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Der große Fortschritt der Halbleitertechnologie ermöglichte es in den letzten Jahren quantenoptische Phänomene nicht mehr nur ausschließlich an Atomen, sondern auch in einer Festkörpermatrix zu beobachten. Von besonderem Interesse sind dabei Phänomene der Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung im Kontext der Quantenelektrodynamik in Kavitäten. Die äußerst aktive Forschung auf diesem Gebiet rührt daher, dass diese Phänomene bei der Realisierung neuartiger Lichtquellen für die Quanteninformationstechnologie benötigt werden. Die Verwirklichung von solchen speziellen Lichtquellen auf Halbleiterbasis besitzt entscheidende Vorteile im Hinblick auf die praktische Anwendbarkeit aufgrund der potentiell hohen Skalierbarkeit und Effizienz. Jedoch kann die erforderliche Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung nur in qualitativ sehr hochwertigen Halbleiterstrukturen mit quasi nulldimensionalem Ladungsträger- und Lichteinschluss erfolgen. Hierbei wurden in den letzten Jahren enorme technologische Fortschritte bei der Prozessierung von Mikrokavitäten mit Quantenpunkten in der aktiven Schicht sowie bei der Beobachtung der gewünschten Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung erzielt. Allerdings erfolgten diese Untersuchungen in erster Linie an optisch mithilfe eines externen Lasers angeregten Strukturen, wohingegen für die Praxis ein elektrischer Betrieb wünschenswert ist. Die für die elektrische Anregung von solchen Mikrostrukturen notwendige Kontaktierung kann darüber hinaus zur effizienten Manipulation der Emissionseigenschaften der Quantenemitter mittels eines elektrischen Feldes eingesetzt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die optischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften von kontaktierten Quantenpunkt-Mikrosäulenkavitäten eingehend untersucht. Ausgangspunkt dieser Mikrokavitäten sind planare Schichtstrukturen auf der Basis von GaAs und AlAs mit InGaAs-Quantenpunkten mit variierendem Indiumgehalt in der aktiven Schicht. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen lag hierbei auf vertikal elektrisch kontaktierten Mikrosäulenresonatoren, deren Aufbau vertikal emittierenden Laserdioden ähnelt. Die Besonderheit der neuartigen Kontaktierung liegt darin, dass aufgrund der Strominjektion durch die Seitenwände im oberen Bereich des Mikrosäulenresonators die Facette der Struktur frei von jeglichem absorbierenden Material gehalten wird. Hierdurch kann eine effiziente Lichtauskopplung gewährleistet werden. Des Weiteren wurde auch ein Verfahren zur seitlichen Kontaktierung von undotierten Mikrosäulenresonatoren entwickelt und optimiert, was eine spezielle Manipulation der Quantenpunktemission in einem lateralen elektrischen Feld erlaubt. Als Untersuchungsmethode wird bei allen Experimenten in erster Linie die Mikrolumineszenzspektroskopie bei tiefen Temperaturen verwendet und durch die Methode der Photostromspektroskopie sowie Autokorrelationsmessungen erster und zweiter Ordnung ergänzt ...
The outcomes of measurements on entangled quantum systems can be nonlocally correlated. However, while it is easy to write down toy theories allowing arbitrary nonlocal correlations, those allowed in quantum mechanics are limited. Quantum correlations cannot, for example, violate a principle known as macroscopic locality, which implies that they cannot violate Tsirelson’s bound. This paper shows that there is a connection between the strength of nonlocal correlations in a physical theory and the structure of the state spaces of individual systems. This is illustrated by a family of models in which local state spaces are regular polygons, where a natural analogue of a maximally entangled state of two systems exists. We characterize the nonlocal correlations obtainable from such states. The family allows us to study the transition between classical, quantum and super-quantum correlations by varying only the local state space. We show that the strength of nonlocal correlations—in particular whether the maximally entangled state violates Tsirelson’s bound or not— depends crucially on a simple geometric property of the local state space, known as strong self-duality. This result is seen to be a special case of a general theorem, which states that a broad class of entangled states in probabilistic theories—including, by extension, all bipartite classical and quantum states— cannot violate macroscopic locality. Finally, our results show that models exist that are locally almost indistinguishable from quantum mechanics, but can nevertheless generate maximally nonlocal correlations.
