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Background:
We determined antibodies to the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in children to assess: the incidence of (H1N1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season in Germany, the proportion of subclinical infections and to compare titers in vaccinated and infected children.
Methodology/Principal Findings:
Eight pediatric hospitals distributed over Germany prospectively provided sera from in-or outpatients aged 1 to 17 years from April 1(st) to July 31(st) 2010. Vaccination history, recall of infections and sociodemographic factors were ascertained. Antibody titers were measured with a sensitive and specific in-house hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) and compared to age-matched sera collected during 6 months before the onset of the pandemic in Germany. We analyzed 1420 post-pandemic and 300 pre-pandemic sera. Among unvaccinated children aged 1-4 and 5-17 years the prevalence of HI titers (>= 1:10) was 27.1% (95% CI: 23.5-31.3) and 53.5% (95% CI: 50.9-56.2) compared to 1.7% and 5.5%, respectively, for pre-pandemic sera, accounting for a serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 during the season 2009/2010 of 25,4% (95% CI : 19.3-30.5) in children aged 1-4 years and 48.0% (95% CI: 42.6-52.0) in 5-17 year old children. Of children with HI titers >= 1: 10, 25.5% (95% CI: 22.5-28.8) reported no history of any infectious disease since June 2009. Among vaccinated children, 92% (95%-CI: 87.0-96.6) of the 5-17 year old but only 47.8% (95%-CI: 33.5-66.5) of the 1-4 year old children exhibited HI titers against influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009.
Conclusion:
Serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections in children indicates high infection rates with older children (5-17 years) infected twice as often as younger children. In about a quarter of the children with HI titers after the season 2009/2010 subclinical infections must be assumed. Low HI titers in young children after vaccination with the AS03(B)-adjuvanted split virion vaccine need further scrutiny.
In der hier vorgestellten Studie wird mit Hilfe der kephalometrischen Analyse das kraniofaziale Wachstum anhand lateraler und frontaler Röntgenaufnahmen von insgesamt 316 Jungen untersucht und graphisch dargestellt. Es sollen Wachstumsmittelwerte von definierten Strecken und Winkeln und ein physiologischer Normbereich für jedes Lebensalter ermittelt werden. Ferner werden die ermittelten Werte mit den Daten der Bolton-Standards verglichen und beurteilt. Die Wachstumsentwicklung im ersten Lebensjahr soll gesondert dargestellt werden. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die gemessenen Strecken und Winkel sowohl im ersten als auch im Beobachtungszeitraum über zehn Jahre unterschiedliche Wachstumsentwicklungen aufweisen. Das stärkste Wachstum erfährt das Neurokranium in den ersten vier Lebensjahren. Dabei ist die Entwicklung im Bereich der Schädelperipherie sowohl bei Neuro- als auch Viscerokranium größer, während sich die Schädelbasis und das zentrale Mittelgesicht langsamer und in gerngerem Maße entwickeln. Die hier ermittelten Ergebnisse bestätigen die Bolton-Standards in ihrer Wertigkeit. Die Wachstumsentwicklung im ersten Lebensjahr zeigt insbesondee in den ersten sechs postnatalen Monaten ein überdurchschnittliches kraniofaziales Wachstumspotential.
Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets
(2021)
Objective
Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left‐right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium.
Methods
We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries.
Results
There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen’s d from −0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study‐wide correction for multiple testing.
Conclusion
Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait.