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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese, Charakterisierung und Reaktivität von Nebengruppen-Metallkomplexen, die mindestens einen pi-koordinierenden Liganden tragen. Im ersten Abschnitt liegt der Fokus auf heteroleptischen Systemen mit carbocyclischen Liganden, zu deren Synthese die gängige Methodik der Salzeliminierung herangezogen wird. Das Metallierungsverhalten dieser Komplexe, sowie die Reaktivität von Komplexen mit reduktionsstabilen funktionellen Gruppen an den Ligandensystemen wird untersucht. Der zweite Abschnitt behandelt die Redox- und Koordinationseigenschaften des CAAC-stabilisierten 1,4 Diborabenzols, wobei Alkali-Metalle, Gruppe 10 Metalle, Lanthanoide, sowie die Actinoide Thorium und Uran untersucht werden.
Metall-basierte Antitumorwirkstoffe wie Cisplatin, Carboplatin und Oxaliplatin sind weltweit für die Behandlung verschiedener Krebsarten zugelassen. Resistenzbildung, starke Nebenwirkungen und ein eingeschränktes Spektrum responsiver Tumoren schränken jedoch ihren Anwendungsbereich ein. Daher ist die Suche nach neuen Platinverbindungen mit verbesserten Eigenschaften sowie Antitumor-aktiven Metallkomplexen anderer Metalle ein aktuelles Forschungsthema. Durch die Einbettung der Wirkstoffe in entsprechende Trägermaterialien und eine Freisetzung mit präziser zeitlicher und räumlicher Kontrolle sollten sich zudem die Nebenwirkungen deutlich reduzieren lassen. Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde daher eine Serie von quadratisch-planaren Platin(II)- und Palladium(II)-Komplexen mit N^N^S-Chelatliganden auf der Basis von N-Phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylen)hydrazin-1-carbothioamid und N-Phenyl-2-(chinolin-2-ylmethylen)hydrazin-1-carbothioamid synthetisiert, die mit längeren Alkylketten funktionalisiert wurden, um eine hohe Affinität für Lipid-basierte Microbubbles als Träger zu erreichen, aus denen die Metallkomplexe dann unter Einwirkung von Ultraschall freigesetzt werden sollten. Es wurden drei verschiedene Ligandenfamilien ausgehend von der Grundstruktur L = R1-CR2=N-NH-C(S)-NH-R3 synthetisiert, wobei R1 = 2-Pyridyl oder 2-Chinolinyl, R2 = H, CH3, C8H17 oder C10H21 und R3 = CH3 oder C6H5 gewählt wurden. Die Umsetzung der Liganden mit Kaliumtetrachloridoplatinat(II), Natriumtetrachloridopalladat(II) oder [PdCl2(cod)] mit cod = 1,5-Cyclooctadien führte zu neutralen N^N^S-Komplexen [MCl(L)] mit M = Pd, Pt in allgemein guter Ausbeute. Die Kristallstruktur von [PtCl(L)] mit R1 = 2-Pyridyl, R2 = C10H21 und R3 = CH3 bestätigte zudem die quadratisch-planar Koordination des Metalls durch den N^N^S-koordinierten Liganden und ein Chlorid-Anion. Die Verbindungen mit R3 = CH3 zeigen im 195Pt NMR zwei Peaks, was auf das Vorliegen eines Isomerengemischs hindeutet, wobei die Daten vermuten lassen, dass neben der N^N^S-gebundenen Hauptspezies noch eine weitere mit N^N^N-koordiniertem Liganden und freier SH-Gruppe vorliegt. Solche Isomerengemische sind für biologischen Anwendungen ungeeignet, da die Isomere eine unterschiedliche Aktivität aufweisen können. Die anderen Platin(II)-Komplexe zeigen dagegen im 195Pt NMR nur einen Peak und sind somit für Cytotoxizitätsstudien geeignet. Mit Hilfe des MTT-Assays wurden EC50-Werte an verschiedenen Gliablastom-Zellinien für zwölf einheitliche Komplexe bestimmt. Für die potentesten Verbindungen wurden EC50-Werte im unteren mikromolaren Bereich ermittelt (2–9 µM), so dass die Aktivität teilweise sogar die von Cisplatin als Referenzverbindung übertraf. Insbesondere die Variation der aromatischen Oberfläche in den Pyridyl- vs. Chinolinylverbindungen hatte jedoch keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die EC50-Werte. Zudem führte eine Verlängerung der R2-Seitenkette bei den Palladium(II)-Verbindungen zu einer niedrigeren Aktivität. Die Verteilungskoeffizienten logP ergaben für alle Verbindungen recht ähnliche positive Werte, was die Lipophilie der Neutralkomplexe belegte. Für eine weitere Strukturvariation wurden außerdem zwei Azido-Komplexe [M(N3)(L)] mit M = Pd, Pt in moderater Ausbeute synthetisiert. Diese wurden dann in einer „iClick“-Reaktion unter sehr milden Bedingungen mit Dimethylacetylendicarboxylat (DMAD) und 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-insäureethylester zu den Triazolat-Komplexen [M(triazolateR,R')(L)] umgesetzt. Durch 1H NMR- und 19F NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen wurden gezeigt, dass diese teilweise als Isomerengemische vorliegen, da das Triazolat entweder über das N1-, N2- oder N3-Stickstoffatom an das Metall gebunden sein kann. Für eine ausgewählte Verbindung mit M = Pt und DMAD als Alkin wurde die Kinetik der „iClick“-Reaktion mit Hilfe der 1H NMR Spektroskopie untersucht. Die ermittelte Geschwindigkeitskonstante 2. Ordnung k2 = (1.82 ± 0.05).10-1 L mol-1 s 1 ist vergleichbar zum Beispiel der der etablierten strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). Für die Einbettung der lipophilen Metallkomplexe in ein Ultraschall-aktivierbares Trägersystem wurden aus Dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholin, 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphat, 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamin-N-methoxy(polyethylenglycol)-2000 Ammonium Salz und Komplexlösung unter Zusatz von Octafluopropan gasgefüllte Microbubbles hergestellt. Stabilitätsversuche zeigten, dass die Bläschenzahl selbst unter Normalbedingungen innerhalb von 2 h um 50% abnimmt. Daher sollten die Microbubbles vor jeder Verwendung täglich frisch hergestellt und möglichst unmittelbar danach verwendet werden. Ein unmittelbares Zerplatzen der Bläschen wurde durch Behandlung mit Ultraschall bei 500 Hz erreicht. Die Viabilität der verwendeten GaMG-Zellen wudre unter diesen Bedingungen jedoch nicht beeinträchtigt. Dennoch war die auf die Microbubbles geladene Platin-Konzentration zu niedrig, um mit dem MTT-Assay einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen beladenen und unbeladenen Bläschen zu erreichen, so dass hier in Zukunft noch weitere Optimierungen erforderlich sein werden.
