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TRPC4α and TRPC4β Similarly Affect Neonatal Cardiomyocyte Survival during Chronic GPCR Stimulation
(2016)
The Transient Receptor Potential Channel Subunit 4 (TRPC4) has been considered as a crucial Ca\(^{2+}\) component in cardiomyocytes promoting structural and functional remodeling in the course of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. TRPC4 assembles as homo or hetero-tetramer in the plasma membrane, allowing a non-selective Na\(^{+}\) and Ca\(^{2+}\) influx. Gαq protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation is known to increase TRPC4 channel activity and a TRPC4-mediated Ca\(^{2+}\) influx which has been regarded as ideal Ca\(^{2+}\) source for calcineurin and subsequent nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) activation. Functional properties of TRPC4 are also based on the expression of the TRPC4 splice variants TRPC4α and TRPC4β. Aim of the present study was to analyze cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) signals, signaling, hypertrophy and vitality of cardiomyocytes in dependence on the expression level of either TRPC4α or TRPC4β. The analysis of Ca\(^{2+}\) transients in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) showed that TRPC4α and TRPC4β affected Ca\(^{2+}\) cycling in beating cardiomyocytes with both splice variants inducing an elevation of the Ca\(^{2+}\) transient amplitude at baseline and TRPC4β increasing the Ca\(^{2+}\) peak during angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation. NRCs infected with TRPC4β (Ad-C4β) also responded with a sustained Ca\(^{2+}\) influx when treated with Ang II under non-pacing conditions. Consistent with the Ca\(^{2+}\) data, NRCs infected with TRPC4α (Ad-C4α) showed an elevated calcineurin/NFAT activity and a baseline hypertrophic phenotype but did not further develop hypertrophy during chronic Ang II/phenylephrine stimulation. Down-regulation of endogenous TRPC4α reversed these effects, resulting in less hypertrophy of NRCs at baseline but a markedly increased hypertrophic enlargement after chronic agonist stimulation. Ad-C4β NRCs did not exhibit baseline calcineurin/NFAT activity or hypertrophy but responded with an increased calcineurin/NFAT activity after GPCR stimulation. However, this effect was not translated into an increased propensity towards hypertrophy but rather less hypertrophy during GPCR stimulation. Further analyses revealed that, although hypertrophy was preserved in Ad-C4α NRCs and even attenuated in Ad-C4β NRCs, cardiomyocytes had an increased apoptosis rate and thus were less viable after chronic GPCR stimulation. These findings suggest that TRPC4α and TRPC4β differentially affect Ca\(^{2+}\) signals, calcineurin/NFAT signaling and hypertrophy but similarly impair cardiomyocyte viability during GPCR stimulation.
Background
Agalsidase beta is a form of enzyme replacement therapy for Fabry disease, a genetic disorder characterised by low alpha-galactosidase A activity, accumulation of glycosphingolipids and life-threatening cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular events. In clinical trials, agalsidase beta cleared glycolipid deposits from endothelial cells within 6 months; clearance from other cell types required sustained treatment. We hypothesised that there might be a 'lag time' to clinical benefit after initiating agalsidase beta treatment, and analysed the incidence of severe clinical events over time in patients receiving agalsidase beta.
Methods
The incidence of severe clinical events (renal failure, cardiac events, stroke, death) was studied in 1044 adult patients (641 men, 403 women) enrolled in the Fabry Registry who received agalsidase beta (average dose 1 mg/kg every 2 weeks) for up to 5 years.
Results
The incidence of all severe clinical events was 111 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 84 to 145) during the first 6 months. After 6 months, the incidence decreased and remained stable within the range of 40-58 events per 1000 patient-years. The largest decrease in incidence rates was among male patients and those aged >= 40 years when agalsidase beta was initiated.
Conclusions
Contrary to the expected increased incidence of severe clinical events with time, adult patients with Fabry disease had decreased incidence of severe clinical events after 6 months treatment with agalsidase beta 1 mg/kg every 2 weeks.
