditioning (FAPA). We describe several genes/pathways, such as ubiquitination and proteolysis, which were not previously linked to preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Furthermore, we observed that the majority of upregulated genes in preconditioned animals have a function in the cell nucleus, including several epigenetic players such as HDACs, which suggests that epigenetic mechanisms are likely to play a role in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection.
Recent human and animal studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms mediate the impact of environment on development of mental disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized that polymorphisms in epigenetic-regulatory genes impact stress-induced emotional changes. A multi-step, multi-sample gene-environment interaction analysis was conducted to test whether 31 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in epigenetic-regulatory genes, i.e. three DNA methyltransferase genes DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), moderate emotional responses to stressful and pleasant stimuli in daily life as measured by Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM). In the first step, main and interactive effects were tested in a sample of 112 healthy individuals. Significant associations in this discovery sample were then investigated in a population-based sample of 434 individuals for replication. SNPs showing significant effects in both the discovery and replication samples were subsequently tested in three other samples of: (i) 85 unaffected siblings of patients with psychosis, (ii) 110 patients with psychotic disorders, and iii) 126 patients with a history of major depressive disorder. Multilevel linear regression analyses showed no significant association between SNPs and negative affect or positive affect. No SNPs moderated the effect of pleasant stimuli on positive affect. Three SNPs of DNMT3A (rs11683424, rs1465764, rs1465825) and 1 SNP of MTHFR (rs1801131) moderated the effect of stressful events on negative affect. Only rs11683424 of DNMT3A showed consistent directions of effect in the majority of the 5 samples. These data provide the first evidence that emotional responses to daily life stressors may be moderated by genetic variation in the genes involved in the epigenetic machinery.
Cognitive bias, the altered information processing resulting from the background emotional state of an individual, has been suggested as a promising new indicator of animal emotion. Comparable to anxious or depressed humans, animals in a putatively negative emotional state are more likely to judge an ambiguous stimulus as if it predicts a negative event, than those in positive states. The present study aimed to establish a cognitive bias test for mice based on a spatial judgment task and to apply it in a pilot study to serotonin transporter (5-HTT) knockout mice, a well-established mouse model for the study of anxiety- and depression-related behavior. In a first step, we validated that our setup can assess different expectations about the outcome of an ambiguous stimulus: mice having learned to expect something positive within a maze differed significantly in their behavior towards an unfamiliar location than animals having learned to expect something negative. In a second step, the use of spatial location as a discriminatory stimulus was confirmed by showing that mice interpret an ambiguous stimulus depending on its spatial location, with a position exactly midway between a positive and a negative reference point provoking the highest level of ambiguity. Finally, the anxiety- and depression-like phenotype of the 5-HTT knockout mouse model manifested - comparable to human conditions - in a trend for a negatively distorted interpretation of ambiguous information, albeit this effect was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the present cognitive bias test provides a useful basis to study the emotional state in mice, which may not only increase the translational value of animal models in the study of human affective disorders, but which is also a central objective of animal welfare research.
Background: Bipolar manic episodes often require hospital admission to ensure patient safety. The antipsychotic quetiapine is a common treatment for bipolar mania and is available in immediate release (IR) and extended release (XR) formulations; however, outcomes in patients receiving these different formulations have not been directly compared in an acute hospital setting.
Methods: We conducted a multinational, observational, retrospective cohort study to describe and compare hospital stay in patients admitted for an acute bipolar manic episode treated with quetiapine IR or XR from 1 October 2009-1 October 2010. The primary outcome measure was comparison of length of stay (LOS) using zero-truncated negative binomial regression.
Results: In total, 1230 patients were included (659 in the IR cohort; 571 in the XR cohort). The median LOS (interquartile range) was 18.0 days (12.0, 28.0) in the IR cohort and 20.0 days (12.0, 34.0) in the XR cohort, respectively. LOS was not significantly associated with quetiapine formulation irrespective of whether or not clinical characteristics were taken into account (p = 0.820 and p = 0.386, respectively). Overall, 84.2% and 84.4% of patients in the IR and XR cohorts, respectively, had not previously used quetiapine; of these patients, 78.7% and 68.9% received one total daily dose, and 14.4% and 23.9% received dose titration. Over half of patients received antipsychotic monotherapy (53.1% and 58.3% in the IR and XR cohorts, respectively) and most received a daily quetiapine dose >= 400 mg (64.9% and 71.8%, respectively, for quetiapine monotherapy and 59.9% and 80.3%, respectively, for combination treatment). As a secondary outcome, multivariate analysis was used to identify other factors that affect LOS. Factors associated with a longer hospital stay included public funding versus private, maximum number of new medications administered, did not receive lithium and did not receive anxiolytics, sedatives/hypnotics (all p < 0.0001). Factors associated with a shorter hospital stay included presence of drug/alcohol abuse, living accompanied and having a psychiatric medical history (all p < 0.05).
