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- N-7500-2014 (1)
The goal of this work is to improve the understanding of adsorption-induced deformation in nanoporous (and in particular microporous) materials in order to explore its potential for material characterization and provide guidelines for related technical applications such as adsorption-driven actuation. For this purpose this work combines in-situ dilatometry measurements with in-depth modeling of the obtained adsorption-induced strains. A major advantage with respect to previous studies is the combination of the dilatometric setup and a commercial sorption instrument resulting in high quality adsorption and strain isotherms. The considered model materials are (activated and thermally annealed) carbon xerogels, a sintered silica aerogel, a sintered hierarchical structured porous silica and binderless zeolites of type LTA and FAU; this selection covers micro-, meso- and macroporous as well as ordered and disordered model materials.
All sample materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, gas adsorption and sound velocity measurements. In-situ dilatometry measurements on mesoporous model materials were performed for the adsorption of N2 at 77 K, while microporous model materials were also investigated for CO2 adsorption at 273 K, Ar adsorption at 77 K and H2O adsorption at 298 K. Within this work the available in-situ dilatometry setup was revised to improve resolution and reproducibility of measurements of small strains at low relative pressures, which are of particular relevance for microporous materials.
The obtained experimental adsorption and strain isotherms of the hierarchical structured porous silica and a micro-macroporous carbon xerogel were quantitatively analyzed based on the adsorption stress model; this approach, originally proposed by Ravikovitch and Neimark, was extended for anisotropic pore geometries within this work. While the adsorption in silica mesopores could be well described by the classical and analytical theory of Derjaguin, Broekhoff and de Boer, the adsorption in carbon micropores required for comprehensive nonlocal density functional theory calculations. To connect adsorption-induced stresses and strains, furthermore mechanical models for the respective model materials were derived. The resulting theoretical framework of adsorption, adsorption stress and mechanical model was applied to the experimental data yielding structural and mechanical information about the model materials investigated, i.e., pore size or pore size distribution, respectively, and mechanical moduli of the porous matrix and the nonporous solid skeleton. The derived structural and mechanical properties of the model materials were found to be consistent with independent measurements and/or literature values. Noteworthy, the proposed extension of the adsorption stress model proved to be crucial for the correct description of the experimental data.
Furthermore, it could be shown that the adsorption-induced deformation of disordered mesoporous aero-/xerogel structures follows qualitatively the same mechanisms obtained for the ordered hierarchical structured porous silica. However, respective quantitative modeling proved to be challenging due to the ill-shaped pore geometry of aero-/xerogels; good agreement between model and experiment could only be achieved for the filled pore regime of the adsorption isotherm and the relative pressure range of monolayer formation. In the intermediate regime of multilayer formation a more complex model than the one proposed here is required to correctly describe stress related to the curved adsorbate-adsorptive interface. Notably, for micro-mesoporous carbon xerogels it could be shown that micro- and mesopore related strain mechanisms superimpose one another.
The strain isotherms of the zeolites were only qualitatively evaluated. The result for the FAU type zeolite is in good agreement with other experiments reported in literature and the theoretical understanding derived from the adsorption stress model. On the contrary, the strain isotherm of the LTA type zeolite is rather exceptional as it shows monotonic expansion over the whole relative pressure range. Qualitatively this type of strain isotherm can also be explained by the adsorption stress model, but a respective quantitative analysis is beyond the scope of this work.
In summary, the analysis of the model materials' adsorption-induced strains proved to be a suitable tool to obtain information on their structural and mechanical properties including the stiffness of the nonporous solid skeleton. Investigations on the carbon xerogels modified by activation and thermal annealing revealed that adsorption-induced deformation is particularly suited to analyze even small changes of carbon micropore structures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique, that is rou- tinely used in clinical practice for detection and diagnosis of a wide range of different diseases. In MRI, no ionizing radiation is used, making even repeated application unproblematic. This is an important advantage over other common imaging methods such as X-rays and Computer To- mography. One major drawback of MRI, however, are long acquisition times and associated high costs of experiments. Since the introduction of MRI, several important technical developments have been made to successfully reduce acquisition times. In this work, novel approaches were developed to increase the efficiency of MRI acquisitions.