Fluorinated compounds are an important motif, particularly in pharmaceuticals, as one-third of the top performing drugs have fluorine in their structures. Fluorinated biaryls also have numerous applications in areas such as material science, agriculture, crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, etc. Thus, the development of new synthetic routes to fluorinated chemical compounds is an important area of current research. One promising method is the borylation of suitable precursors to generate fluorinated aryl boronates as versatile building blocks for organic synthesis.
Chapter 1
In this chapter, the latest developments in the synthesis, stability issues, and applications of fluorinated aryl boronates in organic synthesis are reviewed. The catalytic synthesis of fluorinated aryl boronates using different methods, such as C–H, C–F, and C–X (X = Cl, Br, I, OTf) borylations are discussed. Further studies covering instability issues of the fluorinated boronate derivatives, which are accelerated by ortho-fluorine, have been reported, and the applications of these substrates, therefore, need special treatment.
Numerous groups have reported methods to employ highly fluorinated aryl boronates that anticipate the protodeboronation issue; thus, polyfluorinated aryl boronates, especially those containing ortho-fluorine substituents, can be converted into chloride, bromide, iodide, phenol, carboxylic acid, nitro, cyano, methyl esters, and aldehyde analogues. These substrates can be applied in many cross-coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with aryl halides, the Chan-Evans-Lam C–N reaction with aryl amines or nitrosoarenes, C–C(O) reactions with N-(aryl-carbonyloxy)phthalamides or thiol esters (Liebskind-Srogl cross-coupling), and oxidative coupling reactions with terminal alkynes. Furthermore, the difficult reductive elimination from the highly stable complex [PdL2(2,6-C6F2+nH3-n)2] was the next challenge to be targeted in the homocoupling of 2,6-di-fluoro aryl pinacol boronates, and it has been solved by conducting the reaction in arene solvents that reduce the energy barrier in this step as long as no coordinating solvent or ancillary ligand is employed.
Chapter 2
In this chapter, phenanthroline-ligated copper complexes proved to be efficient catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of highly fluorinated aryl boronate esters (ArF–Bpin) with aryl iodides or bromides. This newly developed method is an attractive alternative to the traditional methods as copper is an Earth-abundant metal, less toxic, and cheaper compared to the traditional methods which commonly required palladium catalysts, and silver oxide that is also often required in stoichiometric amounts. A combination of 10 mol% copper iodide and 10 mol% phenanthroline, with CsF as a base, in DMF, at 130 ˚C, for 18 hours is efficient to cross-couple fluorinated aryl pinacol boronates with aryl iodides to generate cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields. This method is also viable for polyfluorophenyl borate salts such as pentafluorophenyl-BF3K. Notably, employing aryl bromides instead of aryl iodides for the coupling with fluorinated aryl–Bpin compounds is also possible; however, increased amounts of CuI/phenanthroline catalyst is necessary, in a mixture of DMF and toluene (1:1).
A diverse range of π···π stacking interactions is observed in the cross-coupling products partly perfluorinated biaryl crystals. They range from arene–perfluoroarene interactions (2-(perfluorophenyl)naphthalene and 2,3,4-trifluorobiphenyl) to arene–arene (9-perfluorophenyl)anthracene) and perfluoroarene–perfluoroarene (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-2’methylbiphenyl) interactions.
Chapter 3
In this chapter, the efficient Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of aryl pinacol pinacol boronates (ArF–Bpin) that contain two ortho-fluorines is presented. The reaction must be conducted in a “noncoordinating” solvent such as toluene, benzene, or m-xylene and, notably, stronger coordinating solvents or ancillary ligands have to be avoided. Thus, the Pd center becomes more electron deficient and the reductive elimination becomes more favorable. The Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of di-ortho-fluorinated aryl boronate derivatives is difficult in strongly coordinating solvents or in the presence of strong ancillary ligands, as the reaction stops at the [PdL2(2,6-C6F2+nH3-n)2] stage after the transmetalations without the reductive elimination taking place. It is known that the rate of reductive elimination of Ar–Ar from [ML2(Ar)(Ar)] complexes containing group-10 metals decreases in the order Arrich–Arpoor > Arrich–Arrich > Arpoor–Arpoor. Furthermore, reductive elimination of the most electron-poor diaryls, such as C6F5–C6F5, from [PdL2(C6F5)2] complexes is difficult and has been a challenge for 50 years, due to their high stability as the Pd–Caryl bond is strong. Thus, the Pd-catalyzed homocoupling of perfluoro phenyl boronates is found to be rather difficult.
Further investigation showed that stoichiometric reactions of C6F5Bpin, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl–Bpin, or 2,6-difluorophenyl–Bpin with palladium acetate in MeCN stops at the double transmetalation step, as demonstrated by the isolation of cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(C6F5)2], cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(2,4,6-C6F3H2)2], and cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(2,6-C6F2H3)2] in quantitative yields. Thus, it can be concluded that the reductive elimination from diaryl-palladium complexes containing two ortho-fluorines in both aryl rings, is difficult even in a weakly coordinating solvent such as MeCN. Therefore, even less coordinating solvents are needed to make the Pd center more electron deficient. Reactions using “noncoordinating” arene solvents such as toluene, benzene, or m-xylene were conducted and found to be effective for the catalytic homocoupling of 2,6-C6F2+nH3-nBpin. The scope of the reactions was expanded. Using toluene as the solvent, the palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of ArF–Bpin derivatives containing one, two or no ortho-fluorines gave the coupled products in excellent yields without any difficulties.
