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Der Schimmelpilz Aspergillus (A.) fumigatus stellt den häufigsten Erreger der invasiven Aspergillose (IA) dar, die vor allem bei immunsupprimierten Patienten auftritt. Unter den unspezifischen klinischen Symptomen dieser Erkrankung ist Fieber das häufigste. Dennoch wurden physiologische Aspekte wie eine erhöhte Körpertemperatur in Arbei-ten zur Interaktion menschlicher Immunzellen mit A. fumigatus bisher nicht berück-sichtigt. Zahlreiche Studien konnten den Einfluss einer erhöhten Temperatur auf den Verlauf von Infektionserkrankungen in vivo sowie auf die Funktionen verschiedener Immunzellen – einschließlich dendritischer Zellen (DCs) – in vitro zeigen. DCs spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Immunabwehr gegenüber A. fumigatus, ihre besondere Be-deutung liegt in der Verknüpfung der angeborenen mit der erworben Immunantwort.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die in vitro Analyse des Einflusses einer erhöhten Temperatur auf die Immunantwort humaner DCs gegenüber A. fumigatus. Dazu wurden DCs mit A. fumigatus oder Zymosan, einem ß-1,3-Glucan, bei Normo- (37 °C) und Hyperthermie (40 °C) für bis zu 24 h inkubiert und spezifische DC-Funktionen charakterisiert. Hierbei tolerierten DCs die Inkubation und Stimulation unter Hyperthermie ohne signifikanten Viabilitätsverlust. Die Zytokinexpression und -sekretion durch A. fumigatus-Stimulation wurde durch Hyperthermie nicht signifikant verändert. Die Fähigkeit zur Aufnahme von A. fumigatus-Konidien wurde durch eine kurzzeitige (1 h) Hyperthermie nicht beein-flusst, längerfristige (24 h) Hyperthermie reduzierte diese Fähigkeit jedoch signifikant. Ebenso bestand unter Hyperthermie eine verstärkte Expression von CD86 und HLA-DR auf unstimulierten DCs sowie von CD80, CD86 und HLA-DR auf stimulierten DCs.
Die reduzierte Aufnahmekapazität für A. fumigatus-Konidien und die verstärkte
Expression der kostimulatorischen Moleküle unter Hyperthermie zeigten, dass Hyper-thermie in vitro einen reiferen Phänotyp unstimulierter DCs bewirkt sowie die DC-Reifung durch A. fumigatus-Stimulation verstärken kann. Diese reiferen DCs könnten zu einer verbesserten T-Zell-Aktivierung und Abwehr von A. fumigatus und zu einem verbesserten Outcome der IA beitragen. Außerdem könnte Hyperthermie als Adjuvans zur in vitro Generierung A. fumigatus-spezifischer DCs eingesetzt werden.
Abstract
Background
HLA-G is a non-classical MHC class I molecule which exerts strong immunosuppressive effects on various immune cells. Several membrane-bound and soluble isoforms are known. Physiologically, HLA-G is predominantly expressed in the placenta, where it contributes to protecting the semi-allogeneic embryo from rejection by the maternal immune system. However, HLA-G is also often upregulated during tumourigenesis, such as in ovarian cancer. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how soluble HLA-G may contribute to local immunosuppression in ovarian carcinomas, and to characterize HLA-G expression in different ovarian carcinoma subtypes and metastases.
Results
As reported by others, physiological HLA-G expression is restricted to few tissues, such as placenta and testes. Here, HLA-G was also detected in the medulla of the adrenal gland. In contrast, HLA-G expression was frequently detected in tumours of all assessed subtypes of ovarian carcinomas (serous, mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell). Highest expression levels were detected in high-grade serous carcinomas. In primary tumours, expression of HLA-G correlated with expression of classical MHC class I molecules HLA-A, -B and -C. Surprisingly, high levels of HLA-G were also detected on dendritic cells in local lymph nodes. As no expression of HLA-G was inducible in monocytes or dendritic cells from healthy donors in response to IL-10 or IL-4, we speculated that tumour-derived soluble HLA-G might be transferred to dendritic cells via the lymphatic system. Accordingly, high levels of tumour-derived soluble HLA-G were detected in ovarian cancer ascites samples. In vitro, dendritic cells expanded in the presence of IL-4, IL-10 and GM-CSF (DC-10) were particularly prone to binding high amounts of soluble HLA-G via ILT receptors. Furthermore, HLA-G loaded DC-10 cells inhibited the proliferation of CD8 effector cells and induced regulatory T cells, even when the DC-10 cells had been fixed with paraformaldehyde.