Background: During the last years, 19F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent based MRI methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Methodology and Principal Findings: In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation. Conclusion and Significance: We introduce 19F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis.
In this thesis a systematic analysis of the correlation effects between lattice dynamics and magnetism in the Multiferroic Manganites RMnO3 with Pnma structure was conducted. For this task, Raman and FT-IR Spectroscopy were employed for an investigation of all optically accessible lattice vibrations, i.e. phonons. To study the correlation effects as well as their specific connections to symmetry and compositional properties of the Multiferroic Manganites, the polarisation and temperature dependence of the phonons were considered explicitly. In combination with lattice dynamical calculations based on Density Functional Theory, two coupling effects - Spin-Phonon Coupling and Electromagnon-Phonon Coupling - were systematically analysed.
Background:
Recent studies have shown that human ferritin can be used as a reporter of gene expression for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacteria also encode three classes of ferritin-type molecules with iron accumulation properties.
Methods and Findings:
Here, we investigated whether these bacterial ferritins can also be used as MRI reporter genes and which of the bacterial ferritins is the most suitable reporter. Bacterial ferritins were overexpressed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Cultures of these bacteria were analyzed and those generating highest MRI contrast were further investigated in tumor bearing mice. Among members of three classes of bacterial ferritin tested, bacterioferritin showed the most promise as a reporter gene. Although all three proteins accumulated similar amounts of iron when overexpressed individually, bacterioferritin showed the highest contrast change. By site-directed mutagenesis we also show that the heme iron, a unique part of the bacterioferritin molecule, is not critical for MRI contrast change. Tumor-specific induction of bacterioferritin-expression in colonized tumors resulted in contrast changes within the bacteria-colonized tumors.
Conclusions:
Our data suggest that colonization and gene expression by live vectors expressing bacterioferritin can be monitored by MRI due to contrast changes.
Background:
During the last years, (19)F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection.
Methodology and Principal Findings:
In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation.
Conclusion and Significance:
We introduce (19)F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis.
The thermally activated formation of nanoscale CoPt alloys was investigated, after deposition of self-assembled Co nanoparticles on textured Pt(111) and epitaxial Pt(100) films on MgO(100) and SrTiO3(100) substrates, respectively. For this purpose, metallic Co nanoparticles (diameter 7 nm) were prepared with a spacing of 100 nm by deposition of precursor-loaded reverse micelles, subsequent plasma etching and reduction on flat Pt surfaces. The samples were then annealed at successively higher temperatures under a H2 atmosphere, and the resulting variations of their structure, morphology and magnetic properties were characterized. We observed pronounced differences in the diffusion and alloying of Co nanoparticles on Pt films with different orientations and microstructures. On textured Pt(111) films exhibiting grain sizes (20–30 nm) smaller than the particle spacing (100 nm), the formation of local nanoalloys at the surface is strongly suppressed and Co incorporation into the film via grain boundaries is favoured. In contrast, due to the absence of grain boundaries on high quality epitaxial Pt(100) films with micron-sized grains, local alloying at the film surface was established. Signatures of alloy formation were evident from magnetic investigations. Upon annealing to temperatures up to 380 °C, we found an increase both of the coercive field and of the Co orbital magnetic moment, indicating the formation of a CoPt phase with strongly increased magnetic anisotropy compared to pure Co. At higher temperatures, however, the Co atoms diffuse into a nearby surface region where Pt-rich compounds are formed, as shown by element-specific microscopy.