DFT calculations at the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP/6-311+g(2d,p)/IEFPCM // B3LYP-D3/SDD/6-31g**/IEFPCM level of theory predicted an exergonic process and lower barrier (< 21 kcal/mol) for the reductive elimination of Pd(C6F5)2 complexes bearing arene ligands, compared to stronger coordinating solvents (acetonitrile, THF, SMe2, and PMe3), which have high barriers ( > 33.7 kcal/mol). Reductive elimination from [Pd(ηn-Ar)(C6F5)2] complexes have low barriers due to: (i) ring slippage of the arene ligand as a hapticity change from η6 in the reactant to ηn (n ≤ 3) in the transition state and the product, which led to less σ-repulsion; and (ii) more favorable π-back-bonding from Pd(ArF)2 to the arene fragment in the transition state.
Chapter 4
In this chapter, the efficient Pd-catalyzed C–Cl borylation of aryl chlorides containing two ortho-fluorines is presented. The reactions are conducted under base-free conditions to prevent the decomposition of the di-ortho-fluorinated aryl boronates, which are unstable in the presence of base. A combination of Pd(dba)2 (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) with SPhos (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl) as a ligand is efficient to catalyze the C–Cl borylation of aryl chlorides containing two ortho-fluorine substituents without base, and the products were isolated in excellent yields. The substrate scope can be expanded to aryl chloride containing one or no ortho-fluorines and the borylated products were isolated in good to very good yield. This method provides a nice alternative to traditional methodologies using lithium or Grignard reagents.
Chapter two reports the catalytic triboration of terminal alkynes with B2pin2 using readily available Cu(OAc)2 and PnBu3. Various 1,1,2-triborylalkenes, a class of compounds which have been demonstrated to be potential Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibitors, are obtained directly in moderate to good yields. The process features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance were observed. This Cu-catalyzed reaction can be conducted on a gram scale to produce the corresponding 1,1,2-triborylalkenes in modest yields. The utility of these products is demonstrated by further transformation of the C-B bonds to prepare gem-dihaloborylalkenes (F, Cl, Br), monohalodiborylalkenes (Cl, Br), and trans-diaryldiborylalkenes, which serve as important synthons and have previously been challenging to prepare.
A convenient and efficient one step synthesis of 1,1,1-triborylalkanes was achieved via sequential dehydrogenative borylation and double hydroboration of terminal alkynes with HBpin (HBpin = pinacolborane) catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available Cu(OAc)2. This protocol proceeded under mild conditions, furnishing 1,1,1-tris(boronates) with wide substrate scope, excellent selectivity and good functional group tolerance, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield. The 1,1,1-triborylalkanes can be used in the preparation of α-vinylboronates and borylated cyclic compounds, which are valuable but previously rare compounds. Different alkyl groups can be introduced stepwise via base-mediated deborylative alkylation to produce racemic tertiary alkyl boronates, which can be readily transformed into useful tertiary alcohols.
Chapter 4 reported a NaOtBu-catalyzed mixed 1,1-diboration of terminal alkynes with an unsymmetrical diboron reagent BpinBdan. This Brønsted base-catalyzed reaction proceeds in a regio- and stereoselective fashion affording 1,1-diborylalkenes with two different boryl moieties in moderate to high yields, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield or selectivity. Hydrogen bonding between the Bdan group and tBuOH is proposed to be responsible for the observed stereoselectivity. The mixed 1,1-diborylalkenes can be utilized in stereoselective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.
Chapter 1
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), relatives of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), exhibit high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character. To investigate their π-electron donating ability, NHOs were attached to triarylborane π-acceptors (A) giving donor(D)-π-A compounds 1-3. In addition, an enamine π-donor analogue (4) was synthesized for comparison.
UV-visible absorption studies show a larger red shift for the NHO-containing boranes than for the enamine analogue, a relative of a CAAC. The red shifted absorption of NHO-containing boranes indicate smaller energy gaps of NHO-containing boranes than CAAC-containing boranes. Solvent-dependent emission studies indicate that 1-4 have moderate intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) behavior.
Electrochemical investigations reveal that the NHO-containing boranes have extremely low reversible oxidation potentials (e.g., for 3, E1/2ox = –0.40 V vs. Fc/Fc+ in THF) which indicate the electron rich property of NHOs.
Furthermore, TD-DFT calculations were carried out on these four D-π-A boranes. The results show that the LUMOs of 1-4 only show a small difference, but the HOMOs of 1-3 are much more destabilized than that of the enamine-containing 4, which is in agreement with the electrochemical investigations and confirms the stronger donating ability of NHOs.
Chapter 2
Since the beginning of this century, the chemistry of (hetero)arene-fused boroles has attracted increasing interest. (Hetero)arene-fused boroles exhibit strong Lewis acidity, distinct fluorescence properties, strong electron accepting abilities, etc. However, their chemistry been only very briefly reviewed either as part of reviews on “free” boroles or on boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this chapter, we addressed the chemistry of (hetero)arene-fused boroles from fundamentals to their widely varying applications. It includes:
1) Synthetic methodology Both historical and recently developed strategies for the synthesis of fused boroles.
2) Stabilities A comparison of different kinetic protection strategies.
3) 9-Borafluorenes with a fluorinated backbone Application as Lewis acids, forming ion pairs with Cp2Zr(CH3)2 and applied as activators for polymerization, activators of H2, and other related applications.
4) Donor-acceptor 9-borafluorenes Applications as F– “turn on” sensors, potential applications as electron accepting units for organic (opto)electronics, bipolar transporting materials, TADF materials, and different functionalization strategies.
5) Heteroarene-fused boroles Enhanced antiaromaticity, unique coordination mode and their interesting properties.
6) Intramolecular dative bonding in 9-borafluorenes Bond-cleavage-induced intramolecular charge transfer (BICT), BICT-induced large Stoke shifts and dual emissions, application as a ratiometric sensor.
7) 9-Borafluorene-based main chain polymers Application in polymer chemistry and their distinct properties, e.g., as a sensor for gaseous NH3.
8) Electrochemistry A comparison of electron-accepting ability of different functionalized fused boroles through electrochemical studies.
9) Chemical reduction of fused boroles Stable radical anions and dianions of fused boroles and their properties.
