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Aus dem Knochenmark isolierte humane mesenchymale Stammzellen (hMSC) sind als Vorläuferzellen der Osteoblasten an der Knochenformation sowie an der Knochenremodellierung beteiligt und aufgrund ihrer Multipotenz in der Lage, in mesenchymales Gewebe (Knochen, Knorpel, Fett) zu differenzieren. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften gelten sie als Quelle der Regeneration und der Heilung im Hinblick auf zellbasierte Therapien zur Behandlung degenerativer Erkrankungen (Arthrose, Osteoporose) des muskuloskelettalen Systems. Die besondere Situation der Geweberegeneration beim älteren Menschen ist gekennzeichnet durch den Anstieg der Produktion von Hemmstoffen der Geweberegeneration und durch verschiedene häufige Mangelzustände wie z.B. den Vitamin D-Mangel. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Modulatoren (Morphogene) untersucht, die in der Lage sind, die hMSC in vitro in ihrem proliferativen, undifferenzierten Zustand (transient amplifying pool) und am Übergang in die Differenzierung und Reifung zu beeinflussen. Ziel war es, durch die Charakterisierung solcher Modulatoren, Verfahren zu etablieren, die zu einer verbesserten Zellqualität bei regenerativen Therapiestrategien führen, sei es in situ oder beim Tissue Engineering. Der Fokus lag auf der Geweberegeneration beim älteren Menschen. Dafür wurden als Morphogene 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), Aktivin A (AA), Myostatin (MSTN) und Low Oxygen (LO) ausgewählt und hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit auf Stemness, Differenzierung und Seneszenzentwicklung in der Zellkultur getestet. Alle 4 Kandidaten nehmen im menschlichen Organismus wichtige regulatorische Aufgaben ein. 1,25D3 wirkt nicht nur lokal auf Zellen und Gewebe, sondern mit der Mineralisierung des Knochens und der Regulierung des Kalzium- und Phosphatspiegels im Serum auch systemisch. AA und MSTN werden als Mitglieder der TGFβ-Familie mit dem muskuloskelettalen System in Verbindung gebracht, da eine Inaktivierung von MSTN bei Mensch und Tier zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der Skelettmuskelmasse führt. Gleichzeitig fördert ein Aktivin Antagonist, der neue Wirkstoff Sotatercept (ACE-011), die Knochenbildung im Menschen. Mit der Kultivierung der hMSC unter reduzierter Sauerstoffspannung (2,5 % Sauerstoff, LO) sollten Bedingungen in der Zellkultur geschaffen werden, die - im Vergleich zur traditionellen Kultivierung mit einem atmosphärischen Sauerstoffgehalt von 21 % - näher an den physiologischen Gegebenheiten bei der Geweberegeneration sind. Zu Beginn wurde sichergestellt, dass alle 4 Modulatoren die Expression typischer mesenchymaler Oberflächenmarker nicht beeinflussten und die klonogene Kapazität der stimulierten hMSC erhielten. Im Rahmen weiterer Untersuchungen zeigte sich, dass eine permanente 1,25D3 Supplementierung die chondrogene, adipogene und osteogene Differenzierungskapazität der hMSC erhielt und somit den Stammzellcharakter der hMSC nicht beeinträchtigte. Die verstärkte Expression der Quieszenz-assoziierten Gene in 1,25D3 stimulierten hMSC deutete darauf hin, dass sich die hMSC aufgrund der 1,25D3 Supplementation in Richtung Quieszenz verändern. Die permanente 1,25D3 Supplementation übt somit eine vor Alterungsprozessen schützende Wirkung in der Zellkultur aus, indem die Entwicklung replikativer Seneszenz verzögert wird und das multipotente Potential der hMSC erhalten wird. Im Bezug auf die Differenzierungsfähigkeit der Zellen verhielten sich rh AA und rh MSTN konträr. Während eine rh MSTN Stimulation keine Wirkung auf die adipogene und osteogene Differenzierung hatte, schränkte rh AA das adipogene und osteogene Differenzierungspotential der hMSC nahezu vollständig ein und die Zellen wurden in einem Zustand des Prä-Kommittments festgehalten. Da die LO Expandierung die Stemness erhöhte bzw. die Seneszenz reduzierte und die hMSC in einem proliferativen Zustand bei gleichzeitiger Hemmung der Differenzierung arretierte, scheint diese Art der Kultivierung ein besonderer Schutz für die hMSC zu sein. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es gelungen, wirksame Morphogene (1,25D3, rh AA, LO) zu finden, die in der Lage sind, modulatorisch auf die hMSC einzuwirken ohne dabei den Stammzellcharakter zu verändern. Durch ihre Modulation kann nicht nur die Qualität der hMSC verbessert werden, sondern je nach Bedarf können auch die verschiedenen Phasen der Geweberegeneration insbesondere beim Übergang vom „transient amplifying pool“ zur Differenzierung gesteuert werden. Diese Ergebnisse können Konsequenzen für die Anwendung haben, bei der in situ Geweberegeneration ebenso wie für das ex vivo Tissue Engineering.
A new series of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (PTP) derivatives has been developed in order to explore their affinity and selectivity profile at the four adenosine receptor subtypes. In particular, the PTP scaffold was conjugated at the C2 position with the 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1H-pyrazole, a group believed to confer potency and selectivity toward the human (h) A\(_{2B}\) adenosine receptor (AR) to the xanthine ligand 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H, 7H)-dione (CVT 6975). Interestingly, the synthesized compounds turned out to be inactive at the hA\(_{2B}\) AR but they displayed affinity at the hA\(_3\) AR in the nanomolar range. The best compound of the series (6) shows both high affinity (hA\(_3\) AR K\(_i\) = 11 nM) and selectivity (A\(_1\)/A\(_3\) and A\(_{2A}\)/A\(_3\) > 9090; A\(_{2B}\)/A\(_3\) > 909) at the hA\(_3\) AR. To better rationalize these results, a molecular docking study on the four AR subtypes was performed for all the synthesized compounds. In addition, CTV 6975 and two close analogues have been subjected to the same molecular docking protocol to investigate the role of the 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1H-pyrazole on the binding at the four ARs.