The charge transport properties of disordered organic and nanocrystalline inorganic semiconductors as well as their combinations have been investigated in regard to the charge carrier density employing field-effect-transistor structures. The results were discussed in the framework of different theoretical models. In organic semiconductors the presence of positional and energetic disorder determines the transport of charges through the respective thin films and interfaces. The electronic disorder is characterized by statistically distributed and localized transport sites which were shown to form a Gaussian density of states. In this electronic environment the charge transport occurs via thermally activated hopping between the localized states and therefore depends on the temperature and the local electric field. Particularly, a dependence of the carrier mobility on the charge carrier concentration is observed due to filling of tail states. Inorganic nanocrystalline semiconductors, however, are expected to present a different electronic structure: Within the volume of a nanocrystallite the semiconductor is assumed to reflect the electronic properties of the crystalline bulk material. However, the outer shell is characterized by a relatively large density of surface states and correspondingly bending of the energy bands, which creates an energetic barrier between the adjacent particles. In a nanocrystalline thin film this characteristic can be rate-limiting for the inter-particle carrier transport as reflected by reduced charge carrier mobility. The effective barrier height can be reduced by controlled doping of the nanocrystals which results in improved majority carrier transfer rates across the barrier. However, doping results in the simultaneous increase of the defect density and consequently to enhanced limitation of the mobility due to charge carrier scattering. In the experiments, thin films of commercially available p- and n-type organic semiconductors (P3HT, and two derivatives of PCBM) were investigated in field-effect transistor structures. Further, sol-gel synthesized n-type nanocrystalline-ZnO (nc-ZnO) with varied doping concentration (agent: aluminum Al$^{3+}$) was introduced in order to establish an alternative way of customizing the charge transport properties of the neat material and in combination with the organic polymer semiconductor P3HT.
Die Magnet-Resonanz (MR)-Bildgebung ist mit vielfältigen Anwendungen ein nicht mehr wegzudenkendes Instrument der klinischen Diagnostik geworden. Dennoch führt die stark limitierte Messzeit häufig zu einer Einschränkung der erzielbaren räumlichen Auflösung und Abdeckung, einer Beschränkung des Signal-zu-Rauschverhältnis (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) (SNR) sowie einer Signalkontamination durch benachbartes Gewebe. Bereits bestehende Methoden zur Reduktion der Akquisitionszeit sind die partielle Fourier (PF)-Bildgebung und die parallele Bildgebung (PPA). Diese unterscheiden sich zum einen im Schema zur Unterabtastung des k-Raums und zum anderen in der verwendeten Information zur Rekonstruktion der fehlenden k-Raum-Daten aufgrund der beschleunigten Akquisition. Während in der PPA die unterschiedlichen Sensitivitäten einer Mehrkanal-Empfangsspule zur Bildrekonstruktion verwendet werden, basiert die PF-Bildgebung auf der Annahme einer langsamen Variation der Bildphase. Im ersten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit wurde das Konzept der Virtuellen Spulendekonvolutions (Virtual Coil Deconvolution) (VIDE)-Technik vorgestellt, das das gleiche Schema der Unterabtastung des k-Raums wie die konventionelle PPA verwendet, aber anstelle der