Conclusion
The immunosuppressive molecule HLA-G is overexpressed in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas, which account for the majority of ovarian cancers. In particular tumours with a high mutational burden and intact expression of classical, immunogenic MHC class Ia molecules may use HLA-G to escape from immunosurveillance. Additionally, tumour-derived soluble HLA-G may inhibit adaptive immune responses by binding to dendritic cells in local lymph nodes. Dendritic cells usually play a decisive role in the initiation of adaptive anti-tumour immune responses by presenting tumour antigens to cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, dendritic cells loaded with soluble HLA-G inhibit the proliferation of effector T cells and promote the induction of regulatory T cells. Thus, soluble HLA-G that is transferred to dendritic cells via lymphatic vessels may enable ovarian carcinomas to remotely suppress anti-tumour immune responses in local lymph nodes. This novel immune-escape mechanism may also exist in other solid tumours that express HLA-G.
The mold Aspergillus fumigatus causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Over the past decade new findings in research have improved our understanding of A. fumigatus-host interactions. One of them was the detection of localized areas of tissue hypoxia in the lungs of mice infected with A. fumigatus. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF 1α) is known as the central regulator of cellular responses to hypoxia. Under normoxia, this constitutively expressed protein is degraded by oxygen-dependent mechanisms in most mammalian cell types. Interaction with pathogens can induce HIF 1α stabilization under normoxic conditions in innate immune cells. Bacterial infection models revealed that hypoxic microenvironments and signaling via HIF 1α modulate functions of host immune cells. Moreover, it was recently described that in murine phagocytes, HIF 1α expression is essential to overcome an A. fumigatus infection. However, the influence of hypoxia and the role of HIF 1α signaling for anti-A. fumigatus immunity is still poorly understood, especially regarding dendritic cells (DCs), which are important regulators of anti-fungal immunity. In this study, the functional relevance of hypoxia and HIF 1α signaling in the response of human DCs against A. fumigatus has been investigated.
Hypoxia attenuated the pro-inflammatory response of DCs against A. fumigatus during the initial infection as shown by genome-wide microarray expression analyses and cytokine quantification. The up-regulation of maturation-associated molecules on DCs stimulated with A. fumigatus under hypoxia was reduced; however, these DCs possessed an enhanced capacity to stimulate T cells. This study thereby revealed divergent influence of hypoxia on anti-A. fumigatus DC functions that included both, inhibiting and enhancing effects.
HIF-1α was stabilized in DCs following stimulation with A. fumigatus under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. This stabilization was partially dependent on Dectin-1, the major receptor for A. fumigatus on human DCs. Using siRNA-based HIF 1α silencing combined with gene expression microarrays, a modulatory effect of HIF-1α on the anti-fungal immune response of human DCs was identified. Specifically, the transcriptomes of HIF-1α silenced DCs indicated that HIF-1α enhanced DC metabolism and cytokine release in response to A. fumigatus under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. This was confirmed by further down-stream analyses that included quantification of glycolytic activity and cytokine profiling of DCs. By that, this study demonstrated functional relevance of HIF 1α expression in DCs responding to A. fumigatus. The data give novel insight into the cellular functions of HIF 1α in human DCs that include regulation of the anti-fungal immune response under normoxia and hypoxia. The comprehensive transcriptome datasets in combination with the down-stream protein analyses from this study will promote further investigations to further characterize the complex interplay between hypoxia, activation of Dectin-1 and HIF-1α signaling in host responses against A. fumigatus.