Patients in the early stage of hypertensive heart disease tend to have normal echocardiographic findings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pathology-specific echocardiographic morphologic and functional parameters can help to detect subclinical hypertensive heart disease. One hundred ten consecutive patients without a history and medication for arterial hypertension (AH) or other cardiac diseases were enrolled. Standard echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle tracking -imaging analysis were performed. Resting blood pressure (BP) measurement, cycle ergometer test (CET), and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) were conducted. Patients were referred to "septal bulge (SB)" group (basal-septal wall thickness >= 2 mm thicker than mid-septal wall thickness) or "no-SB" group. Echocardiographic SB was found in 48 (43.6%) of 110 patients. In this SB group, 38 (79.2%) patients showed AH either by CET or ABPM. In contrast, in the no-SB group (n = 62), 59 (95.2%) patients had no positive test for AH by CET or ABPM. When AH was solely defined by resting BP, SB was a reasonable predictive sign for AH (sensitivity 73%, specificity 76%). However, when AH was confirmed by CET or ABPM the echocardiographic SB strongly predicted clinical AH (sensitivity 93%, specificity 86%). In addition, regional myocardial deformation of the basal-septum in SB group was significantly lower than in no-SB group (14 +/- 4% vs. 17 +/- 4%; P < .001). In conclusion, SB is a morphologic echocardiographic sign for early hypertensive heart disease. Sophisticated BP evaluation including resting BP, ABPM, and CET should be performed in all patients with an accidental finding of a SB in echocardiography.
The objective of this study was to identify unknown modulators of Calcineurin (Cn)-NFAT signaling. Measurement of NFAT reporter driven luciferase activity was therefore utilized to screen a human cardiac cDNA-library (~10\(^{7}\) primary clones) in C2C12 cells through serial dilutions until single clones could be identified. This extensive screening strategy culminated in the identification of SUMO2 as a most efficient Cn-NFAT activator. SUMO2-mediated activation of Cn-NFAT signaling in cardiomyocytes translated into a hypertrophic phenotype. Prohypertrophic effects were also observed in mice expressing SUMO2 in the heart using AAV9 (Adeno-associated virus), complementing the in vitro findings. In addition, increased SUMO2-mediated sumoylation in human cardiomyopathy patients and in mouse models of cardiomyopathy were observed. To decipher the underlying mechanism, we generated a sumoylation-deficient SUMO2 mutant (ΔGG). Surprisingly, ΔGG replicated Cn-NFAT-activation and the prohypertrophic effects of native SUMO2, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a sumoylation-independent mechanism. Finally, we discerned a direct interaction between SUMO2 and CnA, which promotes CnA nuclear localization. In conclusion, we identified SUMO2 as a novel activator of Cn-NFAT signaling in cardiomyocytes. In broader terms, these findings reveal an unexpected role for SUMO2 in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy, which may open the possibility for therapeutic manipulation of this pathway.
Diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis is often challenging. Whereas cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) are most commonly used to evaluate patients, PET/CT using radiolabeled somatostatin receptor (SSTR) ligands for visualization of inflammation might represent a more specific alternative. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of SSTR–PET/CT for detecting cardiac sarcoidosis in comparison to CMR.
15 patients (6 males, 9 females) with sarcoidosis and suspicion on cardiac involvement underwent SSTR-PET/CT imaging and CMR. Images were visually scored. The AHA 17-segment model of the left myocardium was used for localization and comparison of inflamed myocardium for both imaging modalities. In semi-quantitative analysis, mean (SUV\(_{mean}\)) and maximum standardized uptake values (SUV\(_{max}\)) of affected myocardium were calculated and compared with both remote myocardium and left ventricular (LV) cavity.
SSTR-PET was positive in 7/15, CMR in 10/15 patients. Of the 3 CMR+/PET- subjects, one patient with minor involvement (<25% of wall thickness in CMR) was missed by PET. The remaining two CMR+/PET- patients displayed no adverse cardiac events during follow-up.
In the 17-segment model, PET/CT yielded 27 and CMR 29 positive segments. Overall concordance of the 2 modalities was 96.1% (245/255 segments analyzed). SUV\(_{mean}\) and SUV\(_{max}\) in inflamed areas were 2.0±1.2 and 2.6±1.2, respectively. The lesion-to-remote myocardium and lesion-to-LV cavity ratios were 1.8±0.2 and 1.9±0.2 for SUV\(_{mean}\) and 2.0±0.3 and 1.7±0.3 for SUV\(_{max}\), respectively.
Detection of cardiac sarcoidosis by SSTR-PET/CT is feasible. Our data warrant further analysis in larger prospective series.