Spulensensitivität die Bildphase als zusätzliche Information zur Herstellung der fehlenden Daten der beschleunigten Bildgebung verwendet. Zur Minimierung der Rekonstruktionsfehler und der Rauschverstärkung in der VIDE-Technik wurde ein optimiertes Akquisitionsschema entwickelt. Die Kombination der PPA und PF-Bildgebung zur Beschleunigung der MR-Bildgebung wird durch das unterschiedliche Unterabtastschema erschwert. Wie Blaimer et al. in ihrer Arbeit gezeigt haben, kann das Prinzip der VIDE-Technik auf Mehrkanal-Spulen übertragen werden, sodass mit dieser Methode die PPA und die PF-Bildgebung optimal vereint werden können. Dadurch kann die Rauschverstärkung aufgrund der Spulengeometrie ohne zusätzliche Messungen deutlich reduziert werden. Obwohl die Abtastung des k-Raums in der MR-Bildgebung sehr variabel gestaltet werden kann, wird bis heute nahezu ausschließlich die regelmäßige k-Raum-Abtastung in der klinischen Bildgebung verwendet. Der Grund hierfür liegt, neben der schnellen Rekonstruktion und der einfachen Gestaltung der Variation des Bild-Kontrasts, in der Robustheit gegen Artefakte. Allerdings führt die regelmäßige k-Raum-Abtastung zu einer hohen Signalkontamination. Die Optimierung der SRF durch nachträgliches Filtern führt jedoch zu einem SNR-Verlust. Die dichtegewichtete (DW-) Bildgebung ermöglicht die Reduktion der Signal-Kontamination bei optimalem SNR, führt aber zur einer Reduktion des effektiven Gesichtsfelds (FOV) oder einer Erhöhung der Messzeit. Letzteres kann durch eine Kombination der PPA und DW-Bildgebung umgangen werden. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit neuen Aufnahme- und Rekonstruktionsstrategien für die DW-Bildgebung, die eine Erhöhung des FOVs auch ohne Einsatz der PPA erlauben. Durch eine Limitierung der minimalen k-Raum-Abtastdichte konnte durch eine geringfügige Reduktion des SNR-Vorteils der DW-Bildgebung gegenüber der kartesischen, gefilterten Bildgebung eine deutliche Verringerung der Artefakte aufgrund der Unterabtastung in der DW-Bildgebung erreicht werden. Eine asymmetrische Abtastung kann unter der Voraussetzung einer homogenen Bildphase das Aliasing zusätzlich reduzieren. Durch die Rekonstruktion der DW-Daten mit der Virtuelle Spulendekonvolution für die effektive DW-Bildgebung (VIDED)-Bildgebung konnten die Artefakte aufgrund der Unterabtastung eliminiert werden. In der 3d-Bildgebung konnte durch Anwendung der modifizierten DW-Bildgebung eine Steigerung des FOVs in Schichtrichtung ohne Messzeitverlängerung erreicht werden. Die nicht-kartesische k-Raum-Abtastung führt im Fall einer Unterabtastung zu deutlich geringeren, inkohärenten Aliasingartefakten im Vergleich zur kartesischen Abtastung. Durch ein alternierendes DW-Abtastschema wurde eine an die in der MR-Mammografie verwendete Spulengeometrie angepasste k-Raum-Abtastung entwickelt, das bei gleicher Messzeit die räumliche Auflösung, das SNR und das FOV erhöht. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Verallgemeinerung der DW-Bildgebung auf signalgewichtete Sequenzen, d.h. Sequenzen mit Magnetisierungspräparation (Inversion Recovery (IR), Saturation Recovery (SR)) sowie Sequenzen mit einer Relaxation während der Datenaufnahme (Multi-Gradienten-Echo, Multi-Spin-Echo) vorgestellt, was eine Steigerung der Bildqualität bei optimalem SNR erlaubt. Die Methode wurde auf die SR-Sequenz angewendet und deren praktischer Nutzen wurde in der Herz-Perfusions-Bildgebung gezeigt. Durch die Verwendung der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Technik konnte eine Reduktion der Kontamination bei einem SNR-Gewinn von 16% im Vergleich zur konventionellen, kartesischen Abtastung bei gleicher Messzeit erreicht werden.
