579 Mikroorganismen, Pilze, Algen
Refine
Has Fulltext
- yes (5)
Is part of the Bibliography
- yes (5)
Year of publication
- 2020 (5) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (4)
- Journal article (1)
Language
- English (5)
Keywords
- cool-season grass species (2)
- infection rates (2)
- Alkaloide (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Candida albicans (1)
- Commensalism (1)
- Complexome (1)
- Deutsches Weidelgras (1)
- Endophytische Pilze (1)
- Epichloe endophytes (1)
Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) is a human commensal that occasionally causes life-threatening infections such as bacterial meningitis and septicemia. Despite experi-mental evidence that the expression of small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) as well as the RNA chaperone Hfq affect meningococcal physiology, the impact of RNA-based regula-tion (riboregulation) on fitness and virulence in N. meningitidis is only poorly understood. Therefore, this study addressed these issues using a combination of high-throughput tech-nologies.
A differential RNA-sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach was applied to produce a single-nucleotide resolution map of the primary transcriptome of N. meningitidis strain 8013. The dRNA-seq analysis predicted 1,625 transcriptional start sites including 65 putative sRNAs, of which 20 were further validated by northern blot analysis. By Hfq RNA im-munopreci-pitation sequencing a large Hfq-centered post-transcriptional regulatory net-work comprising 23 sRNAs and 401 potential mRNA targets was identified. Rifampicin stability assays demonstrated that Hfq binding confers enhanced stability on its associat-ed sRNAs. Based on these data, the interactions of two paralogous sRNAs and their cog-nate target mRNA prpB were validated in vivo as well as in vitro. Both sRNAs directly repress prpB encoding a methylisocitrate lyse which was previously shown to be involved in meningococcal colonization of the human nasopharynx.
Besides the well-described RNA chaperone Hfq, FinO-domain proteins have recently been recognized as a widespread family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with regulatory roles in diverse bacteria. They display an intriguing bandwidth of target sites, ranging from a single RNA pair as recognized by plasmid-encoded FinO to the global RNA regu-lons of enterobacterial ProQ proteins. To better understand the intrinsic targeting mode of this RBP family, in vivo targets of the minimal ProQ protein of N. meningitidis were de-termined. In vivo UV crosslinking with RNA deep sequencing (UV-CLIP) identified as-sociations of ProQ with 16 sRNAs and 166 mRNAs encoding a variety of biological functions and thus revealed ProQ as another global RBP in meningococci. It could be shown that meningococcal ProQ predominantly binds to highly structured RNA regions including DNA uptake sequences (DUS) and rho-independent transcription terminators and stabilizes many of its RNA targets as proved by rifampicin stability experiments. As expected from the large suite of ProQ-bound RNAs, proQ deletion globally affects both gene and protein expression in N. meningitidis, changing the expression levels of at least 244 mRNAs and 80 proteins. Phenotypic analyses suggested that ProQ promotes oxida-tive stress tolerance and UV damage repair capacity, both of which are required for full virulence of N. meningitidis.
Together, this work uncovers the co-existence of two major post-transcriptional regulons, one governed by ProQ, the other by Hfq, in N. meningitidis. It further highlights the role of these distinct RBPs and its associated sRNAs to bacterial virulence and indicates that riboregulation is likely to contribute to the way how meningococci adapt to different host niches.
The human body is laden with trillions of microorganisms that belong to all three domains of life. Some species of this microbiota subsist as harmless commensals in healthy adults, but under certain circumstances, they can cause mucosal disease or even systemic, life-threatening infections. While the bacterial members of our microbiota are heavily studied today, much less attention is afforded to eukaryotic species that colonize different mucocutaneous surfaces of the human body. This dissertation focuses on identifying regulatory circuits that enable a prominent member of these eukaryotes, C. albicans, to, on the one hand, live on a specific mammalian mucosal surface as a harmless commensal and, on the other hand, proliferate as a pathogen. Since the ultimate source of many fatal Candida infections is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the infected individual, this organism is particularly suited to distinguishing traits essential for the gut colonization of commensal fungi and their ability to cause disease. Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription are important to most biological processes; I thus used these proteins as starting points to gain insights into 1) how a specific transcription regulator promotes virulence in C. albicans; 2) which traits C. albicans requires to inhabit the GI tract of a specific, well-defined mouse model as a harmless commensal; and 3) how three previously undescribed transcriptional regulators contribute to the commensal colonization of the digestive tract of this mouse model. Altogether, this work advances the knowledge concerning the biology of commensal fungi in the mammalian gut and genetic determinants of fungal commensalism, as well as pathogenicity.
Endophytes live in partial symbiosis inside a plant and have been detected in all tested plants. They belong to the group of fungi or bacteria and their ecological function is mostly unknown. The fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë belong to a special group of endophytes. Epichloë endophytes live symbiotically inside cool season grass species and some of them are able to produce alkaloids toxic to vertebrates and insects. Their symbiosis is seen as mutualistic for the following reasons: the fungus provides the plant herbivore resistance by producing alkaloids, and it increases the plant’s drought tolerance as well as its biomass production. In return, the grass provides the fungus shelter, nutrients and dispersal. Epichloë endophytes are host specific and the ability to produce alkaloids differs between species. In order to estimate intoxication risks in grasslands, it is necessary to detect infection rates of different grass species with Epichloë endophytes, and to determine the genotypes and chemotypes of the Epichloë species as well as the produced alkaloid concentrations. Factors like land-use intensity or season may have an influence on infection rates and alkaloid concentrations. Also, different methodological approaches may lead to different results. In this doctoral thesis my general aim was to evaluate intoxication risks in German grasslands caused by Epichloë endophytes. For that I investigated infection rates of different grass species and the genotypes and chemotypes of their Epichloë endophytes in German grasslands (Chapter II). Furthermore, I compared alkaloid concentrations detected with dry and fresh plant weight and different analytical methods. I also detected possible changes on the influence of season or land-use intensity (Chapter III). Additionally, I examined infections with Epichloë endophytes and alkaloid concentrations in commercially available grass seed mixtures and determined how that influences the intoxication risk of grazing animals in Europe (Chapter IV).