10) Three-coordinate borafluorenium cations Cationic 9-borafluorenes and their interesting properties, e.g., in THF, reversible thermal colour switching properties.
Finally, a conclusion and outlook regarding the chemistry, properties and applications, and suggestions for areas which require further study was provided.
Chapter 3
Interested in fusing electron-poor arene onto boroles, two electron-poor phenylpyridyl-fused boroles, [TipPBB1]4 and TipPBB2 were prepared. [TipPBB1]4 is a white solid adopting a unique coordination mode, which forming a tetramer with a cavity in both the solid state and solution (1H DOSY). The boron center of TipPBB2 is 4-coordinate in the solid state, evidenced by a solid-state 11B{1H} RSHE/MAS NMR study, but the system dissociates in solution, leading to 3-coordinate borole species.
[TipPBB1]4 exhibits two reduction processes which are attributed to the phenylpyridyl cores. TipPBB2 also exhibits two reduction processes with the first half-reduction potential of E1/2red = –1.94 V. The electron accepting ability of TipPBB2 is largely enhanced and comparable to that of FMesBf. This enhanced electron accepting ability is attributed to the electron withdrawing property of the pyridyl group.
TipPBB2 exhibits concentration- and temperature-dependent dual fluorescence in solution. With the temperature is lowered, the emission intensity decreases (Figure 6.4, left). We suggested that the dual fluorescence is caused by an equilibrium between 3-coordinate TipPBB2 and a weak intermolecular adduct of TipPBB2 via a B–N bond. This hypothesis was further supported by lifetime measurements at different concentrations, low temperature excitation spectra low temperature 1H NMR spectra and lifetime measurements upon addition of DMAP to a solution of TipPBB2 to simulate the 4-coordiante TipPBB2 species. Interestingly, the ratio of the relative percentages of the two lifetimes shows a linear relationship with temperature; thus, TipPBB2 could serve as a fluorescent thermometer.
Furthermore, theoretical studies were carried out on TipPBB2, and two models, ((BMe3)TipPBB1(NMe3) and (BMe3)TipPBB2(NMe3)), which utilize a BMe3 group as the Lewis acid coordinated to pyridine and an NMe3 group as the Lewis base coordinated to the boron center of the borole, were used to simulate the [TipPBB1]4 and intermolecular 4-coordinate TipPBB2, respectively. Theoretical studies indicate that the HOMO of TipPBB2 is located at the Tip group, which is in contrast to its borafluorene derivatives for which the HOMOs are located on the borafluorene cores.
Chapter 4
Two derivatives of phenylpyridyl-fused boroles were prepared via functionalization of the pyridyl groups in two different directions, namely an electron-rich dihydropyridine moiety (compound 10) and an electron-deficient N-methylpyridinium cation (compound 11). Both compounds were fully characterized. The 11B NMR signal of compound 10 was observed at 58.8 ppm in CDCl3, which suggests strong conjugation between the boron atom and dihydropyridine moiety. Compound 11 shows a reversible coordination to THF which was confirmed by NMR studies. Compared to other 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl protected 9-borafluorenes which only coordinate to CH3CN or DMF, the coordination of the weaker and bulkier THF to compound 11 indicates an extremely electron-deficient boron center in compound 11.
The electron-rich property of the dihydropyridine moiety of compound 10 was confirmed by its oxidation potential (Epc = +0.37 V). Due to the strong conjugation of the dihydropyridine moiety with the boron atom, the reduction potential of compound 10 shifts cathodically and is more negative than –2.5 V. Compound 11 exhibits three reduction processes with the first reversible reduction potential at Ered1/2 = –1.23 V, which is significantly anodically shifted compared to that of its precursor (TipPBB2) or its framework 1-methyl-2-phenylpyridin-1-ium triflate (12). This significantly anodically shifted reduction potential confirms an extremely electron-deficient property of compound 11.
Photophysical studies indicate that the lowest energy transition of compound 10 is more likely a locally-excited (LE) transition and compound 11 exhibits a polarized ground state.
Furthermore, we performed theoretical studies for both compounds. The electron cloud distribution of the HOMO of compound 10 supports the strong conjugation between the boron atom and the dihydropyridine moiety in the ground state. An extremely low LUMO energy was determined by theoretical studies which confirmed the extremely electron-deficient property of compound 11.
Chapter 5
Inspired by the enhancement of electron accepting ability with increasing numbers of electron withdrawing groups at boron, we tried to study the properties of a bis(pyridyl)arylboranes. In our attempt to synthesize a bis(pyridyl)arylborane, we obtained a bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate Li+ complex which is as a dimer both in solution and the solid state.
In the solid state, compound [16]2 is a dimer containing two bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate which are linked by two lithium cations. Each lithium cation coordinates to one methoxy group and two pyridyl groups, one from each of the two bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate anions. The parameters of [16]2 were compared with other bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate stabilized Pt(IV) complex, bis(2-pyridyl)hydroxylborate stabilized Ru(II) complex and the dimer of EtAl(OMe)(2-pyridyl)2Li.
To confirm the coordination mode in solution, 1H DOSY spectroscopy was carried out in CD2Cl2. The van der Waals radius obtained by 1H DOSY nicely matches with the result from the solid state and thus proves the dimer of 16 is persistent in solution.
Finally, different Lewis acids (e.g., TMSCl, BF3•Et2O, AlCl3, HCl) were used to attempt to detach the methoxy group of [16]2. However, we observed either decomposition or selective cleavage of the Tip group, or no reaction at all, rather than cleavage of the methoxy group from boron.