Stoffe mit schnell zerfallendem Magnetresonanz (MR)-Signal sind mit herkömmlichen MR- Sequenzen nicht darstellbar. Solche Stoffe haben meist starke Bindungen, wie im menschlichen Körper beispielsweise Sehnen, Bänder, Knochen oder Zähne. In den letzten Dekaden wurden spezielle Sequenzen mit ultrakurzer Echozeit entwickelt, die Signale von diesen Stoffen messen können. Messungen mit ultrakurzen Echozeiten eröffnen der Kernspintomographie neue Anwendungsgebiete. In dieser Doktorarbeit werden die in der Literatur bekannten Methoden zur Messung mit ultrakurzen Echozeiten untersucht und evaluiert. Es werden zwei neue, in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Ansätze vorgestellt, die es zum Ziel haben, bestehende Probleme der vorhandenen Methoden bei robuster Bildqualität zu lösen, ohne auf Hardwareänderungen am Kernspintomographen angewiesen zu sein. Die ’Gradient Optimized Single Point imaging with Echo time Leveraging’ (GOSPEL) Sequenz ist eine Single-Point-Sequenz, die im Vergleich zu den bekannten Single-Point-Sequenzen eine stark reduzierte Echozeit ermöglicht. Es wird gezeigt, dass dadurch ein deutlich besseres Signalzu-Rausch-Verhältnis (SNR) von Stoffen mit schnell zerfallendem Signal erreicht wird. Das Problem der sehr langen Messzeit bei Single-Point-Verfahren wird mit der ’Pointwise Encoding Time reduction with Radial Acquisition’ (PETRA) Sequenz gelöst. Bei diesem Ansatz wird der k-Raum-Außenbereich radial und das k-Raum-Zentrum single-point-artig abgetastet. Durch die Kombination beider Akquisitionsstrategien ist eine schnelle und robuste Bildgebung mit ultrakurzer Echozeit und ohne Hardwareänderungen möglich. Wie bei anderen Ansätzen sind bei der PETRA-Sequenz die Bildgebungsgradienten zum Anregungszeitpunkt bereites angeschaltet. Es wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss ungewollte Schichtselektionen auf die Bildgebung haben können und ein Korrekturalgorithmus entwickelt, mit dem sich dadurch entstehende Artefakte im Bild beheben lassen. Die Limitationen des Korrekturalgorithmus sowie mögliche Artefakte der PETRA-Sequenz werden untersucht und diskutiert. Erste Anwendungsbeispiele der PETRA-Sequenz bei verschiedenen Feldstärken und Applikationen werden demonstriert. Wie bei anderen Sequenzen mit ultrakurzen Echozeiten sind die Gradientenaktivitäten bei der PETRA- und GOSPEL-Sequenz gering, wodurch die Messung sehr leise sein kann. Lautstärkemessungen zeigen, dass bei Messungen mit der PETRA-Sequenz der Geräuschpegel um nur ein bis fünf dB(A) im Vergleich zum Hintergrundgeräuschpegel steigt. Es wird demonstriert, dass sich dadurch neue Anwendungsgebiete eröffnen könnten. Vergleichsmessungen zwischen einer T1-gewichteten PETRA- und einer MPRAGE-Messung weisen Bilder auf, die in Kontrast, Auflösung, SNR und Messzeit vergleichbar sind. Mit den in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Methoden konnten Probleme bestehender Ansätze gelöst und offene Fragen beantwortet werden. Die Ergebnisse können helfen, Applikationen von Sequenzen mit ultrakurzen Echozeiten in der klinischen Routine weiter zu etablieren.
Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung und Charakterisierung von AlGaInP Quantenpunkten auf GaP und GaAs-Substrat. Auf Basis dieser Quantenpunkte wurden Halbleiterlaser auf GaAs hergestellt, welche bei Raumtemperatur zwischen 660 nm und 730 nm emittierten. Die Untersuchung von Breitstreifenlasern, welche aus diesen Strukturen gefertigt wurden, legen nahe, dass man mithilfe eines höheren Aluminiumanteils in größeren Quantenpunkten bei vergleichbarer Wellenlänge Laser mit besseren Eigenschaften realisieren kann. Weiterhin wurden in dieser Arbeit Quantenpunkten auf GaP-Substrat untersucht, welche in AlGaP eingebettet wurden. Da diese Quantenpunkte in Barrieren eingebettet sind, welche eine indirekte Bandlücke besitzen, ergibt sich ein nicht-trivialer Bandverlauf innerhalb dieser Strukturen. In dieser Arbeit wurden numerische 3D-Simulationen verwendet, um den Bandverlauf zu berechnen, wobei Verspannung und interne Felder berücksichtigt wurden und auch die Grundzustandswellenfunktionen ermittelt wurden. Ein eingehender Vergleich mit dem Experiment setzt die gemessenen Emissionswellenlängen und -intensitäten mit berechneten Übergangsenergien und Überlappintegralen in Verbindung.
The contribution of the present thesis consists of three parts. They are centered around investigating certain semiconductor heterointerfaces relevant to spin injection, exploring novel, diluted magnetic single barrier tunneling structures, and further developing diluted magnetic II-VI resonant tunneling diodes.