In Chapter 4, an improved radial turbo spin-echo (TSE) combined acquisition and reconstruction strategy was introduced. Cartesian turbo spin-echo sequences [3] are widely used especially for the detection and diagnosis of neurological pathologies, as they provide high SNR images with both clinically important proton density and T2 contrasts. TSE acquisitions combined with radial sampling are very efficient, since it is possible to obtain a number of ETL images with different contrasts from a single radial TSE measurement [56–58]. Conventionally, images with a particular contrast are obtained from both radial and Cartesian TSE acquisitions by combining data from different echo times into a single image. In the radial case, this can be achieved by employing k-space weighted image contrast (KWIC) reconstruction. In KWIC, the center region of k-space is filled exclusively with data belonging to the desired contrast while outer regions also are assembled with data acquired at other echo times. However, this data sharing leads to mixed contrast contributions to both Cartesian and radial TSE images. This is true especially for proton density weighted images and therefore may reduce their diagnostic value.
In the proposed method, an adapted golden angle reordering scheme is introduced for radial TSE acquisitions, that allows a free choice of the echo train length and provides high flexibility in image reconstruction. Unwanted contrast contaminations are greatly reduced by employing a narrow-band KWIC filter, that restricts data sharing to a small temporal window around the de- sired echo time. This corresponds to using fewer data than required for fully sampled images and consequently leads to images exhibiting aliasing artifacts. In a second step, aliasing-free images are obtained using parallel imaging. In the neurological examples presented, the CG-SENSE algorithm [42] was chosen due to its stable convergence properties and its ability to reconstruct arbitrarily sampled data. In simulations as well as in different in vivo neurological applications, no unwanted contrast contributions could be observed in radial TSE images reconstructed with the proposed method. Since this novel approach is easy to implement on today’s scanners and requires low computational power, it might be valuable for the clinical breakthrough of radial TSE acquisitions.
In Chapter 5, an auto-calibrating method was introduced to correct for stimulated echo contribu- tions to T2 estimates from a mono-exponential fit of multi spin-echo (MSE) data. Quantification of T2 is a useful tool in clinical routine for the detection and diagnosis of diseases as well as for tis- sue characterization. Due to technical imperfections, refocusing flip angles in a MSE acquisition deviate from the ideal value of 180○. This gives rise to significant stimulated echo contributions to the overall signal evolution. Therefore, T2 estimates obtained from MSE acquisitions typically are notably higher than the reference. To obtain accurate T2 estimates from MSE acquisitions, MSE signal amplitudes can be predicted using the extended phase graph (EPG, [23, 24]) algo- rithm. Subsequently, a correction factor can be obtained from the simulated EPG T2 value and applied to the MSE T2 estimates. However, EPG calculations require knowledge about refocus- ing pulse amplitudes, T2 and T1 values and the temporal spacing of subsequent echoes. While the echo spacing is known and, as shown in simulations, an approximate T1 value can be assumed for high ratios of T1/T2 without compromising accuracy of the results, the remaining two parameters are estimated from the data themselves. An estimate for the refocusing flip angle can be obtained from the signal intensity ratio of the second to the first echo using EPG. A conventional mono- exponential fit of the MSE data yields a first estimate for T2. The T2 correction is then obtained iteratively by updating the T2 value used for EPG calculations in each step. For all examples pre- sented, two iterations proved to be sufficient for convergence. In the proposed method, a mean flip angle is extracted across the slice. As shown in simulations, this assumption leads to greatly reduced deviations even for more inhomogeneous slice profiles. The accuracy of corrected T2 values was shown in experiments using a phantom consisting of bottles filled with liquids with a wide range of different T2 values. While T2 MSE estimates were shown to deviate significantly from the spin-echo reference values, this is not the case for corrected T2 values. Furthermore, applicability was demonstrated for in vivo neurological experiments.