It is of agricultural interest to estimate intoxication risks for grazing livestock on German grasslands due to Epichloë infected grass species. Therefore, it is important to investigate which grasses are infected with the Epichloë endophyte, if the endophytes have the ability to produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids and if the alkaloids are indeed produced. I showed that Epichloë festucae var. lolii infecting agriculturally important Lolium perenne lacked the starting gene for ergovaline biosynthesis. Hence, vertebrate toxic ergovaline was not detected in the majority of the collected L. perenne plants. The detection of alkaloid concentrations is an important tool to estimate intoxication risk for vertebrates, but also invertebrates. My studies showed that the usage of dry plant material is crucial to quantify the correct alkaloid concentrations, and that alkaloid concentrations can vary depending on the detection method. Hence, the usage of validated, similar detection methods is important to be able to compare alkaloid concentrations from different studies. Nevertheless, the trends of seasonal changes and the influence of land-use intensity stayed the same, regardless if dry or fresh plant weight was used. Also, alkaloid concentrations were below toxicity thresholds on population level, regardless of the method used. Two commercially available forage grass and two commercially available turf grass seed mixtures were infected with Epichloë endopyhtes and alkaloids were detected. This might contribute to the spreading of Epichloë endopyhtes in Germany, therefore seed mixtures should be tested for Epichloë infections. My results indicate that the intoxication risk is generally low in Germany at the moment, although that might change due to climate change, an increase of monocultural land-use, or the seeding of Epichloë infected grass seeds.
Fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë live symbiotically in cool season grass species and can produce alkaloids toxic to insects and vertebrates, yet reports of intoxication of grazing animals have been rare in Europe in contrast to overseas. However, due to the beneficial resistance traits observed in Epichloë infected grasses, the inclusion of Epichloë in seed mixtures might become increasingly advantageous. Despite the toxicity of fungal alkaloids, European seed mixtures are rarely tested for Epichloë infection and their infection status is unknown for consumers. In this study, we tested 24 commercially available seed mixtures for their infection rates with Epichloë endophytes and measured the concentrations of the alkaloids ergovaline, lolitrem B, paxilline, and peramine. We detected Epichloë infections in six seed mixtures, and four contained vertebrate and insect toxic alkaloids typical for Epichloë festucae var. lolii infecting Lolium perenne. As Epichloë infected seed mixtures can harm livestock, when infected grasses become dominant in the seeded grasslands, we recommend seed producers to test and communicate Epichloë infection status or avoiding Epichloë infected seed mixtures.
Complex formation between macromolecules constitutes the foundation of most cellular processes. Most known complexes are made up of two or more proteins interacting in order to build a functional entity and therefore enabling activities which
the single proteins could otherwise not fulfill. With the increasing knowledge about
noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) it has become evident that, similar to proteins, many of
them also need to form a complex to be functional. This functionalization is usually executed by specific or global RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that are specialized
binders of a certain class of ncRNAs. For instance, the enterobacterial global RBPs
Hfq and ProQ together bind >80 % of the known small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs),
a class of ncRNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.
However, identification of RNA-protein interactions so far was performed individually by employing low-throughput biochemical methods and thereby hindered the discovery of such interactions, especially in less studied organisms such
as Gram-positive bacteria. Using gradient profiling by sequencing (Grad-seq), the
present thesis aimed to establish high-throughput, global RNA/protein complexome resources for Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae in order to provide a
new way to investigate RNA-protein as well as protein-protein interactions in these
two important model organisms.
In E. coli, Grad-seq revealed the sedimentation profiles of 4,095 (∼85 % of
total) transcripts and 2,145 (∼49 % of total) proteins and with that reproduced
its major ribonucleoprotein particles. Detailed analysis of the in-gradient distribution of the RNA and protein content uncovered two functionally unknown
molecules—the ncRNA RyeG and the small protein YggL—to be ribosomeassociated. Characterization of RyeG revealed it to encode for a 48 aa long, toxic protein that drastically increases lag times when overexpressed. YggL was shown to
be bound by the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome, possibly indicating involvement
of YggL in ribosome biogenesis or translation of specific mRNAs.
S. pneumoniae Grad-seq detected 2,240 (∼88 % of total) transcripts and 1,301
(∼62 % of total) proteins, whose gradient migration patterns were successfully reconstructed, and thereby represents the first RNA/protein complexome resource
of a Gram-positive organism. The dataset readily verified many conserved major
complexes for the first time in S. pneumoniae and led to the discovery of a specific
interaction between the 3’!5’ exonuclease Cbf1 and the competence-regulating ciadependent sRNAs (csRNAs). Unexpectedly, trimming of the csRNAs by Cbf1 stabilized the former, thereby promoting their inhibitory function. cbf1 was further shown
to be part of the late competence genes and as such to act as a negative regulator of
competence.