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Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes the nasal cavity of mammals, but it is also a leading cause of life-threatening infections. Most human nasal isolates carry Sa3 phages, which integrate into the bacterial hlb gene encoding a sphingomyelinase. The virulence factor-encoding genes carried by the Sa3-phages are highly human-specific, and most animal strains are Sa3 negative. Thus, both insertion and excision of the prophage could potentially confer a fitness advantage to S. aureus. Here, we analyzed the phage life cycle of two Sa3 phages, Φ13 and ΦN315, in different phage-cured S. aureus strains. Based on phage transfer experiments, strains could be classified into low (8325-4, SH1000, and USA300c) and high (MW2c and Newman-c) transfer strains. High-transfer strains promoted the replication of phages, whereas phage adsorption, integration, excision, or recA transcription was not significantly different between strains. RNASeq analyses of replication-deficient lysogens revealed no strain-specific differences in the CI/Mor regulatory switch. However, lytic genes were significantly upregulated in the high transfer strain MW2c Φ13 compared to strain 8325-4 Φ13. By transcriptional start site prediction, new promoter regions within the lytic modules were identified, which are likely targeted by specific host factors. Such host-phage interaction probably accounts for the strain-specific differences in phage replication and transfer frequency. Thus, the genetic makeup of the host strains may determine the rate of phage mobilization, a feature that might impact the speed at which certain strains can achieve host adaptation.
Blue nevus is a benign melanocytic lesion, typically asymptomatic and of unknown etiology. Several histologic and clinical variants have been distinguished, the most frequent being common blue nevus, cellular blue nevus, and combined blue nevus. Although melanocytic nevi with a satellite lesion are usually suggestive of locally advanced malignant melanoma, very few cases of blue nevi with satellite lesions have been reported. The diagnosis of common or cellular blue nevi is generally straightforward; however, the presence of structures such as irregular edges or satellitosis are highly suggestive for malignancy, and differential diagnoses such as locally advanced malignant melanoma and malignant blue nevus should be considered. Recurrent blue nevi can display atypical features not seen in the primary lesion, such as pleomorphism and mitotic activity. They usually tend to follow a benign course; however, in some cases, recurrence may indicate malignant transformation. We here report the unique case of a 64-year-old woman with a recurrent cellular blue nevus accompanied by satellite lesions. Such a biological behavior resulting in a clinical presentation as a melanoma-like lesion is a rarity in blue nevus and has not been described before.
Background: This randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess whether sleep bruxism (SB) is associated with an increased rate of technical complications (ceramic defects) in lithium disilicate (LiDi) or zirconia (Z) molar single crowns (SCs). Methods: Adult patients were classified as affected or unaffected by SB based on structured questionnaires, clinical signs, and overnight portable electromyography (BruxOff) and block randomized into four groups according to SB status and crown material (LiDi or Z): LiDi-SB (n = 29), LiDi-no SB (n = 24), Z-SB (n = 23), and Z-no SB (n = 27). Differences in technical complications (main outcome) and survival and success rates (secondary outcomes) one year after crown cementation were assessed using Fisher’s exact test with significance level α = 0.05. Results: No technical complications occurred. Restoration survival rates were 100% in the LiDi-SB and LiDi-no SB groups, 95.7% in the Z-SB group, and 96.3% in the Z-no SB group (p > 0.999). Success rates were 96.6% in the LiDi-SB group, 95.8% in the LiDi-no SB group (p > 0.999), 91.3% in the Z-SB group, and 96.3% in the Z-no SB group (p ≥ 0.588). Conclusions: With a limited observation time and sample size, no effect of SB on technical complication, survival, and success rates of molar LiDi and Z SCs was detected.
Background: Extracorporeal hemadsorption eliminates proinflammatory mediators in critically ill patients with hyperinflammation. The use of a pumpless extracorporeal hemadsorption technique allows its early usage prior to organ failure and the need for an additional medical device. In our animal model, we investigated the feasibility of pumpless extracorporeal hemadsorption over a wide range of mean arterial pressures (MAP). Methods: An arteriovenous shunt between the femoral artery and femoral vein was established in eight pigs. The hemadsorption devices were inserted into the shunt circulation; four pigs received CytoSorb\(^®\) and four Oxiris\(^®\) hemadsorbers. Extracorporeal blood flow was measured in a range between mean arterial pressures of 45–85 mmHg. Mean arterial pressures were preset using intravenous infusions of noradrenaline, urapidil, or increased sedatives. Results: Extracorporeal blood flows remained well above the minimum flows recommended by the manufacturers throughout all MAP steps for both devices. Linear regression resulted in CytoSorb\(^®\) blood flow [mL/min] = 4.226 × MAP [mmHg] − 3.496 (R-square 0.8133) and Oxiris\(^®\) blood flow [mL/min] = 3.267 × MAP [mmHg] + 57.63 (R-square 0.8708), respectively. Conclusion: Arteriovenous pumpless extracorporeal hemadsorption resulted in sufficient blood flows through both the CytoSorb\(^®\) and Oxiris\(^®\) devices over a wide range of mean arterial blood pressures and is likely an intriguing therapeutic option in the early phase of septic shock or hyperinflammatory syndromes.