In Chapter 6, a new auto-calibrating parallel imaging method called iterative GROG was pre- sented for the reconstruction of non-Cartesian data. A wide range of different non-Cartesian schemes have been proposed for data acquisition in MRI, that present various advantages over conventional Cartesian sampling such as faster acquisitions, improved dynamic imaging and in- trinsic motion correction. However, one drawback of non-Cartesian data is the more complicated reconstruction, which is ever more problematic for non-Cartesian parallel imaging techniques. Iterative GROG uses Calibrationless Parallel Imaging by Structured Low-Rank Matrix Completion (CPI) for data reconstruction. Since CPI requires points on a Cartesian grid, it cannot be used to directly reconstruct non-Cartesian data. Instead, Grappa Operator Gridding (GROG) is employed in a first step to move the non-Cartesian points to the nearest Cartesian grid locations. However, GROG requires a fully sampled center region of k-space for calibration. Combining both methods in an iterative scheme, accurate GROG weights can be obtained even from highly undersampled non-Cartesian data. Subsequently, CPI can be used to reconstruct either full k- space or a calibration area of arbitrary size, which can then be employed for data reconstruction with conventional parallel imaging methods.
In Chapter 7, a new 2D sampling scheme was introduced consisting of multiple oscillating effi- cient trajectories (MOET), that is optimized for Compressed Sensing (CS) reconstructions. For successful CS reconstruction of a particular data set, some requirements have to be met. First, ev- ery data sample has to carry information about the whole object, which is automatically fulfilled for the Fourier sampling employed in MRI. Additionally, the image to be reconstructed has to be sparse in an arbitrary domain, which is true for a number of different applications. Last, data sam- pling has to be performed in an incoherent fashion. For 2D imaging, this important requirement of CS is difficult to achieve with conventional Cartesian and non-Cartesian sampling schemes. Ra- dial sampling is often used for CS reconstructions of dynamic data despite the streaking present in undersampled images. To obtain incoherent aliasing artifacts in undersampled images while at the same time preserving the advantages of radial sampling for dynamic imaging, MOET com- bines radial spokes with oscillating gradients of varying amplitude and alternating orientation orthogonal to the readout direction. The advantage of MOET over radial sampling in CS re- constructions was demonstrated in simulations and in in vivo cardiac imaging. MOET provides superior results especially when used in CS reconstructions with a sparsity constraint directly in image space. Here, accurate results could be obtained even from few MOET projections, while the coherent streaking artifacts present in the case of radial sampling prevent image recovery even for smaller acceleration factors. For CS reconstructions of dynamic data with sparsity constraint in xf-space, the advantage of MOET is smaller since the temporal reordering is responsible for an important part of incoherency. However, as was shown in simulations of a moving phantom and in the reconstruction of ungated cardiac data, the additional spatial incoherency provided by MOET still leads to improved results with higher accuracy and may allow reconstructions with higher acceleration factors.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an imaging modality which provides anatomical or functional images of the human body with variable contrasts in an arbitrarily positioned slice without the need for ionizing radiation. In MRI, data are not acquired directly, but in the reciprocal image space (otherwise known as k-space) through the application of spatially variable magnetic field gradients. The k-space is made up of a grid of data points which are generally acquired in a line-by-line fashion (Cartesian imaging). After the acquisition, the k-space data are transformed into the image domain using the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). However, the acquisition of data is not limited to the rectilinear Cartesian sampling scheme described above. Non-Cartesian acquisitions, where the data are collected along exotic trajectories, such as radial and spiral, have been shown to be beneficial in a number of applications. However, despite their additional properties and potential advantages, working with non-Cartesian data can be complicated. The primary difficulty is that non-Cartesian trajectories are made up of points which do not fall on a Cartesian grid, and a simple and fast FFT algorithm cannot be employed to reconstruct images from non-Cartesian data. In order to create an image, the non-Cartesian data are generally resampled on a Cartesian grid, an operation known as gridding, before the FFT is performed. Another challenge for non-Cartesian imaging is the combination of unusual trajectories with parallel imaging. This thesis has presented several new non-Cartesian parallel imaging methods which simplify both