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The Ecology and Population structure of the invasive Yelllow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes
(2011)
The invasive Yellow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes is a widespread tropical ant species which is particularly common in anthropogenically disturbed habitats in South-East Asia and the Indopacific region. Its native range is unknown, and there is little information concerning its social structure as a potential mechanism facilitating invasion as well as its ecology in one of the putative native ranges, South-East Asia. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, I demonstrated that the majority of the current Indopacific colonies were likely introduced from South-East Asian populations, which in turn may have been introduced much earlier from a yet unidentified native range. By conducting behavioral, genetic and chemical analyses, I found that A. gracilipes supercolonies contain closely related individuals, thus resembling enlarged versions of monogynous, polydomous colonies of other ant species. Furthermore, mutually aggressive A. gracilipes supercolonies were highly differentiated both genetically and chemically, suggesting limited or even absent gene flow between supercolonies. Intranidal mating and colony-budding are most likely the predominant, if not the exclusive mode of reproduction and dispersal strategy of A. gracilipes. Consequently, a positive feedback between genetic, chemical and behavioral traits may further enhance supercolony differentiation though genetic drift and neutral evolution. This potential scenario led to the hypothesis that absent gene flow between different A. gracilipes supercolonies may drive them towards different evolutionary pathways, possibly including speciation. Thus, I examined one potential way by which gene flow between supercolonies of an ant species without nuptial flights may be maintained, i.e. the immigration of sexuals into foreign supercolonies. The results suggest that this option of maintaining gene flow between different supercolonies is likely impaired by severe aggression of workers towards allocolonial sexuals. Moreover, breeding experiments involving males and queens from different supercolonies suggest that A. gracilipes supercolonies may already be on the verge of reproductive isolation, which might lead to the diversification of A. gracilipes into different species. Regarding the ecological consequences of its potential introduction to NE-Borneo, I could show that A. gracilipes supercolonies may affect the local ant fauna. The ant community within supercolonies was less diverse and differed in species composition from areas outside supercolonies. My data suggest that the ecological dominance of A. gracilipes within local ant communities was facilitated by monopolization of food sources within its supercolony territory, achieved by a combination of rapid recruitment, numerical dominance and pronounced interspecific aggression. A. gracilipes’ distribution is almost exclusively limited to anthropogenically altered habitat, such as residential and agricultural areas. The rate at which habitat conversion takes place in NE-Borneo will provide A. gracilipes with a rapidly increasing abundance of suitable habitats, thus potentially entailing significant population growth. An potentially increasing population size and ecological dominance, however, are not features that are limited to invasive alien species, but may also occur in native species that become ‘pests’ in an increasing abundance of anthropogenically altered habitat. Lastly, I detected several ant guests in supercolonies of A. gracilipes. I subsequently describe the relationship between one of them (the cricket Myrmecophilus pallidithorax) and its ant host. By conducting behavioral bioassays and analyses of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, I revealed that although M. pallidithorax is attacked and consumed by A. gracilipes whenever possible, it may evade aggression from its host by a combination of supreme agility and, possibly, chemical deception. This thesis adds to our general understanding of biological invasions by contributing species-specific data on a previously understudied invasive organism, the Yellow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes. Introductions which may have occurred a long time ago may make it difficult to determine whether a given species is an introduced invader or a native pest species, as both may have pronounced ecological effects in native species communities. Furthermore, this thesis suggests that supercolonialism in invasive ants may not be an evolutionary dead end, but that it may possibly give rise to new species due to reproductive boundaries between supercolonies evoked by peculiar mating and dispersal strategies.
Im Rahmen der von November 1999 bis März 2000 durchgeführten bayerischen Meningokokkenträgerstudie wurden in zahlreichen Kindergärten und Schulen der bayerischen Gemeinden Ansbach, Augsburg, Erlangen, Griesbach, Ingolstadt, München, Pfarrkirchen, Sonthofen und Weiden insgesamt 287 Neisseria lactamica-Stämme isoliert. 26 ausgewählte, aus den benachbarten Städten Augsburg, Ingolstadt und München stammende Isolate wurden einer Multi-Lokus-Sequenztypisierung (MLST) zur Untersuchung ihrer genetischen Diversität unterzogen. Dabei wurden sowohl Sequenzen der 3 Stoffwechselgene argF, recA und rho, als auch Sequenzen des 16S rRNA-Gens analysiert. Für das 16S rRNA-Gen fanden sich zehn, für argF fünf, für recA acht und für rho neun differente Allele. Auf Basis der vier analysierten Gene konnten 17 verschiedene Genotypen definiert werden, von denen zwölf nur einmal, fünf hingegen mehrmals vorkamen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass durch Sequenzierung der vier in dieser Studie verwendeten Gene bereits eine ausreichende Diskriminierung von Neisseria lactamica erfolgte, da Versuche eine weiterführende Diskriminierung durch Sequenzierung des porB-Gens zu erreichen, keine wesentlichen zusätzlichen Informationen erbrachten. Durch visuelle Inspektion der Sequenzen konnte bei allen vier Genloci das Überwiegen von Rekombinationsereignissen gegenüber Punktmutationen bestätigt werden, so dass für die Spezies Neisseria lactamica horizontaler Gentransfer anzunehmen ist. Da nur ein einziger Genotyp in zwei verschiedenen Städten beobachtet wurde, zeigen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit, dass eine klonale Ausbreitung von Neisseria lactamica nur dann nachweisbar ist, wenn eine epidemiologische Verknüpfung zwischen Trägern besteht.