Conclusions: LOS was not found to be associated with quetiapine formulation. However, most patients received only one total daily dose of quetiapine without dose titration, which was unexpected and contrary to current recommendations.
Millions of people regularly play so-called massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs). Recently, it has been argued that MMORPG overuse is becoming a significant health problem worldwide. Symptoms such as tolerance, withdrawal, and craving have been described. Based on behavioral, resting state, and task-related neuroimaging data, we test whether frequent players of the MMORPG "World of VVarcraft" (WoW) similar to drug addicts and individuals with an increased risk for addictions show a generally deficient reward system. In frequent players of the MMORPG "World of VVarcraft" (WoW-players) and in a control group of non-gamers we assessed (1) trait sensitivity to reward (SR), (2) BOLD responses during monetary reward processing in the ventral striatum, and (3) ventral-striatal resting-state dynamics. We found a decreased neural activation in the ventral striatum during the anticipation of both small and large monetary rewards. Additionally, we show generally altered neurodynamics in this region independent of any specific task for WoW players (resting state). On the behavioral level, we found differences in trait SR, suggesting that the reward processing deficiencies found in this study are not a consequence of gaming, but predisposed to it. These findings empirically support a direct link between frequent online gaming and the broad field of behavioral and drug addiction research, thus opening new avenues for clinical interventions in addicted gamers and potentially improving the assessment of addiction-risk in the vast population of frequent gamers.
Serotonin receptor 1A gene (HTR1A) knockout mice show pronounced defensive behaviour and increased fear conditioning to ambiguous conditioned stimuli. Such behaviour is a hallmark of pathological human anxiety, as observed in panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG). Thus, variations in HTR1A might contribute to neurophysiological differences within subgroups of PD/AG patients. Here, we tested this hypothesis by combining genetic with behavioural techniques and neuroimaging. In a clinical multicentre trial, patients with PD/AG received 12 sessions of manualized cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and were genotyped for HTR1A rs6295. In four subsamples of this multicentre trial, exposure behaviour (n = 185), defensive reactivity measured using a behavioural avoidance test (BAT; before CBT: n = 245; after CBT: n = 171) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during fear conditioning were acquired before and after CBT (n = 39). HTR1A risk genotype (GG) carriers more often escaped during the BAT before treatment. Exploratory fMRI results suggest increased activation of the amygdala in response to threat as well as safety cues before and after treatment in GG carriers. Furthermore, GG carriers demonstrated reduced effects of CBT on differential conditioning in regions including the bilateral insulae and the anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, risk genotype carriers demonstrated reduced self-initiated exposure behaviour to aversive situations. This study demonstrates the effect of HTR1A variation on defensive behaviour, amygdala activity, CBT-induced neural plasticity and normalization of defence behaviour in PD/AG. Our results, therefore, translate evidence from animal studies to humans and suggest a central role for HTR1A in differentiating subgroups of patients with anxiety disorders.
Die Aufmerksamkeitslenkung ist ein wichtiges und häufig eingesetztes Mittel zur Emotionsregulation im Alltag. Indem man den Blick vom emotionalen Fokus einer Situation ablenkt, lassen sich Emotionen effektiv reduzieren. Zum einen war das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, bereits vorhandene Ergebnisse zum Einfluss emotionaler Bildstimuli auf die Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) und das Late Positive Potential (LPP) zu replizieren und weitere Beweise für den Einfluss der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung auf diese beiden Potentiale zu finden. Der Hauptfokus lag zudem darauf, zu untersuchen, ob in Abhängigkeit von subklinischer ADHS-Symptomatik die Emotionsregulation durch Aufmerksamkeitslenkung beeinträchtigt ist.
Als Stichprobe wurden 53 Erwachsene zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren herangezogen. Ihnen wurden 80 positive, 80 negative und 40 neutrale Bilder aus dem International Affective Picture System (Lang et al., 1999) und einer Studie von Schienle und Kollegen (2001) präsentiert - entweder mit der Anweisung, einen emotionalen Punkt oder einen neutralen Bildteil zu betrachten. Während der Präsentation erfolgte die Aufzeichnung der EEG Daten.
Wir konnten weitere Belege erbringen, dass sowohl die EPN wie auch das LPP sensitive Marker für die frühe selektive Aufmerksamkeit und gesteigerte Verarbeitung emotionaler Bildreize sind. Auch für den Einfluss der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung auf das LPP konnte ein weiterer Beleg erbracht werden. Außerdem fanden sich Hinweise auf eine verschlechterte Fähigkeit zur Emotionsregulation bei negativen Bildreizen in Abhängigkeit von steigender AHDS Symptomatik .