gridding and the reconstruction of images from undersampled data. In Chapter 4, a novel approach which uses the concepts of parallel imaging to grid data sampled along a non-Cartesian trajectory called GRAPPA Operator Gridding (GROG) is described. GROG shifts any acquired k-space data point to its nearest Cartesian location, thereby converting non-Cartesian to Cartesian data. The only requirements for GROG are a multi-channel acquisition and a calibration dataset for the determination of the GROG weights. Chapter 5 discusses an extension of GRAPPA Operator Gridding, namely Self-Calibrating GRAPPA Operator Gridding (SC-GROG). SC-GROG is a method by which non-Cartesian data can be gridded using spatial information from a multi-channel coil array without the need for an additional calibration dataset, as required in standard GROG. Although GROG can be used to grid undersampled datasets, it is important to note that this method uses parallel imaging only for gridding, and not to reconstruct artifact-free images from undersampled data. Chapter 6 introduces a simple, novel method for performing modified Cartesian GRAPPA reconstructions on undersampled non-Cartesian k-space data gridded using GROG to arrive at a non-aliased image. Because the undersampled non-Cartesian data cannot be reconstructed using a single GRAPPA kernel, several Cartesian patterns are selected for the reconstruction. Finally, Chapter 7 discusses a novel method of using GROG to mimic the bunched phase encoding acquisition (BPE) scheme. In MRI, it is generally assumed that an artifact-free image can be reconstructed only from sampled points which fulfill the Nyquist criterion. However, the BPE reconstruction is based on the Generalized Sampling Theorem of Papoulis, which states that a continuous signal can be reconstructed from sampled points as long as the points are on average sampled at the Nyquist frequency. A novel method of generating the “bunched” data using GRAPPA Operator Gridding (GROG), which shifts datapoints by small distances in k-space using the GRAPPA Operator instead of employing zig-zag shaped gradients, is presented in this chapter. With the conjugate gradient reconstruction method, these additional “bunched” points can then be used to reconstruct an artifact-free image from undersampled data. This method is referred to as GROG-facilitated Bunched Phase Encoding, or GROG-BPE.
This thesis aims to investigate the form-phase diagram of aqueous solutions of the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 focusing on its high-temperature phases. P123 is based on polyethylene as well as polypropylene oxide blocks and shows a variety of di erent temperaturedependent micelle morphologies or even lyotropic liquid crystal phases in aqueous solutions. Besides the already well-studied spherical aggregates at intermediate temperatures, the size and internal structure of both worm-like and lamellar micelles, which appear near the cloud point, is determined using light, neutron and X-ray scattering. By combining the results of time-resolved dynamic light as well as small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering experiments, the underlying structural changes and kinetics of the sphere-to-worm transition were studied supporting the random fusion process, which is proposed in literature. For temperatures near the cloud point, it was observed that aqueous P123 solutions below the critical crystallization concentration gelate after several hours, which is linked to the presence and structure of polymeric surface layers on the sample container walls as shown by neutron re ectometry
measurements. Using a hierarchical model for the lamellar micelles including their periodicity as well as domain and overall size, it is possible to unify the existing results in literature and propose a direct connection between the near-surface and bulk properties of P123 solutions at temperatures near the cloud point.
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung und Charakterisierung von AlGaInP Quantenpunkten auf GaP und GaAs-Substrat. Auf Basis dieser Quantenpunkte wurden Halbleiterlaser auf GaAs hergestellt, welche bei Raumtemperatur zwischen 660 nm und 730 nm emittierten. Die Untersuchung von Breitstreifenlasern, welche aus diesen Strukturen gefertigt wurden, legen nahe, dass man mithilfe eines höheren Aluminiumanteils in größeren Quantenpunkten bei vergleichbarer Wellenlänge Laser mit besseren Eigenschaften realisieren kann. Weiterhin wurden in dieser Arbeit Quantenpunkten auf GaP-Substrat untersucht, welche in AlGaP eingebettet wurden. Da diese Quantenpunkte in Barrieren eingebettet sind, welche eine indirekte Bandlücke besitzen, ergibt sich ein nicht-trivialer Bandverlauf innerhalb dieser Strukturen. In dieser Arbeit wurden numerische 3D-Simulationen verwendet, um den Bandverlauf zu berechnen, wobei Verspannung und interne Felder berücksichtigt wurden und auch die Grundzustandswellenfunktionen ermittelt wurden. Ein eingehender Vergleich mit dem Experiment setzt die gemessenen Emissionswellenlängen und -intensitäten mit berechneten Übergangsenergien und Überlappintegralen in Verbindung.