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) was reported to induce premature organismal aging in fibroblast growth factor-23 (Fgf23) and klotho deficient mice, which is of main interest as 1,25D3 supplementation of its precursor cholecalciferol is used in basic osteoporosis treatment. We wanted to know if 1,25D3 is able to modulate aging processes on a cellular level in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Effects of 100 nM 1,25D3 on hMSC were analyzed by cell proliferation and apoptosis assay, beta-galactosidase staining, VDR and surface marker immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR of 1,25D3-responsive, quiescence-and replicative senescence-associated genes. 1,25D3 treatment significantly inhibited hMSC proliferation and apoptosis after 72 h and delayed the development of replicative senescence in long-term cultures according to beta-galactosidase staining and P16 expression. Cell morphology changed from a fibroblast like appearance to broad and rounded shapes. Long term treatment did not induce lineage commitment in terms of osteogenic pathways but maintained their clonogenic capacity, their surface marker characteristics (expression of CD73, CD90, CD105) and their multipotency to develop towards the chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic pathways. In conclusion, 1,25D3 delays replicative senescence in primary hMSC while the pro-aging effects seen in mouse models might mainly be due to elevated systemic phosphate levels, which propagate organismal aging.
We have previously reported that in several renal cell types, adenosine receptor agonists inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate phospholipase C via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. In the present study, in 28A cells, both uf these adenosine receptor-mediated responses were inhibited by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). a highly selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist. The binding characteristics of the adenosine A 1 receptor in the 28A renal cell line were studied using the radiolabeled antagonist f:1H]DPCPX to determine whether two separate binding sites could account for these responses. Saturation binding of [: 1H]DPCPX to 28A cell membranes revealed a single class of A1 binding sites with an apparent Kd value of 1.4 nM and maximal binding capacity of 64 fmol/mg protein. Competition experiments with a variety of adenosine agonists gave biphasic displacement curves with a pharmacological profile characteristic of A1 receptors. Comparison of [: 1H]DPCPX competition binding data from 28A cell membranes with rabbit brain membranes, a tissue with well-characterized A1 receptors, reveals that the A 1 receptor population in 28A cells has similar agonist binding affinities to the receptor population in brain but has a considerably lower density. Addition of guanosine ;)' -triphosphate ( 100 ,uM) to 28A cell membranes caused the competition curves to shift from biphasic to monophasic. indicating that the A1 receptors exist in two interconvertible affinity states because of their coupling to G proteins. In the absence of evidence for subpopulations of the A1 receptor, it appears that in 28A cells. A single A1 receptor population. As defined by ligand binding characteristics, couples via one or more pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding proteins to two different biological signaling mechanisms.
Malignant melanoma incidence is rising worldwide. Its treatment in an advanced state is difficult, and the prognosis of this severe disease is still very poor. One major source of these difficulties is the high rate of metastasis and increased genomic instability leading to a high mutation rate and the development of resistance against therapeutic approaches. Here we investigate as one source of genomic instability the contribution of activation of transposable elements (TEs) within the tumor. We used the well-established medaka melanoma model and RNA-sequencing to investigate the differential expression of TEs in wildtype and transgenic fish carrying melanoma. We constructed a medaka-specific TE sequence library and identified TE sequences that were specifically upregulated in tumors. Validation by qRT- PCR confirmed a specific upregulation of a LINE and an LTR element in malignant melanomas of transgenic fish.
Cell culture and protein target-based compound screening strategies, though broadly utilized in selecting candidate compounds, often fail to eliminate candidate compounds with non-target effects and/or safety concerns until late in the drug developmental process. Phenotype screening using intact research animals is attractive because it can help identify small molecule candidate compounds that have a high probability of proceeding to clinical use. Most FDA approved, first-in-class small molecules were identified from phenotypic screening. However, phenotypic screening using rodent models is labor intensive, low-throughput, and very expensive. As a novel alternative for small molecule screening, we have been developing gene expression disease profiles, termed the Transcriptional Disease Signature (TDS), as readout of small molecule screens for therapeutic molecules. In this concept, compounds that can reverse, or otherwise affect known disease-associated gene expression patterns in whole animals may be rapidly identified for more detailed downstream direct testing of their efficacy and mode of action. To establish proof of concept for this screening strategy, we employed a transgenic strain of a small aquarium fish, medaka (Oryzias latipes), that overexpresses the malignant melanoma driver gene xmrk, a mutant egfr gene, that is driven by a pigment cell-specific mitf promoter. In this model, melanoma develops with 100% penetrance. Using the transgenic medaka malignant melanoma model, we established a screening system that employs the NanoString nCounter platform to quantify gene expression within custom sets of TDS gene targets that we had previously shown to exhibit differential transcription among xmrk-transgenic and wild-type medaka. Compound-modulated gene expression was identified using an internet-accessible custom-built data processing pipeline. The effect of a given drug on the entire TDS profile was estimated by comparing compound-modulated genes in the TDS using an activation Z-score and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics. TDS gene probes were designed that target common signaling pathways that include proliferation, development, toxicity, immune function, metabolism and detoxification. These pathways may be utilized to evaluate candidate compounds for potential favorable, or unfavorable, effects on melanoma-associated gene expression. Here we present the logistics of using medaka to screen compounds, as well as, the development of a user-friendly NanoString data analysis pipeline to support feasibility of this novel TDS drug-screening strategy.