Arbeitspapiere (Working Paper)
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Cooperative, connected and automated mobility (CCAM) systems depend on a reliable communication to provide their service and more crucially to ensure the safety of users. One way to ensure the reliability of a data transmission is to use multiple transmission technologies in combination with redundant flows. In this paper, we describe a system requiring multipath communication in the context of CCAM. To this end, we introduce a data plane-based scheduler that uses replication and integration modules to provide redundant and transparent multipath communication. We provide an analytical model for the full replication module of the system and give an overview of how and where the data-plane scheduler components can be realized.
Service orchestration requires enormous attention and is a struggle nowadays. Of course, virtualization provides a base level of abstraction for services to be deployable on a lot of infrastructures. With container virtualization, the trend to migrate applications to a micro-services level in order to be executable in Fog and Edge Computing environments increases manageability and maintenance efforts rapidly. Similarly, network virtualization adds effort to calibrate IP flows for Software-Defined Networks and eventually route it by means of Network Function Virtualization. Nevertheless, there are concepts like MAPE-K to support micro-service distribution in next-generation cloud and network environments. We want to explore, how a service distribution can be improved by adopting machine learning concepts for infrastructure or service changes. Therefore, we show how federated machine learning is integrated into a cloud-to-fog-continuum without burdening single nodes.
In network research, reproducibility of experiments is not always easy to achieve. Infrastructures are cumbersome to set up or are not available due to vendor-specific devices. Emulators try to overcome those issues to a given extent and are available in different service models. Unfortunately, the usability of emulators requires time-consuming efforts and a deep understanding of their functionality. At first, we analyze to which extent currently available open-source emulators support network configurations and how user-friendly they are. With these insights, we describe, how an ease-to-use emulator is implemented and may run as a Network Emulator as a Service (NEaaS). Therefore, virtualization plays a major role in order to deploy a NEaaS based on Kathará.
This paper discusses the problem of finding multiple shortest disjoint paths in modern communication networks, which is essential for ultra-reliable and time-sensitive applications. Dijkstra’s algorithm has been a popular solution for the shortest path problem, but repetitive use of it to find multiple paths is not scalable. The Multiple Disjoint Path Algorithm (MDPAlg), published in 2021, proposes the use of a single full graph to construct multiple disjoint paths. This paper proposes modifications to the algorithm to include a delay constraint, which is important in time-sensitive applications. Different delay constraint least-cost routing algorithms are compared in a comprehensive manner to evaluate the benefits of the adapted MDPAlg algorithm. Fault tolerance, and thereby reliability, is ensured by generating multiple link-disjoint paths from source to destination.
In this work, we describe the network from data collection to data processing and storage as a system based on different layers. We outline the different layers and highlight major tasks and dependencies with regard to energy consumption and energy efficiency. With this view, we can outwork challenges and questions a future system architect must answer to provide a more sustainable, green, resource friendly, and energy efficient application or system. Therefore, all system layers must be considered individually but also altogether for future IoT solutions. This requires, in particular, novel sustainability metrics in addition to current Quality of Service and Quality of Experience metrics to provide a high power, user satisfying, and sustainable network.
How to Model and Predict the Scalability of a Hardware-In-The-Loop Test Bench for Data Re-Injection?
(2023)
This paper describes a novel application of an empirical network calculus model based on measurements of a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test system. The aim is to predict the performance of a HIL test bench for open-loop re-injection in the context of scalability. HIL test benches are distributed computer systems including software, hardware, and networking devices. They are used to validate complex technical systems, but have not yet been system under study themselves. Our approach is to use measurements from the HIL system to create an empirical model for arrival and service curves. We predict the performance and design the previously unknown parameters of the HIL simulator with network calculus (NC), namely the buffer sizes and the minimum needed pre-buffer time for the playback buffer. We furthermore show, that it is possible to estimate the CPU load from arrival and service-curves based on the utilization theorem, and hence estimate the scalability of the HIL system in the context of the number of sensor streams.
In recent years, satellite communication has been expanding its field of application in the world of computer networks. This paper aims to provide an overview of how a typical scenario involving 5G Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) for vehicle to everything (V2X) applications is characterized. In particular, a first implementation of a system that integrates them together will be described. Such a framework will later be used to evaluate the performance of applications such as Vehicle Monitoring (VM), Remote Driving (RD), Voice Over IP (VoIP), and others. Different configuration scenarios such as Low Earth Orbit and Geostationary Orbit will be considered.
The introduction of new types of frequency spectrum in 6G technology facilitates the convergence of conventional mobile communications and radar functions. Thus, the mobile network itself becomes a versatile sensor system. This enables mobile network operators to offer a sensing service in addition to conventional data and telephony services. The potential benefits are expected to accrue to various stakeholders, including individuals, the environment, and society in general. The paper discusses technological development, possible integration, and use cases, as well as future development areas.
In this paper, we work to understand the global IPX network from the perspective of an MVNO. In order to do this, we provide a brief description of the global architecture of mobile carriers. We provide initial results with respect to mapping the vast and complex interconnection network enabling global roaming from the point of view of a single MVNO. Finally, we provide preliminary results regarding the quality of service observed under global roaming conditions.
This paper presents a novel concept to extend state-of-the-art buffer monitoring with additional measures to estimate service-curves. The online algorithm for service-curve estimation replaces the state-of-the-art timestamp logging, as we expect it to overcome the main disadvantages of generating a huge amount of data and using a lot of CPU resources to store the data to a file during operation. We prove the accuracy of the online-algorithm offline with timestamp data and compare the derived bounds to the measured delay and backlog. We also do a proof-of- concept of the online-algorithm, implement it in LabVIEW and compare its performance to the timestamp logging by CPU load and data-size of the log-file. However, the implementation is still work-in-progress.