The material system of interest in this thesis are II-VI-semiconductors. The first part of this thesis focuses on the formation of self-assembled CdSe-based quantum dots (QD) on ZnSe. The lattice constants of ZnSe and CdSe differ as much as about 7\% and therefore a CdSe layer grown on top of ZnSe experiences a huge strain. The aspired strain relief constitutes in the self-assembly of QDs (i.e. a roughened layer structure). Additionally, this QD layer is intermixed with Zn as this is also a possibility to decrease the strain in the layer. For CdSe on ZnSe, in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), various QD growth procedures were analysed with respect to the resulting Cd-content of the non-stoichiometric ternary (Zn,Cd)Se. The evaluation was performed by Raman Spectroscopy as the phonon frequency depends on the Cd-content. The second part of the thesis emphasis on the interface properties of n-ZnSe on n-GaAs. Different growth start procedures of the ZnSe epilayer may lead to different interface configurations with characteristic band-offsets and carrier depletion layer widths. The analysis is mainly focused on the individual depletion layer widths in the GaAs and ZnSe. This non-destructive analysis is performed by evaluating the Raman signal which comprises of phonon scattering from the depleted regions and coupled plasmon-phonon scattering from regions with free carriers.
Die Dynamik der Kernspindephasierung in lebenden Systemen enhält relevante Informationen über biologisch wichtige Parameter, wie Sauerstoffversorgung, Mikrozirkulation, Diffusion etc.. Ursächlich für die Dephasierung sind Interaktionen des Spins mit fluktuierenden Magnetfeldern. Notwendig sind also Modelle, welche diese Interaktionen mit den biologisch relevanten Parametern in Beziehung setzen. Problematisch ist, daß fast alle analytische Ansätze nur in extremen Dynamikbereichen der Störfeldfluktuationen (motional narrowing - , static dephasing limit) gültig sind. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir einen Ansatz, mit dem man die Dynamik der Störfeldfluktuationen erheblich vereinfachen und trotzdem noch deren wesentliche Eigenschaften beibehalten kann. Dieser Ansatz ist nicht auf einen speziellen Dynamikbereich festgelegt. Angewendet wird dieses Näherungsverfahren zur Beschreibung der Spin Dephasierung im Herzmuskel. Die Relaxationszeiten erhält man als Funktion der Kapillardichte und Blutoxygenierung. Vergleiche mit numerisch errechneten Daten anderer, eigenen Messungen am menschlichen Herzen und experimentellen Befunden in der Literatur, bestätigen die theoretischen Vorhersagen.
Röntgencomputertomographie (CT) hat in ihrer industriellen Anwendung ein sehr breites Spektrum möglicher Prüfobjekte. Ziel einer CT-Messung sind dreidimensionale Abbilder der Verteilung des Schwächungskoeffizienten der Objekte mit möglichst großer Genauigkeit. Die Parametrierung eines CT-Systems für ein optimales Messergebnis hängt stark vom zu untersuchenden Objekt ab. Eine Vorhersage der optimalen Parameter muss die physikalischen Wechselwirkungen mit Röntgenstrahlung des Objektes und des CT-Systems berücksichtigen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich damit, diese Wechselwirkungen zu modellieren und mit der Möglichkeit den Prozess zur Parametrierung anhand von Gütemaßen zu automatisieren. Ziel ist eine simulationsgetriebene, automatische Parameteroptimierungsmethode, welche die Objektabhängigkeit berücksichtigt. Hinsichtlich der Genauigkeit und der Effizienz wird die bestehende Röntgensimulationsmethodik erweitert. Es wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, der es ermöglicht, die Simulation eines CT-Systems auf reale Systeme zu kalibrieren. Darüber hinaus wird ein Modell vorgestellt, welches zur Berechnung der zweiten Ordnung der Streustrahlung im Objekt dient. Wegen des analytischen Ansatzes kann dabei auf eine Monte-Carlo Methode verzichtet werden. Es gibt in der Literatur bisher keine eindeutige Definition für die Güte eines CT-Messergebnisses. Eine solche Definition wird, basierend auf der Informationstheorie von Shannon, entwickelt. Die Verbesserungen der Simulationsmethodik sowie die Anwendung des Gütemaßes zur simulationsgetriebenen Parameteroptimierung werden in Beispielen erfolgreich angewendet beziehungsweise mittels Referenzmethoden validiert.
