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In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Frage geprüft, inwieweit Schulanfänger im Vergleich zu fortgeschrittenen Grundschülern tatsächlich nur wenig darüber wissen, welche Strategien in freien Reproduktionsaufgaben (son-recall) voneilhaft sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Metagedächtnis von Zweit- und Vienkläßlern, also ihr Wissen um die Vorteile unterschiedlicher Sortier- und Lernstrategien, mit ihrem Lernverhalten bzw. ihrem Leistungsvermögen in unterschiedlichen Varianten der sort-recall-Aufgabe verglichen. Diese Prozedur gestattete es, die Bewertung unterschiedlicher Strategien direkt mit ihrer jeweiligen Wirksamkeit zu vergleichen. Die an je 32 Zweit- und Viertkläßlern gewonnenen Befunde: lassen sich insgesamt so interpretieren, daß die jüngeren Kinder kaum etwas über angemessene Verhaltensweisen bei freien Reproduktionsaufgaben wissen; sie ziehen perzeptuelle Organisationsstrategien konzeptuellen (taxonomischen) Organisationsstrategien vor, profitieren tatsächlich jedoch signifikant mehr von konzeptuellen Strategien. Demgegenüber verfügten die: Vienkläßler in der Regel über angemessenes Metagedächtnis: sie schätzten taxonomische Strategien nicht nur höher ein, sondern profitierten auch de facto deutlich mehr von solchen Techniken. Die Befunde können insgesamt als Bestätigung der in der neueren Literatur verbreiteten Annahme gewertet werden, daß sich das Wissen um Gedächtnisanforderungen bei sort-recall-Aufgaben erst gegen Ende: der Grundschulzeit herausbildet.
No abstract available.
Es wurde die Frage überprüft, ob für schwache Rechtschreiber und rechtschreibunauffällige Schüler ähnliche Determinanten der Rechtschreibleistung angenommen werden können. Theoretisch plausible Kausalmodelle zur Beschreibung und Erklärung von Rechtschreibleistungen rechtschreibschwacher und rechtschreibunauffälliger Viertkläßler wurden im Hinblick auf ihre Übereinstimmung und Datenkompabilität anhand des Computerprogramms LISREL IV analysiert. Für beide Gruppen ergaben sich unterschiedlich strukturierte Lösungen, von denen lediglich die für die normalen Rechtschreiber hinsichtlich der Datenanpassung und des Prozentsatzes aufgeklärter Kriteriumsvarianz einigermaßen befriedigen konnte.
Well-developed phonological awareness skills are a core prerequisite for early literacy development. Although effective phonological awareness training programs exist, children at risk often do not reach similar levels of phonological awareness after the intervention as children with normally developed skills. Based on theoretical considerations and first promising results the present study explores effects of an early musical training in combination with a conventional phonological training in children with weak phonological awareness skills. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design and measurements across a period of 2 years, we tested the effects of two interventions: a consecutive combination of a musical and a phonological training and a phonological training alone. The design made it possible to disentangle effects of the musical training alone as well the effects of its combination with the phonological training. The outcome measures of these groups were compared with the control group with multivariate analyses, controlling for a number of background variables. The sample included N = 424 German-speaking children aged 4–5 years at the beginning of the study. We found a positive relationship between musical abilities and phonological awareness. Yet, whereas the well-established phonological training produced the expected effects, adding a musical training did not contribute significantly to phonological awareness development. Training effects were partly dependent on the initial level of phonological awareness. Possible reasons for the lack of training effects in the musical part of the combination condition as well as practical implications for early literacy education are discussed.