This thesis investigated the potential of Compressed Sensing (CS) applied to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). CS is a novel image reconstruction method that emerged from the field of information theory. The framework of CS was first published in technical reports in 2004 by Candès and Donoho. Two years later, the theory of CS was published in a conference abstract and two papers. Candès and Donoho proved that it is possible, with overwhelming probability, to reconstruct a noise-free sparse signal from incomplete frequency samples (e.g., Fourier coefficients). Hereby, it is assumed a priori that the desired signal for reconstruction is sparse. A signal is considered “sparse“ when the number of non-zero elements is significantly smaller than the number of all elements. Sparsity is the most important foundation of CS. When an ideal noise-free signal with few non-zero elements is given, it should be understandably possible to obtain the relevant information from fewer Fourier coefficients than dictated by the Nyquist-Shannon criterion. The theory of CS is based on noise-free sparse signals. As soon as noise is introduced, no exact sparsity can be specified since all elements have signal intensities that are non-zero. However, with the addition of little or moderate noise, an approximate sparsity that can be exploited using the CS framework will still be given. The ability to reconstruct noisy undersampled sparse MRI data using CS has been extensively demonstrated. Although most MR datasets are not sparse in image space, they can be efficiently sparsified by a sparsifying transform. In this thesis, the data are either sparse in the image domain, after Discrete Gradient transformation, or after subtraction of a temporally averaged dataset from the data to be reconstructed (dynamic imaging). The aim of this thesis was to identify possible applications of CS to MRI. Two different algorithms were considered for reconstructing the undersampled sparse data with the CS concept. The Nonlinear Conjugate Gradient based technique with a relaxed data consistency constraint as suggested by Lustig et al. is termed Relaxed DC method. An alternative represents the Gradient or Steepest Descent algorithm with strict data consistency and is, therefore, termed the Strict DC method. Chapter 3 presents simulations illustrating which of these two reconstruction algorithms is best suited to recover undersampled sparse MR datasets. The results lead to the decision for the Strict DC method as reconstruction technique in this thesis. After these simulations, different applications and extensions of CS are demonstrated. Chapter 4 shows how CS benefits spectroscopic 19F imaging at 7 T, allowing a significant reduction of measurement times during in vivo experiments. Furthermore, it allows highly resolved spectroscopic 3D imaging in acceptable measurement times for in vivo applications. Chapter 5 introduces an extension of the Strict DC method called CS-CC (CS on Combined Coils), which allows efficient processing of sparse undersampled multi-coil data. It takes advantage of a concept named “Joint Sparsity“, which exploits the fact that all channels of a coil array detect the same sparse object weighted with the coil sensitivity profiles. The practical use of this new algorithm is demonstrated in dynamic radial cardiac imaging. Accurate reconstructions of cardiac motion in free breathing without ECG triggering were obtained for high undersampling factors. An Iterative GRAPPA algorithm is introduced in Chapter 6 that can recover undersampled data from arbitrary (Non-Cartesian) trajectories and works solely in the Cartesian plane. This characteristic makes the proposed Iterative GRAPPA computationally more efficient than SPIRiT. Iterative GRAPPA was developed in a preceding step to combine parallel imaging with CS. Optimal parameters for Iterative GRAPPA (e.g. number of iterations, GRAPPA kernel size) were determined in phantom experiments and verified by retrospectively undersampling and reconstructing a radial cardiac cine dataset. The synergistic combination of the coil-by-coil Strict DC CS method and Iterative GRAPPA called CS-GRAPPA is presented in Chapter 7. CS-GRAPPA allows accurate reconstruction of undersampled data from even higher acceleration factors than each individual method. It is a formulation equivalent to L1-SPIRiT but computationally more efficient. Additionally, a comparison with CS-CC is given. Interestingly, exploiting joint sparsity in CS-CC is slightly more efficient than the proposed CS-GRAPPA, a hybrid of parallel imaging and CS. The last chapter of this thesis concludes the findings presented in this dissertation. Future applications expected to benefit from CS are discussed and possible synergistic combinations with other existing MR methodologies for accelerated imaging are also contemplated.