Background
The X-chromosomally linked life-limiting Fabry disease (FD) is associated with deposits of the sphingolipid globotriaosylceramide 3 (Gb3) in various tissues. Skin is easily accessible and may be used as an additional diagnostic and follow-up medium. Our aims were to visualize skin Gb3 deposits in FD patients applying immunofluorescence and to determine if cutaneous Gb3 load correlates with disease severity.
Methods
At our Fabry Center for Interdisciplinary Therapy we enrolled 84 patients with FD and 27 healthy controls. All subjects underwent 5-mm skin punch biopsy at the lateral lower leg and the back. Skin samples were processed for immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CD77 (i.e. Gb3). Cutaneous Gb3 deposition was quantified in a blinded manner and correlated to clinical data.
Results
We found that Gb3 load was higher in distal skin of male FD patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Men (p<0.01) and women (p<0.05) with a classic FD phenotype had higher distal skin Gb3 load than healthy controls. Men with advanced disease as reflected by impaired renal function, and men and women with small fiber neuropathy had more Gb3 deposits in distal skin samples than males with normal renal function (p<0.05) and without small fiber neuropathy. Gb3 deposits were not different between patients with and without enzyme replacement therapy.
Conclusions
Immunofluorescence on minimally invasive skin punch biopsies may be useful as a tool for assessment and follow-up in FD patients.
Zusammenfassend ist die Inzidenz von NNK bei Patienten mit einer chronischen
Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz auch bei geschulten Patienten hoch. Das Auftreten der NNK
ist zudem mit einer erheblichen Morbidität und Mortalität verknüpft. In der heutigen Zeit
sterben weiterhin Patienten an den Folgen ihrer chronischen NNRI trotz einer adäquaten
Behandlung. Legt man die oben genannten Zahlen zugrunde, werden in den nächsten zehn
Jahren zwischen 5526 und 10647 Patienten an einer behandelbaren NNK versterben. Dies
macht die Notwendigkeit, die genauen Umstände und Ursachen einer NNK zu verstehen,
noch wichtiger. Die Analysen der Risikofaktoren einer NNK haben jedoch nur ein begrenztes
Potential, Patienten mit einem besonders hohen Risiko für das Auftreten von NKK zu
identifizieren. Patientenaufklärungen im Hinblick auf Dosisanpassungen der Glukokortikoide
in Stresssituationen werden die intravenösen Gaben von Glukokortikoiden nicht unnötig
machen, um eine drohende NNK zu verhindern. Anstrengungen um eine einheitliche
Patientenaufklärung mit dem Training der Selbstbehandlung mit parenteralem Hydrocortison
werden essentiell sein, um die NNK als Todesursache zu verhindern. Die aktuelle Studie
zeigt, dass die bisherigen Anstrengungen, eine einheitliche und breite Informationsgrundlage
zu vermitteln, nicht ausreichend sind. Denn auch bei medizinischem Fachpersonal besteht
anscheinend nach wie vor die Notwendigkeit einer intensiveren Schulung und Aufklärung. In
mehreren telefonischen Kontakten berichteten Patienten, dass sich ärztliche Kollegen nur
zurückhaltend auf eine ausreichend hohe intravenöse Cortisongabe einlassen konnten, in
einem Fall sogar, obwohl der betroffene Patient einen Notfallausweis bei sich trug. Auch in
der Laienpresse wurde von einem Fall berichtet, in dem laut Aussage der Patientin eine
Cortisonanpassung nicht ausreichend erfolgte.[40] Da die meisten tätigen Ärzte nur sehr
selten mit dem Krankheitsbild einer NNK konfrontiert sind, reagieren diese rezidivierend
nicht adäquat.[8] Auch zeigen sich die Symptome einer NNK häufig sehr unspezifisch,
weshalb es vielen Ärzten schwer fallen mag, diese zu erkennen. Da eine frühzeitige
Intervention für ein gutes Out Come jedoch unverzichtbar ist, sollten weitere Anstrengungen
gemacht werden, auch ärztliche Kollegen über diese Erkrankung und deren Behandlung
aufzuklären. Weiterhin zeigt sich auch die Schulung von Familie und Freunden als sinnvoll,
um das Aktionspotential im Falle einer akuten Verschlechterung der
Nebennierenrindenerkrankung zu verstärken.