143 9- and 10-year-oId children were classified into high- and Jow-IQ groups and given 4 different sort/recall lists (baseline, training, near [immediate] extension, far [l-week] extension) to assess training and extension of an organizational memory strategy. All children received categorized items of moderate typicality for Phases 1, 3, and 4. For Phase 2, children were assigned to either a training or control group, with half of the children in each group receiving category typical items and the others category atypical items. Levels of recall, sorting, and clustering were greater in Phase 2 for high-IQ children, for the typical lists, and for trained children. Both the high- and low-IQ children trained with typical items continued to show high levels of recall on the near extension phase. No group of subjects maintained high levels of recall after 1 week, although levels of sorting and/or clustering on the extension trials remained high for all groups of subjects except the low-IQ control children. This latter pattern (elevated sorting/clustering with low levels of recall) is an indication of a utilization deficiency, a phase in strategy development when children use a strategy but gain little or no benefit n performance. The results provide evidence for IQ, training, and material effects in the demonstration of a utilization deficiency.
Gifted underachievers perform worse in school than would be expected based on their high intelligence. Possible causes for underachievement are low motivational dispositions (need for cognition) and metacognitive competences. This study tested the interplay of these variables longitudinally with gifted and non-gifted students from Germany (N = 341, 137 females) in Grades 6 (M = 12.02 years at t1) and 8 (M = 14.07 years). Declarative and procedural metacognitive competences were assessed in the domain of reading comprehension. Path analyses showed incremental effects of procedural metacognition over and above intelligence on the development of school achievement in gifted students (β = .139). Moreover, declarative metacognition and need for cognition interactively predicted procedural metacognition (β = .169), which mediated their effect on school achievement.
High- and low-IQ children in the first, third, and fifth grades performed two free-recall tasks: a sort-recall task with sets of categorically related pictures, and a class-recall task, with children recalling the current members of their school class. All children were deemed to be experts concerning the composition of their school class, but, unlike experts in other domains, had no special motivation associated with their expertise. Recall and clustering on both tasks were high. The high-IQ children performed better than low-IQ children only on the sort-recall task. IQ was significantly correlated with measures of performance on the sort-recall task but not on the class-recall task. The results reflect the fact that the memory benefits associated with being an expert (here, elimination of IQ effects) are related to the greater knowledge the expert possesses and not to factors of motivation.
The present study investigated the relationshtp between developmental shifts in the organization of materials and developmental changes in deliberate strategy use. Second and fourth grade children were presented with clusterable sort/recall lists representing the factorial combinations of high and low interitem association, and high and low category relatedness. Strategy use in the task was rated by the experimenter and also assessed via self reports. General and task-related strategy knowledge tmetamemoryt was also examined. Second graders displayed more category clustering during recall for highly associated items than for weakly associated items. whereas older children’s recall organization (but not recall) was unaffected by this organizational dimension. Correlations among measures of metamemory and organizational behavior indicated that second graders in general were unaware of the importance of categorization strategies for facilitation of recall. On the other hand. sorting during study and task-related metamemory were the most important predictors of fourth graders’ recall performance, thus indicating that most fourth graders used categorization strategies deliberately.
In a study intended to replicate and extend the findings from a recent experiment by Schneider and Bjorklund (1992), the expert/novice paradigm was used with second- and fourth-grade children in a sort/recall task. Children were classified as experts or novices for their knowledge of baseball, then given two sort/recall tasks, with a list consisting of either baseball or nonbaseball terms. Experts recalled more than novices on the baseball list only. While both groups used organizational strategies at sorting on the nonbaseball list, experts were marginally more strategic than novices on the baseball list, and no differences were found between the groups on either list for clustering. Baseball experts used more adultlike categories, suggesting that their enhanced levels of recall were attributed in part to strategy use, although there was also evidence that most of the substantial recall difference between the groups was attributed to item-specific effects associated with a more elaborated knowledge base. A second experiment using fifth-grade children on a multitrial sort/recall task using the baseball list also found increased recall by experts, and also found evidence of strategic behavior at the sort phase for trials 3 and 4.
In a short-term longitudinal study, we investigated how domain-specific knowledge in soccer influences the amount of text recall and comprehension in elementary school and junior high school children of high and low overall aptitudes. Both level of soccer knowledge and overall aptitude were varied in a factorial design. Third, fifth, and seventh grade children were given several measures of text recall and comprehension and were retested on these measures about 1 year later. Performance was more a function of soccer knowledge than of aptitude level.