This thesis reports on the applications of a particular N-heterocyclic silylene, Dipp2NHSi (1), as an ambiphilic reagent in main group chemistry and as a ligand in transition metal chemistry. One focus of the work lies in the evaluation of the differences in the reactivity of N-heterocyclic silylenes in main group element and transition metal chemistry in comparison with the in these areas nowadays ubiquitous N-heterocyclic carbenes. The first chapter gives an insight into the reactivity of Dipp2NHSi with respect to different types of main group element compounds. Silylene 1 was reacted with group 13 compounds. Adduct formation was observed with AlI3, Al(C6F5)3 and B(C6F5)3 which led to isolation of Dipp2NHSi·AlI3 (2), Dipp2NHSi·Al(C6F5)3 (3) and Dipp2NHSi·B(C6F5)3 (4). Furthermore, the reactivity of Dipp2NHSi (1) with respect to different elementhalide bonds was investigated. The reaction with elemental bromine and iodine leads to the dihalosilanes Dipp2NHSiBr2 (5) and Dipp2NHSiI2 (6). Utilizing methyl iodide, benzyl chloride and benzyl bromide, the insertion products Dipp2NHSi(I)(Me) (10), Dipp2NHSi(Cl)(benzyl) (11) and Dipp2NHSi(Br)(benzyl) (12) are obtained. Thus, insertion is preferred to reductive coupling with formation of RH2C–CH2R (R = H, Ph) and the corresponding dihalosilane. The reaction of 1 with Me3SnCl leads to the diazabutene {(Me3Sn)N(Dipp)CH}2 (9). The reaction of 1 with Ph2SnCl2 gives exclusively Dipp2NHSiCl2 (8) and cyclic polystannanes (Ph2Sn)n. The reactivity of 1 towards selected 1,3-dipolar compounds was also examined and Dipp2NHSi was reacted with azides of different size. The reaction with adamantyl azide led to the formation of the tetrazoline 13. For the reaction with the sterically less demanding trimethylsilyl azide the azido silane Dipp2NHSi(N(SiMe3)2)(N3) (14) and the degradation product 14* was isolated. The cyclosilamine 15 was formed from the reaction of 1 with 2,6-(diphenyl)phenyl azide. The bonding situation and ligation properties of Dipp2NHSi in transition metal complexes was assessed in the second part of the thesis by means of theoretical calculations and experimental investigations. Calculations on the main electronic features of Me2Im/Me2NHSi and Dipp2NHSi/Dipp2Im revealed significant differences in the frontier orbital region of these compounds, which affect the ligation properties of NHSis in general. It was demonstrated that NHSis show significantly different behaviour concerning their coordination chemistry. In particular, one energetically low lying π-acceptor orbital seems to determine the coordination chemistry of these ligands. To provide experimental support for these calculations, the silylene complexes [M(CO)5(Dipp2NHSi)] (M = Cr 16, Mo 17, W 18) were synthesized from Dipp2NHSi and [M(CO)6] (M = Cr, Mo, W) and the tungsten NHSi complex 18 was compared to the NHC complexes [W(CO)5(iPr2Im)] (19), [W(CO)5(iPr2ImMe)] (20) and [W(CO)5(Me2ImMe)] (21). The bonding of Me2Im and Me2NHSi (= L) to transition metal complexes has been assessed with DFT calculations for the model systems [Ni(L)], [Ni(CO)3(L)], and [W(CO)5(L)]. These studies revealed some common features in the difference between M–NHSi and M–NHC bonding which largely affect the bonding situation in transition metal complexes. NHSis show a propensity for bridging two metal atoms which was demonstrated on three different examples. Dipp2NHSi reacts with [Ni(CO)4] to form the dinuclear silylene-bridged complex [{Ni(CO)2(μ-Dipp2NHSi)}2] (22) upon CO elimination. The reduction of [Ni(η5-C5H5)2] with lithium naphthalenide in the presence of Dipp2NHSi yielded the NHSi-bridged Ni(I) dimer [{(η5 C5H5)Ni(µ-Dipp2NHSi)}2] (23). The dimeric half-sandwich complex [{(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2}2] led upon reaction with Dipp2NHSi to the formation of the dinuclear, NHSi-bridged complex [{(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)}2(µ-CO)(µ-Dipp2NHSi)] (24). The insertion of Dipp2NHSi into metal halide bonds was investigated in a series of manganese complexes [Mn(CO)5(X)] (X = Cl, Br, I). The reaction of Dipp2NHSi with [Mn(CO)5(I)] led to substitution of two carbonyl ligands with Dipp2NHSi (1) to afford the tricarbonyl complex [Mn(CO)3(Dipp2NHSi)2(I)] (25). In 25, the iodide ligand is aligned in the {Mn(CO)3} plane, located between both NHSi silicon atoms. Treatment of [Mn(CO)5(Br)] with two equivalents of Dipp2NHSi afforded the complex [Mn(CO)3(Dipp2NHSi)2(Br)] (26), in which the bromide ligand is distorted towards one of the NHSi ligands. The reaction of the silylene ligand with [Mn(CO)5(Cl)] at room temperature afforded a mixture of two products, [Mn(CO)3(Dipp2NHSi)2(Cl)] (27*) and the insertion product [Mn(CO)4(Dipp2NHSi)(Dipp2NHSi-Cl)] (27). Complete transfer of a halide to the silylene was achieved for the reaction of Dipp2NHSi with [(η5-C5H5)Ni(PPh3)(Cl)] to yield [Ni(PPh3)(η5-C5H5)(Dipp2NHSi-Cl)] (28). Similarly, the reaction with [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(I)] led to the formation of [(η5 C5H5)Fe(CO)2(Dipp2NHSi-I)] (29).