Zur Beurteilung der Lungenanatomie wurde das MT-STIR-Verfahren vorgestellt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass das MT-STIR-Verfahren das störende Signal des umgebenden Muskelgewebes effektiv unterdrückt und damit die Visualisierung des Lungenparenchyms verbessert. Im Vergleich zu konventionellen anatomischen 1H-MR-Verfahren wie IR- und MIR-Verfahren erhöht das MT-STIR-Verfahren das Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) des Lungenparenchyms signifikant und vermeidet den Signalausfall des Lungenparenchyms aufgrund der pathologischen Verkürzung der Lungen-T1-Relaxationszeit auf ca. 900 ms wie bei Patienten mit Mukoviszidose (CF), so dass sowohl große Lungenperfusionsdefekte in Patienten mit CF als auch kleine ungefährliche Lungenentzündungen in „gesunden“ Probanden durch das MT-STIR-Verfahren gut dargestellt werden können. Für die indirekte, aber quantitative Beurteilung der Lungenventilation wurde die oben genannte schnelle quantitative Lungen-T1-Mapping-Technik während der Inhalation eines Atemgasgemisches mit verschiedenen O2-Konzentrationen (21%, 40%, 60%, 80% und 100%) eingesetzt. Dabei ist im Blut physikalisch gelöster Sauerstoff leicht paramagnetisch und dient als Blut-T1-verkürzendes MR-Kontrastmittel (KM). In der Lunge ist das Blut die Hauptquelle des freien Wassers, so dass Lungen-T1-Werte nach dem Zwei-Kompartimente-Schnellaustausch-Modell der Lungen-T1-Relaxationszeit durch den Blut-T1-Wert beeinflusst werden. Die zugehörige Theorie, ein O2-gestütztes Lungen-T1-Modell, wurde aus der Lungenphysiologie und den T1-Relaxationsmechanismen hergeleitet und zeigt, dass bei Probanden die Lungen-T1-Verkürzung von 21% O2 zu 100% O2 ca. 11% beträgt und die Beziehung zwischen dem Lungen-R1 (= 1/T1)-Wert und der inhalierten O2-Konzentration linear mit einer Steigung von 0,12 1/s und einem R1-Achsenabschnitt von 0,70 1/s ist. Die Steigung wurde im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit als oxygen transfer function (OTF) definiert und ist vom gasaustauschbestimmenden Ventilations-Perfusions- und Diffusions-Perfusions-Verhältnis abhängig, so dass sie praktisch ein Maß für den pulmonalen Gasaustausch darstellt. Experimentell wurde gezeigt, dass Lungen-T1-Werte bei 100% O2 um 10% kürzer als bei 21% O2 sind, was gut mit dem O2-gestützten Lungen-T1-Modell übereinstimmt. Weiterhin wurde die OTF dadurch bestimmt, dass die gemessenen Lungen-R1-Werte gegen die inhalierte O2-Konzentration aufgetragen wurden und eine Gerade an die Messpunkte angepasst wurde. Gesundes Lungenparenchym von Probanden und gut perfundiertes Lungenparenchym von Patienten mit CF zeigten OTF-Werte zwischen 0,10 und 0,14 1/s, R1-Achsenabschnitte zwischen 0,70 und 0,80 1/s und ausgezeichnete Korrelationskoeffizienten von annähernd 1,00, was mit dem O2-gestützten Lungen-T1-Modell übereinstimmt. Schlecht perfundiertes Lungenparenchym von Patienten mit CF zeigte eindeutig erniedrigte OTF-Werte, erhöhte R1-Achsenabschnitte und schlechte Korrelationskoeffizienten. Das O2-gestützte Lungen-T1-Mapping-Verfahren zeigt eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit. Zur Beurteilung der Lungenperfusion wurde eine quantitative Perfusionsmapping-Technik mittels Protonen-Spin-Labeling, ohne Verwendung eines intravenösen Kontrastmittels wie Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA, vorgestellt. Aus einer nicht-schichtselektiven (globalen) T1-Map und einer schichtselektiven T1-Map derselben Lungenschicht, die jeweils mit der oben genannten schnellen quantitativen Lungen-T1-Mapping-Technik akquiriert wurde, wurde eine Perfusionamap berechnet, wobei jedes Pixel in der Perfusionsmap eine Perfusionsrate in Einheiten von m/100g/min hat. Es wurde demonstriert, dass die hintere coronale Lungenschicht eine höhere Perfusionsrate als die vordere coronale Lungenschicht desselben Probanden hatte, als er in Rückenlage gemessen wurde, was den Gravitationseffekt auf die Lungenperfusion bestätigt. Die berechneten Perfusionsraten des gut perfundierten Lungenparenchyms von Probanden und von Patienten mit CF lagen zwischen 400 und 600 m/100g/min, die gut mit dem Literaturwert übereinstimmen. Die berechneten Perfusionsraten des schlecht perfundierten Lungenparenchyms von Patienten mit CF waren niedriger als 200 m/100g/min. Die Spin-Labeling-Technik zeigte eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit und niedrige relative Fehler der berechneten Perfusionsraten.
