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In vitro and in vivo studies on the activating platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI in mice
(2003)
The work summarized here focused on the characterization of the murine platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI and was performed to evaluate its potential as an antithrombotic target. The first mAb against (mouse) GPVI, JAQ1, was generated and used to demonstrate that GPVI requires the FcRgamma-chain for its expression and function and that this receptor is the central molecule in collagen-induced platelet activation. Blocking the major collagen binding site on GPVI with JAQ1 revealed the presence of a second activatory epitope within collagen. Additionally, the collagen receptor integrin alpha2beta1 was found to be required for activation via this second pathway but not to be essential for collagen-induced activation of normal platelets. In studies with mice expressing reduced levels of the GPVI-FcRgamma-complex, differential responses to GPVI ligands were observed. Most importantly, the striking difference between platelet responses to collagen and the GPVI specific synthetic collagen related peptide (CRP) confirmed the supportive role of other collagen receptor(s) on platelets. Irrespective of yet undefined additional receptors, studies with mice deficient in GPVI (FcRgamma-chain) or alpha2beta1 showed that GPVI, but not alpha2beta1 is essential for platelet-collagen interaction. Based on these results, the model of platelet attachment to collagen was revised establishing GPVI as the initial activating receptor which upregulates the activity of integrins, thus enabling firm attachment of platelets to the ECM. While the mAb JAQ1 had only limited inhibitory effects on collagen-induced activation in vitro, its in vivo application to mice resulted in completely abolished platelet responses to collagen and the GPVI specific agonists CRP and convulxin. This effect was found to be due to antibody-induced irreversible down-regulation of GPVI on circulating platelets for at least two weeks. Further studies revealed that GPVI depletion occurs independently of the targeted epitope on the receptor and does not require the divalent form of IgG as it was also induced by mAbs (JAQ2, JAQ3) or the respective Fab fragments directed against epitopes distinct from the major collagen binding site. The internalization of GPVI in vivo resulted in a long-term protection of the mice from lethal collagen-dependent thromboembolism whereas it had only moderate effects on the bleeding time, probably because the treatment did not affect other activation pathways. These results establish GPVI as a potential pharmacological target for the prevention of ischemic cardiovascular diseases and may open the way for a completely new generation of antithrombotics.
Die Kniegelenksinnervation von 6 Mäusen wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Der Mediale Artikuläre Nerv (MAN) enthielt durchschnittlich 75 Nervenfasern, 63 unmyelinisierte und 12 myelinisierte (Durchmesser 1 bis 8 µm, Maximum zwischen 2 und 5 µm). Der Posteriore Artikuläre Nerv (PAN) bestand durchschnittlich aus 195 Nervenfasern, 129 unmyelinisierte und 66 myelinisierte (Durchmesser zwischen 1 und 12 µm, Maximum bei 4 bis 5 µm). Diese Daten sprechen für eine weitgehende histologische Vergleichbarkeit der Kniegelenksinnervation bei Maus, Ratte und Katze. Lediglich die Anzahl der Nervenfasern ist bei der im Verhältnis kleineren Maus geringer. Spinalganglienzellen von 10 Mäusen wurden mittels hypoosmolarer Lösung gedehnt. Schwankungen der intrazellulären Kalzium-Konzentrationen und elektrophysiologische Veränderungen wurden dabei registriert (Calcium-Imaging und Patch-Clamp). Die primär sensorischen Neuronen, die nicht an der Kniegelenksinnervation beteiligt waren, konnten in schnell, langsam und nicht reagierende Subpopulationen unterteilt werden. Die Beobachtungen an den retrograd markierten Kniegelnksafferenzen erlaubten eine solche Differenzierung nicht. Die Reizung mit Capsaicin zeigte, dass es sich bei den mechanosensitiven Kniegelenksafferenzen selten um polymodale Nozizeptoren handelte.
Food borne pathogens that cause systemic disease must cross the intestinal barrier. Many of these pathogens, eg Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri, use M cells, found only within the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) that overlies Peyer’s patches and other lymphoid follicles, to enter the host. This study is primarily an investigation into the interaction of S. typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes with the intestinal epithelium, representing the early stage of an infection.