In the context of this work, important trends in the influence of the metal center, coligand, and alkyne reaction partner on the iClick reaction of square-planar palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with a N^N^N, C^N^N, or S^N^N coordination sphere and a number of internal as well as terminal alkynes were elaborated. Preliminary bioactivity studies on a human cancer cell line gave low micromolar EC50 values, for the most promising compound comparable to cisplatin serving as a reference drug. The further application of the iClick reaction to bioconjugation will be explored in future work.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten nasschemische Synthesen für Dibortetrafluorid und chlorid ausgehend von Dibortetrabromid entwickelt werden, die durch einfachen Halogenaustausch mit SbF3 bzw. GaCl3 realisiert wurden. In Verbindung mit Arbeiten von Dr. Jonas Müssig zur Synthese von B2I4 gelang die Darstellung aller vier Dibortetrahalogenide mittels einfacher Schlenktechnik basierend auf der Synthese von B2Br4 durch Nöth und Pommerening im Jahr 1981. Dibortetrachlorid konnte mit Phosphanen (PMe3, PCy3 und PPh3) und Singulett-Carbenen (IDipp und MeCAAC) zu den klassischen Bisaddukten 44−46 bzw. 54 und 55 umgesetzt werden. Die Addition eines Isonitrils (CNtBu) an B2Cl4 führte zunächst zur Ausbildung des Bisadduktes 53, allerdings konnte in Lösung eine Umlagerung beobachtet werden, deren Verlauf 11B-NMR-spektroskopisch verfolgt wurde, jedoch nicht final aufgeklärt werden konnte. Durch die Zugabe eines Unterschusses der Lewis-Basen IDipp bzw. PCy3 sollten zunächst Monoaddukte von B2Cl4 dargestellt werden, deren Umsetzung mit einer weiteren Lewis-Base die Synthese asymmetrischer Lewis-Basen-Addukte von B2Cl4 ermöglichen sollte. Die sp2-sp3-Diborane 56 und 57 konnten bei tiefen Temperaturen 11B-NMR-spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden, allerdings führte eine Abfangreaktion mit diversen Lewis-Basen nicht zu den gewünschten asymmetrischen Addukten. Bei Raumtemperatur konnte eine Folgereaktion von 56 zur Chlorid-verbrückten kationischen Spezies 58 mit einem Tetrachloroborat-Anion beobachtet werden. Im Fall von Dibortetrafluorid konnten keine Lewis-Basen-Addukte (LB = PMe3 und MeCAAC) isoliert werden. Die Reaktivität von B2Cl4 gegenüber ungesättigten Substraten wurde anhand mehrerer literaturbekannter Beispiele (Acetylen, 2-Butin, 3-Hexin, Diphenylacetylen und Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylen) nachvollzogen und um die terminalen Alkine Propin und 1 Hexin erweitert. Eine selektive Addition von B2Br4 an Dreifachbindungen gelang nicht. Die so erhaltenen Diborylalkene sollten zur Darstellung von 1,2-Diboreten genutzt werden, wobei zunächst über eine von Siebert et al. entwickelte Route die Bis(N,N-dialkylaminochlorboryl)alkene 67g, h, j und k dargestellt wurden. Ein nachfolgender Ringschluss unter reduktiven Bedingungen verlief nur für die Diisopropyl¬amino-substituierten Diborylalkene 67g und j selektiv und lieferte das 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-diboret 71g und das umgelagerte 1,3-Dihydro-1,3-diboret 68j. Der Austausch der Aminosubstituenten gegen Halogenide, der für eine weitere Reduktion zur B-B-Doppelbindung nötig wäre, gelang nicht. Die Umsetzung der Diborylalkene 61 (R = Me), 62 (R = Et) und 65 (R = Ph) mit Singulett-Carbenen (LB = IMe, IiPr, IDipp und MeCAAC) führte zu den chloridverbrückten Monoaddukten 74−76 und 79−81. Alle Verbindungen dieses Typs zeigten in NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen ein sp2- und ein sp3-koordiniertes Borzentrum, welche für die CAAC-stabilisierten Verbindungen auch röntgenkristallografisch nachgewiesen werden konnten. Theoretische Untersuchungen bestätigten die Relevanz des verbrückenden Chloratoms zur Stabilisierung dieser Verbindungen. Für die Stammverbindung der Diborylalkene (59 (R = H)) konnte bei der Umsetzung mit MeCAAC eine unlösliche Verbindung erhalten werden, deren Struktur als Bisaddukt 82 mittels NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen im Festkörper und durch Verbrennungsanalyse bestätigt werden konnte.
Die Reduktion der CAAC-stabilisierten Diborylalkene 79 und 80 in Gegenwart von MeCAAC führte zu den captodativ-stabilisierten Diborylradikalen 83 und 84, deren Strukturanalyse eine orthogonale Anordnung der C2-Brücke zur B(CAAC)-Einheit offenlegt. Ausführliche EPR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen bei variabler Temperatur und theoretische Berechnungen bestätigen eine schwache Wechselwirkung der beiden Radikalzentren und einen offenschaligen Singulett-Grundzustand mit einem energetisch tiefliegenden Triplett-Zustand (ΔES T = 0.017 kcal mol−1). Der experimentell bestimmte Spin-Spin-Abstand und die Analyse der einfach besetzten Molekülorbitale (SOMO) bestätigen eine Delokalisierung der Spindichte über die NCAAC-CCAAC-B-Einheit. Der Austausch der verbrückenden Einheit und die somit einhergehende Verringerung der Sterik führt zu einer Planarisierung des Moleküls im Festkörper (87). Theoretische Untersuchungen und die Auswertung der strukturellen Parameter ergeben eine Delokalisierung der Elektronendichte über das gesamte planare System. EPR- und NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen ergaben dennoch Hinweise auf das Vorliegen einer paramagnetischen Verbindung. Untersuchungen zum Reduktionsverhalten von zweifach CAAC-stabilisiertem 1,4-Bis-(dibromboryl)benzol (97) ergaben die vollständige Enthalogenierung der Borzentren. Im Zuge dessen entstand ein hochreaktives, lineares Borylen, welches eine CH-Aktivierung mit dem Isopropylsubstituenten des CAAC-Liganden eingeht (98). Zur Stabilisierung des Borylens wurde die Reduktion in Gegenwart weiterer Lewis-Basen (Pyridin (Pyr), IiPr, IMeMe, PMe3, CNtBu und CO) durchgeführt, die in der Ausbildung der Diborylene 99−104 resultierten. Die Darstellung einer para-Phenylen-verbrückten Donor-Akzeptor-Verbindung (D: Borylen, A: BMes2) gelang nicht.