Ferromagnetic semiconductors (FS) promise the integration of magnetic memory functionalities and semiconductor information processing into the same material system. The prototypical FS (Ga,Mn)As has become the focus of semiconductor spintronics research over the past years. The spin-orbit mediated coupling of magnetic and semiconductor properties in this material gives rise to many novel transport-related phenomena which can be harnessed for device applications. In this thesis we address challenges faced in the development of an all-semiconductor memory architecture. A starting point for information storage in FS is the knowledge of their detailed magnetic anisotropy. The first part of this thesis concentrates on the investigation of the magnetization behaviour in compressively strained (Ga,Mn)As by electrical means. The angle between current and magnetization is monitored in magnetoresistance(MR) measurements along many in-plane directions using the Anisotropic MR(AMR) or Planar Hall effect(PHE). It is shown, that a full angular set of such measurements displayed in a color coded resistance polar plot can be used to identify and quantitatively determine the symmetry components of the magnetic anisotropy of (Ga,Mn)As at 4 K. We compile such "anisotropy fingerprints" for many (Ga,Mn)As layers from Wuerzburg and other laboratories and find the presence of three symmetry terms in all layers. The biaxial anisotropy term with easy axes along the [100] and [010] crystal direction dominates the magnetic behaviour. An additional uniaxial term with an anisotropy constant of ~10% of the biaxial one has its easy axis along either of the two <110> directions. A second contribution of uniaxial symmetry with easy axis along one of the biaxial easy axes has a strength of only ~1% of the biaxial anisotropy and is therefore barely visible in standard SQUID measurements. An all-electrical writing scheme would be desirable for commercialization. We report on a current assisted magnetization manipulation experiment in a lateral (Ga,Mn)As nanodevice at 4 K (far below Tc). Reading out the large resistance signal from DW that are confined in nanoconstrictions, we demonstrate the current assisted magnetization switching of a small central island through a hole mediated spin transfer from the adjacent leads. One possible non-perturbative read-out scheme for FS memory devices could be the recently discovered Tunneling Anisotropic MagnetoResistance (TAMR) effect. Here we clarify the origin of the large amplification of the TAMR amplitude in a device with an epitaxial GaAs tunnel barrier at low temperatures. We prove with the help of density of states spectroscopy that a thin (Ga,Mn)As injector layer undergoes a metal insulator transition upon a change of the magnetization direction in the layer plane. The two states can be distinguished by their typical power law behaviour in the measured conductance vs voltage tunneling spectra. While all hereto demonstrated (Ga,Mn)As devices inherited their anisotropic magnetic properties from their parent FS layer, more sophisticated FS architectures will require locally defined FS elements of different magnetic anisotropy on the same wafer. We show that shape anisotropy is not applicable in FS because of their low volume magnetization. We present a method to lithographically engineer the magnetic anisotropy of (Ga,Mn)As by submicron patterning. Anisotropic strain relaxation in submicron bar structures (nanobars) and the related deformation of the crystal lattice introduce a new uniaxial anisotropy term in the energy equation. We demonstrate by both SQUID and transport investigations that this lithographically induced uniaxial anisotropy overwrites the intrinsic biaxial anisotropy at all temperatures up to Tc. The final section of the thesis combines all the above into a novel device scheme. We use anisotropy engineering to fabricate two orthogonal, magnetically uniaxial, nanobars which are electrically connected through a constriction. We find that the constriction resistance depends on the relative orientation of the nanobar magnetizations, which can be written by an in-plane magnetic field. This effect can be explained with the AMR effect in connection with the field line patterns in the respective states. The device offers a novel non-volatile information storage scheme and a corresponding non-perturbative read-out method. The read out signal is shown to increase drastically in samples with partly depleted constriction region. This could be shown to originate in a magnetization direction driven metal insulator transition of the material in the constriction region.