Active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) is known to exert direct anti-cancer actions on various malignant tissues through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). These effects have been demonstrated in breast, prostate, renal and thyroid cancers, which all have a high propensity to metastasise to bone. In addition, there is evidence that vitamin D catabolism via 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) is altered in tumour cells, thus, reducing local active vitamin D levels in cancer cells. The aim of this study was to assess VDR and CYP24A1 expression in various types of bone metastases by using immunohistochemistry. Overall, a high total VDR protein expression was detected in 59% of cases (39/66). There was a non-significant trend of high-grade tumours towards the low nuclear VDR expression (p = 0.07). Notably, patients with further distant metastases had a reduced nuclear VDR expression (p = 0.03). Furthermore, a high CYP24A1 expression was detected in 59% (39/66) of bone metastases. There was a significant positive correlation between nuclear VDR and CYP24A1 expression (p = 0.001). Collectively, the VDR and CYP24A1 were widely expressed in a multitude of bone metastases, pointing to a potential role of vitamin D signalling in cancer progression. This is of high clinical relevance, as vitamin D deficiency is frequent in patients with bone metastases.
The variable regions (V1–V9) of the 18S rDNA are routinely used in barcoding and phylogenetics. In handling these data for trypanosomes, we have noticed a misunderstanding that has apparently taken a life of its own in the literature over the years. In particular, in recent years, when studying the phylogenetic relationship of trypanosomes, the use of V7/V8 was systematically established. However, considering the current numbering system for all other organisms (including other Euglenozoa), V7/V8 was never used. In Maia da Silva et al. [Parasitology 2004, 129, 549–561], V7/V8 was promoted for the first time for trypanosome phylogenetics, and since then, more than 70 publications have replicated this nomenclature and even discussed the benefits of the use of this region in comparison to V4. However, the primers used to amplify the variable region of trypanosomes have actually amplified V4 (concerning the current 18S rDNA numbering system).
Complementary currencies have spread to many places around the world at the beginning of the 21st century. Creating sustainable economic cycles and short transport routes are often the goals of introducing them. Due to their manageability, regional currencies can be embedded in debates of regional economics and sustainability. Above all, they are suitable for democratic experiments that can show in real environments whether currency designs work as examples of collaborative communities and research. One of these monetary experiments is the climate bonus, which is linked to the local currency Chiemgauer. The research path goes into the daily routine of a real laboratory to find out which methods would be effective enough to deliver carbon savings. The climate bonus creates a monetary network where people can try out new behaviors in a protected space. As a result, three years after the initiation of the project, carbon reductions are above expectations.
The Niger Delta belongs to the largest swamp and mangrove forests in the world hosting many endemic and endangered species. Therefore, its conservation should be of highest priority. However, the Niger Delta is confronted with overexploitation, deforestation and pollution to a large extent. In particular, oil spills threaten the biodiversity, ecosystem services, and local people. Remote sensing can support the detection of spills and their potential impact when accessibility on site is difficult. We tested different vegetation indices to assess the impact of oil spills on the land cover as well as to detect accumulations (hotspots) of oil spills. We further identified which species, land cover types, and protected areas could be threatened in the Niger Delta due to oil spills. The results showed that the Enhanced Vegetation Index, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index were more sensitive to the effects of oil spills on different vegetation cover than other tested vegetation indices. Forest cover was the most affected land-cover type and oil spills also occurred in protected areas. Threatened species are inhabiting the Niger Delta Swamp Forest and the Central African Mangroves that were mainly affected by oil spills and, therefore, strong conservation measures are needed even though security issues hamper the monitoring and control.
Family relationships in selective mutism — a comparison group study of children and adolescents
(2022)
Selective mutism (SM) mostly develops early in childhood and this has led to interest into whether there could be differences in relationships in families with SM compared to a control group without SM. Currently, there are merely few empirical studies examining family relationships in SM. A sample of 28 children and adolescents with SM was compared to 33 controls without SM. The groups were investigated using self-report questionnaires (Selective Mutism Questionnaire, Child-Parent Relationship Test—Child Version) for the assessment of SM and family relationships. Children with SM did not report a significantly different relationship to their mothers compared with the control group without SM. However, the scores in respect to the relationship to their fathers were significantly lower in cohesion, identification and autonomy compared with children without SM. Relationships in families with SM should be considered more in therapy.
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as well as noradrenaline (NA) are key modulators of various fundamental brain functions including the control of appetite. While manipulations that alter brain serotoninergic signaling clearly affect body weight, studies implicating 5-HT transporters and NA transporters (5-HTT and NAT, respectively) as a main drug treatment target for human obesity have not been conclusive. The aim of this positron emission tomography (PET) study was to investigate how these central transporters are associated with changes of body weight after 6 months of dietary intervention or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in order to assess whether 5-HTT as well as NAT availability can predict weight loss and consequently treatment success. The study population consisted of two study cohorts using either the 5-HTT-selective radiotracer [\(^{11}\)C]DASB to measure 5-HTT availability or the NAT-selective radiotracer [\(^{11}\)C]MRB to assess NAT availability. Each group included non-obesity healthy participants, patients with severe obesity (body mass index, BMI, >35 kg/m\(^2\)) following a conservative dietary program (diet) and patients undergoing RYGB surgery within a 6-month follow-up. Overall, changes in BMI were not associated with changes of both 5-HTT and NAT availability, while 5-HTT availability in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) prior to intervention was associated with substantial BMI reduction after RYGB surgery and inversely related with modest BMI reduction after diet. Taken together, the data of our study indicate that 5-HTT and NAT are involved in the pathomechanism of obesity and have the potential to serve as predictors of treatment outcomes.