423 Fragebögen waren für die Ersterhebung verfügbar, insgesamt schlossen 364 Patienten
(84%) das gesamte follow up über 2 Jahre ab. 767,5 Patientenjahre konnten über die Studie
erfasst werden. Innerhalb der Erhebungszeit wurde von 64 NNK berichtet. Dies entspricht
einer Häufigkeit von 8,3 Krisen/100 Patientenjahre. Als Hauptauslösefaktoren konnten
gastrointestinale Infektionen, Fieber und emotionaler Stress erkannt werden. Die Häufigkeit
entsprach 20%. Jedoch auch andere Stressoren konnten identifiziert werden. Hier zeigten sich
zum Beispiel Operationen, starke Schmerzen, Hitze, anstrengende körperliche Betätigung und
Schwangerschaft als ursächlich. In 7% der Fälle konnte bei einer plötzlichen
Verschlechterung des Zustandes keine auslösende Ursache gefunden werden. Es fand sich
jedoch, dass Patienten, die in ihrer Anamnese bereits eine oder mehrere NNK erlitten hatten,
ein höheres Risiko für eine erneute Entgleisung auswiesen. (Odds ratio 2,85, 95%
Konfidenzinterval 1.5–5.5, p 0,01) Andere Risikofaktoren konnten in der aktuellen Studie
nicht identifiziert werden. Während des Erhebungszeitraumes von zwei Jahren verstarben
insgesamt zehn Patienten. Vier dieser Todesfälle konnte einer NNK als Todesursache
zugeordnet werden. Dies entspricht einer Mortalitätshäufigkeit von 0,5/100 Patientenjahre.
Somit war in unserer Studie die NNK-assoziierte Mortalität 6% der NNK.
Unsere Studienteilnehmer wurden zu Beginn des Follow ups detailliert über die
Notwendigkeit von Dosisanpassungen und der Inanspruchnahme von professionellen Helfern
aufgeklärt. Dennoch zeigte sich im Vergleich zu anderen Studien mit 8,3 NNK/100
Patientenjahre keine reduzierte NNK-Häufigkeit. Jedoch konnte durchaus eine Reduktion der
NNK-Häufigkeit im Vergleich zu den Daten im Ersterhebungsbogen gezeigt werden. Neben
der Notwendigkeit, die Patientenaufklärung zu verbessern, zeigte die vorliegende Studie
jedoch auch, dass weitere Anstrengungen gemacht werden müssen, um das Vorgehen vor und
bei einer NNK weiterhin zu optimieren. So sind die genauen Umstände, die zu einer NNK
führen, bis heute noch nicht detailliert geklärt. Zwar konnten einige Risikofaktoren und
auslösende Situationen identifiziert werden, jedoch nicht die Frage, warum einige Patienten
eine NNK bekommen und Andere nicht. In diesem Zusammenhang besteht auch weiterhin die
Frage, warum einige Patienten gut auf eine Erhöhung der oralen Cortisondosis reagieren und
Andere trotz der Erhöhung in eine NNK kommen. Hieraus ergibt sich die Frage, ob es
Patienten gibt, die sensitiver auf das Cortison reagieren, und wenn dies der Fall ist, warum.
Hierfür könnte sprechen, dass es Patienten gibt, die rezidivierend in eine NNK kommen,
während Andere nie ein Krise erleiden. Auch wird es weiterhin Anstrengungen und neue
Strategien brauchen, eine schnellstmögliche Intervention im Falle einer Verschlechterung des
Allgemeinzustandes zu gewährleisten. Hier sind bessere, flächendeckende Aufklärungen für
medizinisches Fachpersonal und/oder die Verbesserung der mitgeführten Notfallkarten
notwendig. Eine Strategie, die Interventionszeit zu verkürzen, wäre der Ausbau der
Selbstinjektionen durch den betroffenen Patienten oder dessen Angehörige.
Proposals for enhanced health risk assessment and stratification in an integrated care scenario
(2016)
Objectives
Population-based health risk assessment and stratification are considered highly relevant for large-scale implementation of integrated care by facilitating services design and case identification. The principal objective of the study was to analyse five health-risk assessment strategies and health indicators used in the five regions participating in the Advancing Care Coordination and Telehealth Deployment (ACT) programme (http://www.act-programme.eu). The second purpose was to elaborate on strategies toward enhanced health risk predictive modelling in the clinical scenario.