This work deals with nonlinear optics with wavefront controlled ultra-short laser pulses. The effects studied are self-phase modulation due to filamentation of ultra-short laser pulses and high-order harmonic generation in a jet of noble gas. Additionally, a way to optimize the spectral brilliance of the high-order harmonic source is studied by measuring the spectrum and wavefront of the generated XUV beam.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging method that involves no ionizing radiation and can be used non-invasively. Another important - if not the most important - reason for the widespread and increasing use of MRI in clinical practice is its interesting and highly flexible image contrast, especially of biological tissue. The main disadvantages of MRI, compared to other widespread imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT), are long measurement times and the directly resulting high costs. In the first part of this work, a new technique for accelerated MRI parameter mapping using a radial IR TrueFISP sequence is presented. IR TrueFISP is a very fast method for the simultaneous quantification of proton density, the longitudinal relaxation time T1, and the transverse relaxation time T2. Chapter 2 presents speed improvements to the original IR TrueFISP method. Using a radial view-sharing technique, it was possible to obtain a full set of relaxometry data in under 6 s per slice. Furthermore, chapter 3 presents the investigation and correction of two major sources of error of the IR TrueFISP method, namely magnetization transfer and imperfect slice profiles. In the second part of this work, a new MRI thermometry method is presented that can be used in MRI-safety investigations of medical implants, e.g. cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). One of the major safety risks associated with MRI examinations of pacemaker and ICD patients is RF induced heating of the pacing electrodes. The design of MRI-safe (or MRI-conditional) pacing electrodes requires elaborate testing. In a first step, many different electrode shapes, electrode positions and sequence parameters are tested in a gel phantom with its geometry and conductivity matched to a human body. The resulting temperature increase is typically observed using temperature probes that are placed at various positions in the gel phantom. An alternative to this local thermometry approach is to use MRI for the temperature measurement. Chapter 5 describes a new approach for MRI thermometry that allows MRI thermometry during RF heating caused by the MRI sequence itself. Specifically, a proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift MRI thermometry method was combined with an MR heating sequence. The method was validated in a gel phantom, with a copper wire serving as a simple model for a medical implant.
Understanding the mechanisms of fragmentation within silicate melts is of great interest not only for material science, but also for volcanology, particularly regarding molten fuel coolant-interactions (MFCIs). Therefore edge-on hammer impact experiments (HIEs) have been carried out in order to analyze the fracture dynamics in well defined targets by applying a Cranz-Schardin highspeed camera technique. This thesis presents the corresponding results and provides a thorough insight into the dynamics of fragmentation, particularly focussing on the processes of energy dissipation. In HIEs two main classes of cracks can be identified, characterized by completely different fracture mechanisms: Shock wave induced “damage cracks” and “normal cracks”, which are exclusively caused by shear-stresses. This dual fracture situation is taken into account by introducing a new concept, according to which the crack class-specific fracture energies are linearly correlated with the corresponding fracture areas. The respective proportionality constants - denoted “fracture surface energy densities” (FSEDs) - have been quantified for all studied targets under various constraints. By analyzing the corresponding high speed image sequences and introducing useful dynamic parameters it has been possible to specify and describe in detail the evolution of fractures and, moreover, to quantify the energy dissipation rates during the fragmentation. Additionally, comprehensive multivariate statistical analyses have been carried out which have revealed general dependencies of all relevant fracture parameters as well as characteristics of the resulting particles. As a result, an important principle of fracture dynamics has been found, referred to as the “local anisotropy effect”: According to this principle, the fracture dynamics in a material is significantly affected by the location of directed stresses. High local stress gradients cause a more stable crack propagation and consequently a reduction of the energy dissipation rates. As a final step, this thesis focusses on the volcanological conclusions which can be drawn on the basis of the presented HIE results. Therefore fragments stemming from HIEs have been compared with natural and experimental volcanic ash particles of basaltic Grimsvötn and rhyolitic Tepexitl melts. The results of these comparative particle analyses substantiate HIEs to be a very suitable method for reproducing the MFCI loading conditions in silicate melts and prove the FSED concept to be a model which is well transferable to volcanic fragmentation processes.