Chapter 1
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials provide a strategy to improve external quantum efficiencies of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Because of spin-statistics, 25% singlet and 75% triplet excitons are generated in an electronic device. Conventional organic emitters cannot harvest the triplet excitons, due to low spin orbit coupling, and exhibit low external quantum efficiencies. TADF materials have to be designed in such a way, that the energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet states (ΔES-T) is sufficiently small to allow reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) in organic systems. An established structure property relationship for the generation of TADF materials is the spatial separation of HOMO and LUMO via an orthogonal arrangement of donor and acceptor in donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) compounds. This is achieved by increasing the steric bulk of the π-bridge. However, this is not always the most efficient method and electronic parameters have to be considered. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, a computational protocol to predict the excited states in D-π-A compounds containing the B(FXyl)2 (FXyl = 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acceptor group for the design of new TADF emitters is presented. To this end, the effect of different donor and π-bridge moieties on the energy gaps between local and charge-transfer singlet and triplet states was examined. To prove the computationally aided design concept, the D-π-B(FXyl)2 compounds Cbz-π (1), Cbz-Meπ (2), Phox-Meπ (3), Phox-MeOπ (4), and MeO₃Ph-FMeπ (5) were synthesized and fully characterized. The photophysical properties of these compounds in various solvents, polymeric film and in a frozen matrix were investigated in detail and show excellent agreement with the computationally obtained data (Figure 5.1). A simple structure-property relationship based on the molecular fragment orbitals of the donor and the π-bridge which minimize the relevant singlet-triplet gaps to achieve efficient TADF emitters is presented.
Chapter 2
Three-coordinate boron is widely used as an acceptor in conjugated materials. In recent years the employment of trifluoromethylated aryls was shown to improve the acceptor properties of such boranes. Astonishingly, the use of ortho-trifluoromethylated aryls in boron containing systems also improves the stability of those systems in regard to their inherent reactivity towards nucleophiles. Borafluorenes are stronger acceptors than their non-annulated triarylborane derivatives. In previous studies, the effect of trifluoromethylated aryls as the exo-aryl moieties in borafluorenes, as well as the effect of fluorination on the backbone, were examined. As the latter suffers from a very low stability, systems using trifluoromethyl groups, both on the exo-aryl as well as the borafluorene backbone were designed in order to maximize both the stability as well as the acceptor strength.
Three different perfluoroalkylated borafluorenes were prepared and their electronic and photophysical properties were investigated. The systems have four trifluoromethyl moieties on the borafluorene moiety as well as two trifluoromethyl groups at the ortho positions of their exo-aryl moieties. They differ with regard to the para-substituents on their exo-aryl moieties, being a proton (FXylFBf), a trifluoromethyl group (FMesFBf) or a dimethylamino group (p NMe2-FXylFBf), respectively. Furthermore, an acetonitrile adduct of FMesFBf was obtained and characterized. All derivatives exhibit extraordinarily low reduction potentials, comparable to those of perylenediimides. The most electron deficient derivative FMesFBf was also chemically reduced and its radical anion isolated and characterized. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of all compounds were investigated. All compounds exhibit weakly allowed lowest energy absorptions and very long fluorescent lifetimes of ca. 250 ns up to 1.6 μs; however, the underlying mechanisms differ. The donor substituted derivative p-NMe2-FXylFBf exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence from a charge transfer (CT) state, while the FMesFBf and FXylFBf borafluorenes exhibit only weakly allowed locally excited (LE) transitions due to their symmetry and low transition dipole moments, as suggested by DFT and TD-DFT calculations.
Chapter 3
Conjugated dendrimers find wide application in various fields, such as charge transport/storage or emitter materials in organic solar cells or OLEDs. Previous studies on boron containing conjugated dendrimers are scarce and mostly employ a convergent synthesis approach, lacking a simple, generally applicable synthetic access. A new divergent approach was designed and conjugated triarylborane dendrimers were synthesized up to the 2nd generation. The synthetic strategy consists of three steps:
1) functionalization, via iridium catalyzed C–H borylation;
2) activation, via fluorination of the generated boronate ester with K[HF2] or [N(nBu)4][HF2]; and
3) expansion, via reaction of the trifluoroborate salts with aryl Grignard reagents.
The concept was also shown to be viable for a convergent approach. All but one of the conjugated borane dendrimers exhibit multiple, distinct and reversible reduction potentials, making them potentially interesting materials for applications in molecular accumulators (Figure 5.7).
Based on their photophysical properties, the 1st generation dendrimers exhibit good conjugation over the whole system. The conjugation does not further increase upon expansion to the 2nd generation, but the molar extinction coefficients increase linearly with the number of triarylborane sub-units, suggesting a potential application as photonic antennas.
Chapter 4
A surprisingly high electronically-driven regioselectivity for the iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation using [Ir(COD)OMe]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) as the precatalytic species, bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) as the boron source and 4,4’-ditertbutyl-2,2’-bipyridin (dtbpy) as the ligand of D-π-A systems with diphenylamino (1) or carbazolyl (2) moieties as the donor, bis(2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boryl (B(FXyl)2) as the acceptor, and 1,4-phenylene as the π-bridge was observed. Under these conditions, borylation was observed only at the sterically least encumbered para-positions of the acceptor groups. As boronate esters are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis (C–C coupling, functional group transformations), the C–H borylation represents a simple potential method for post-functionalization by which electronic or other properties of D-π-A systems can be fine-tuned for specific applications. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the borylated (1-(Bpin)2) and unborylated (1) diphenylamino-substituted D-π-A systems were investigated. Interestingly, the borylated derivative exhibits coordination of THF to the boronate ester moieties, influencing the photophysical properties and exemplifying the non-innocence of boronate esters.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten die Strukturen von 32 neuen Koordinationspolymeren (CPs) und acht neuen Komplexen auf Basis von Antimon- \bzw Bismuthalogeniden und N-Donor Liganden aufgeklärt werden. Davon konnten 26 CPs vollständig mittels diffraktometrischer, spektroskopischer und thermischer Analysetechniken charakterisiert werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit lag dabei auf den strukturellen Eigenschaften sowie den Photolumineszenzeigenschaften der antimon- \bzw bismuthaltigen Koordinationspolymere.