Settings
The five ACT regions: Scotland (UK), Basque Country (ES), Catalonia (ES), Lombardy (I) and Groningen (NL).
Participants
Responsible teams for regional data management in the five ACT regions.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
We characterised and compared risk assessment strategies among ACT regions by analysing operational health risk predictive modelling tools for population-based stratification, as well as available health indicators at regional level. The analysis of the risk assessment tool deployed in Catalonia in 2015 (GMAs, Adjusted Morbidity Groups) was used as a basis to propose how population-based analytics could contribute to clinical risk prediction.
Results
There was consensus on the need for a population health approach to generate health risk predictive modelling. However, this strategy was fully in place only in two ACT regions: Basque Country and Catalonia. We found marked differences among regions in health risk predictive modelling tools and health indicators, and identified key factors constraining their comparability. The research proposes means to overcome current limitations and the use of population-based health risk prediction for enhanced clinical risk assessment.
Conclusions
The results indicate the need for further efforts to improve both comparability and flexibility of current population-based health risk predictive modelling approaches. Applicability and impact of the proposals for enhanced clinical risk assessment require prospective evaluation.
Estimation of absolute risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), preferably with population-specific risk charts, has become a cornerstone of CVD primary prevention. Regular recalibration of risk charts may be necessary due to decreasing CVD rates and CVD risk factor levels. The SCORE risk charts for fatal CVD risk assessment were first calibrated for Germany with 1998 risk factor level data and 1999 mortality statistics. We present an update of these risk charts based on the SCORE methodology including estimates of relative risks from SCORE, risk factor levels from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008–11 (DEGS1) and official mortality statistics from 2012. Competing risks methods were applied and estimates were independently validated. Updated risk charts were calculated based on cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure risk factor levels, sex and 5-year age-groups. The absolute 10-year risk estimates of fatal CVD were lower according to the updated risk charts compared to the first calibration for Germany. In a nationwide sample of 3062 adults aged 40–65 years free of major CVD from DEGS1, the mean 10-year risk of fatal CVD estimated by the updated charts was lower by 29% and the estimated proportion of high risk people (10-year risk > = 5%) by 50% compared to the older risk charts. This recalibration shows a need for regular updates of risk charts according to changes in mortality and risk factor levels in order to sustain the identification of people with a high CVD risk.
Organ manifestations and long-term outcome of Fabry disease in patients with the GLA haplotype D313Y
(2016)
Objectives: The severity of Fabry disease is dependent on the type of mutation in the α-galactosidase A (AgalA) encoding gene (GLA). This study focused on the impact of the GLA haplotype D313Y on long-term organ involvement and function.
Setting and participants: In this monocentric study, all participants presenting with the D313Y haplotype between 2001 and 2015 were comprehensively clinically investigated at baseline and during a 4-year follow-up if available. Five females and one male were included.
Primary and secondary outcome measures: Cardiac, nephrological, neurological, laboratory and quality of life data.
Results: AgalA enzyme activity in leucocytes (0.3±0.9 nmol/min/mg protein (mean±SD)) and serum lyso-Gb3 (0.6±0.3 ng/mL at baseline) were in normal range in all patients. Cardiac morphology and function were normal (left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 66±8%; interventricular septum 7.7±1.4 mm; LV posterior wall 7.5±1.4 mm; normalised LV mass in MRI 52±9 g/m2; LV global longitudinal strain −21.6±1.9%) and there were no signs of myocardial fibrosis in cardiac MRI. Cardiospecific biomarkers were also in normal range. Renal function was not impaired (estimated glomerular filtration rate MDRD 103±15 mL/min; serum-creatinine 0.75±0.07 mg/dL; cystatin-c 0.71±0.12 mg/L). One female patient (also carrying a Factor V Leiden mutation) had a transitory ischaemic attack. One patient showed white matter lesions in brain MRI, but none had Fabry-associated pain attacks, pain crises, evoked pain or permanent pain. Health-related quality of life analysis revealed a reduction in individual well-being. At long-term follow-up after 4 years, no significant change was seen in any parameter.
Conclusions: The results of the current study suggest that the D313Y genotype does not lead to severe organ manifestations as seen in genotypes known to be causal for classical FD."