Low field NMR has been successfully used for the evaluation of seed composition and quality, but largely only in crop species. We show here that 1.5T NMR provides a reliable means for analysing the seed lipid fraction present in a wide range of species, where both the seed size and lipid concentration differed by >10 fold. Little use of high field NMR has been made in seed research to date, even though it potentially offers many opportunities for studying seed development, metabolism and storage. Here we demonstrate how 17.5T and 20T NMR can be applied to image seed structure, and analyse lipid and metabolite distribution. We suggest that further technical developments in NMR/MRI will facilitate significant advances in our understanding of seed biology.
The material system of interest in this thesis are II-VI-semiconductors. The first part of this thesis focuses on the formation of self-assembled CdSe-based quantum dots (QD) on ZnSe. The lattice constants of ZnSe and CdSe differ as much as about 7\% and therefore a CdSe layer grown on top of ZnSe experiences a huge strain. The aspired strain relief constitutes in the self-assembly of QDs (i.e. a roughened layer structure). Additionally, this QD layer is intermixed with Zn as this is also a possibility to decrease the strain in the layer. For CdSe on ZnSe, in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), various QD growth procedures were analysed with respect to the resulting Cd-content of the non-stoichiometric ternary (Zn,Cd)Se. The evaluation was performed by Raman Spectroscopy as the phonon frequency depends on the Cd-content. The second part of the thesis emphasis on the interface properties of n-ZnSe on n-GaAs. Different growth start procedures of the ZnSe epilayer may lead to different interface configurations with characteristic band-offsets and carrier depletion layer widths. The analysis is mainly focused on the individual depletion layer widths in the GaAs and ZnSe. This non-destructive analysis is performed by evaluating the Raman signal which comprises of phonon scattering from the depleted regions and coupled plasmon-phonon scattering from regions with free carriers.
The charge transport in disordered organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is a crucial process affecting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell. With the need of synthesizing new materials for improving the power conversion efficiency of those cells it is important to study not only the photophysical but also the electrical properties of the new material classes. Thereby, the experimental techniques need to be applicable to operating solar cells. In this work, the conventional methods of transient photoconductivity (also known as "Time-of-Flight" (TOF)), as well as the transient charge extraction technique of "Charge Carrier Extraction by Linearly Increasing Voltage" (CELIV) are performed on different organic blend compositions. Especially with the latter it is feasible to study the dynamics, i.e. charge transport and charge carrier recombination, in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with active layer thicknesses of 100-200 nm. For a well performing organic BHJ solar cells the morphology is the most crucial parameter finding a trade-off between an efficient photogeneration of charge carriers and the transport of the latter to the electrodes. Besides the morphology, the nature of energetic disorder of the active material blend and its influence on the dynamics are discussed extensively in this work. Thereby, the material system of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) serves mainly as a reference material system. New promising donor or acceptor materials and their potential for application in organic photovoltaics are studied in view of charge dynamics and compared with the reference system. With the need for commercialization of organic solar cells the question of the impact of environmental conditions on the PCE of the solar cells raises. In this work, organic BHJ solar cells exposed to synthetic air for finite duration are studied in view of the charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics. Finally, within the framework of this work the technique of photo-CELIV is improved. With the modified technique it is now feasible to study the mobility and lifetime of charge carriers in organic solar cells under operating conditions.
The dependence of the rate of proton–proton interactions on the centre-of-mass collision energy, √s, is of fundamental importance for both hadron collider physics and particle astrophysics. The dependence cannot yet be calculated from first principles; therefore, experimental measurements are needed. Here we present the first measurement of the inelastic proton–proton interaction cross-section at a centre-of-mass energy, √s, of 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events are selected by requiring hits on scintillation counters mounted in the forward region of the detector. An inelastic cross-section of 60.3±2.1 mb is measured for ξ>5×10−6, where ξ is calculated from the invariant mass, MX, of hadrons selected using the largest rapidity gap in the event. For diffractive events, this corresponds to requiring at least one of the dissociation masses to be larger than 15.7 GeV.