Für die Synthese der Koordinationsverbindungen wurden die Bis- \bzw Trispyridyle 4,4'-Bipyridin (\textit{4-bipy}), 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylen (\textit{4-bpe}), 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethan (\textit{4-bpa}) und 2,4,6-Tris(4-pyridyl)triazin (\textit{4-tpt}), die aromatischen Nitrile 4-Cyanopyridin (\textit{4-cypy}) und 2,4,6-Tris(4-cyanophenyl)triazin (\textit{4-tcpt}) sowie die Heteroaromaten Pyrazin (\textit{pyz}) und Thiazol (\textit{thz}) zusammen mit SbX$_3$ und BiX$_3$ (X: Cl, Br, I) eingesetzt. Die Reagenzien wurden unter unterschiedlichen Synthesebedingungen miteinander zur Reaktion gebracht, um die Koordination der organische Liganden zu realisieren. Auf diese Weise konnte eine Fülle an Strukturen beobachtet werden, die sich von Komplexen über eindimensionale Stränge und zweidimensionale Schichten bis hin zu dreidimensionalen Netzwerken erstreckt. Als bevorzugte Koordinationsumgebung wurde sowohl für Bi$^{3+}$, als auch für Sb$^{3+}$ verzerrte Oktaeder beobachtet. Für Antimon konnten darüber hinaus quadratisch pyramidale und tetraedrische Koordination mit stereochemisch aktiven freien Elektronenpaaren beobachtet werden, während vergleichbare Bismutverbindungen oktaedrische Koordination aufweisen. Dies verdeutlicht die stärkere Neigung des freien Elektronenpaares von Sb$^{3+}$ über sterische Wechselwirkungen mit den Liganden in Interaktion zu treten, verglichen mit jenem von Bi$^{3+}$.
Die Bispyridyl Liganden \textit{4-bipy}, \textit{4-bpe} und \textit{4-bpa} formen mit den Antimon(III)- und Bismut(III)halogeniden die sublimierbaren, doppelsträngigen CPs $^{\ 1}_\infty$[E$_2$X$_6$(\textit{L})$_2$] (E: Sb, Bi; X: Cl, Br, I; L: \textit{4-bipy}, \textit{4-bpe}, \textit{4-bpa}; \textbf{1}-\textbf{6}, \textbf{8}-\textbf{15}) sowie $^{\ 1}_\infty$[SbCl$_3$(\textit{4-bipy})] (\textbf{7}). In den CPs \textbf{1}-\textbf{6}, \textbf{8}-\textbf{15} erfolgt die Verknüpfung der E$^{3+}$-Kationen nicht nur über die organischen Liganden, sondern auch über die Halogenidoliganden. Eine ähnliche Art der Verknüpfung tritt in den CPs $^{\ 3}_\infty[$Bi$_2$Br$_6$(\textit{4-tcpt})] (\textbf{26}) und $^{\ 2}_\infty[$Bi$_2$Br$_6$(\textit{pyz})] (\textbf{32}) auf, während in $^{\ 1}_\infty[$BiX$_3$(\textit{4-cypy})$_2$] (X: Cl, Br; \textbf{16}, \textbf{17}) die Verknüpfung sogar ausschließlich über die Halogenidoliganden erfolgt. Umsetzungen der Halogenide mit \textit{4-tpt} führen zur Ausbildung verschiedener Koordinationspolymere. Während mit den Iodiden sowohl die CPs $^{\ 1}_\infty[$EI$_3$(\textit{4-tpt})] (E: Sb, Bi; \textbf{22}, \textbf{23}), als auch $^{\ 2}_\infty[$E$_4$I$_{12}$(\textit{4-tpt})$_2$] (E: Sb, Bi; \textbf{24}, \textbf{25}) zugänglich sind, reagieren die Chloride und Bromide zu $^{\ 2}_\infty[$EX$_3$(\textit{4-tpt})] (E: Sb , Bi; X: Cl, Br; \textbf{18}-\textbf{21}). Aus dem CP $^{\ 1}_\infty[$SbCl$_3$(\textit{pyz})] (\textbf{29}), das quadratische \{SbCl$_3$N$_2$\}-Pyramiden enthält, kann durch Erhitzen das höher vernetzte $^{\ 3}_\infty[$Sb$_2$Cl$_6$(\textit{pyz})$_3$] (\textbf{30}) mit oktaedrischer Sb$^{3+}$-Koordination in einer Kondensationsreaktion dargestellt werden. Eine verwandte Struktur wurde auch für die iodidhaltige Verbindung $^{\ 3}_\infty[$Sb$_2$Cl$_6$(\textit{pyz})$_3$] (\textbf{31}) beobachtet werden.
Die Untersuchung der Lumineszenzeigenschaften der synthetisierten Koordinationspolymere ergab, dass die breitbandigen Anregungsprozesse in den Sb- und Bi-CPs durch metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) Prozesse hervorgerufen werden. Für die Emission stellen ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) Übergänge von ligandzentrierten Zustände in die elektronischen Grundzustände an den anorganischen Koordinationseinheiten und inter-valence charge-transfer (IVCT) Prozesse in E$^{3+}$-Paaren die bedeutendsten Prozesse dar. Darüber hinaus konnte in einigen CPs aber auch ligandbasierte Fluoreszenz \bzw Phosphoreszenz beobachtet werden. Die Intensität der Lumineszenz ist erheblich von den enthaltenen Halogenidoliganden abhängig (Cl>Br>I), weshalb für iodidhaltige Verbindungen keine Lumineszenz beobachtet werden konnte. Darüber hinaus wurden vier lanthanoidhaltige Koordinationspolymere der Zusammensetzung $\beta$-$^{\ 1}_\infty[$Bi$_{2-x}$Ln$_x$Cl$_6$(\textit{4-bipy})$_2$] (Ln: Ce, Eu, Tb, Eu/Tb; \textbf{41:Ln}) hergestellt. Dadurch konnte die hervorragende Eignung bismutbasierter Koordinationspolymere als Wirtsverbindungen für Ln$^{3+}$-Kationen nachgewiesen werden. In diesen Verbindungen führt die Anregung des Wirtsgitters über einen Energietransfer zu den charakteristischen Eu$^{3+}$- und Tb$^{3+}$-Emissionen. Die Anwesenheit von Ce$^{3+}$ führt hingegen zu einer deutlichen Intensitätssteigerung der Lumineszenz der Wirtsverbindung. Somit sind auf diese Weise effiziente Phosphore mit variablen Lumineszenzfarben zugänglich.
Insgesamt konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zahlreiche neue Sb- und Bi-basierte Koordinationsverbindungen mit N-Donor Liganden dargestellt werden und neue Erkenntnisse über ihre strukturellen Eigenschaften und Photolumineszenzeigenschaften erhalten werden.