Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik
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Der Unishunt der Firma Codman gilt als Niederdruck-System und führt in aufrechter Körperposition zur erheblichen Überdrainage. Das Delta-System der Firma Medtronic hingegen soll durch seinen Ventilmechanismus eine Überdrainage verhindern und den Liquordruck in einem physiologischen Rahmen halten. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Frage, ob das Delta-System gegenüber dem Unishunt einen Vorteil hinsichtlich der Überdrainage aufweist, der sich an der revisionsfreien Funktionsdauer zeigt. Unter Berücksichtigung der Ventrikelweite prüften wir insbesondere, ob die Überdrainage und die damit verbundenen Komplikationen verringert werden können. In einer retrospektiven Fall-Sammel-Studie wurden die Patientendaten von 199 Kindern im Alter zwischen einem Tag und 10.4 Jahren ausgewertet, die im Zeitraum vom 01.01.1985 bis 01.03.2002 in der Abteilung für pädiatrische Neurochirurgie der Universitätsklinik Würzburg eine Erstimplantation eines ventrikuloperitonealen oder -atrialen Shunts mit Verwendung eines Unishunts (n= 138) oder eines Delta-Systems (n=61) erhielten. Gewertet wurden alle mechanischen oder infektiösen Komplikationen, die zu einer operativen Shuntrevision führten. Bei den mechanischen Komplikationen unterschieden wir zwischen proximaler Obstruktion, distaler Obstruktion, Migration, Diskonnektion oder Katheterriss, Ventilunterfunktion und Überdrainage. Als Überdrainage wurden operationspflichtige Subduralergüsse, eindeutige Unterdruck-beschwerden und das Slit-Ventricle-Syndrom gewertet. Asymptomatische Subdural-ergüsse und andere nicht operationspflichtige Funktionsanomalien werteten wir nicht als Komplikation. Als Shuntinfektion bezeichneten wir klinische und laborchemische Zeichen einer bakteriellen Infektion, die nach Shuntexplantation abklangen. Die durchschnittliche Funktionsdauer der Shunts wurde in vorliegender Studie durch das Delta-System nicht verlängert. Die kumulative Revisionswahrscheinlichkeit nach einem Jahr betrug beim Unishunt 30.6 %, beim Delta-System 24.9 %, lag aber nach fünf Jahren mit 58.0 % beim Delta-System höher als beim Unishunt (40.9 %). Bei den mechanischen Komplikationen ergab sich als wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen beiden getesteten Systemen eine häufigere distale Blockade des Peritonealkatheters beim Unishunt, die aber durch häufigere Ventilfehlfunktion des Delta-Systems weitgehend ausgeglichen wurde. Die niedrigste Druckstufe führte beim Delta-System signifikant häufiger zu einer proximalen Obstruktion als die höchste. Die eigenen Untersuchungsergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass Delta-Ventile tatsächlich der Neigung zur Überdrainage entgegenwirken, ohne dass sich dieser Vorteil in der Revisionsrate bemerkbar macht. Das Delta-System führt zu einer niedrigeren Überdrainagerate und weniger Überdrainage-assoziierten Erscheinungen wie Subduralergüssen. Dieser Unterschied war am ehesten morphologisch zu erfassen, jedoch im Vergleich zum Unishunt nicht signifikant. Der Unishunt war mit einer höheren Infektionsrate von 11.6 % im Vergleich zum Delta-System (3.3 %) belastet. Der Unterschied lässt sich weder mit konstruktiven Ventilmerkmalen noch mit besonderen Maßnahmen der Infektionsprophylaxe erklären. Der im Vergleich zum Unishunt höhere Preis des Delta-Systems findet keinen Niederschlag in einer niedrigeren Komplikationsrate des Systems.
Background: Monitoring of motor function during surgery for supratentorial tumors under general anesthesia applies either transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) or direct cortical stimulation (DCS) to elicit motor-evoked potentials. To date, there is no guideline that favor one method over the other. Therefore, we designed this randomized study to compare between both methods regarding the prediction of postoperative motor deficits and extent of tumor resection. Methods: This is a multicenter (six centers in Germany and one in Switzerland), double blind, parallel group, exploratory, randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients without or with mild paresis, who are scheduled for surgical resection of motor-eloquent brain tumors under general anesthesia will be randomized to surgical resection under TES or surgical resection under DCS. The primary endpoint is sensitivity and specificity in prognosis of motor function 7 days after surgery. The main secondary endpoint is the extent of tumor resection. The study is planned to include 120 patients within 2 years. Discussion: The present exploratory study should compare TES and DCS regarding sensitivity and specificity in predicting postoperative motor deficit and extent of tumor resection to calculate the required number of patients in a confirmatory trial to test the superiority of one method over the other.
In einer vorangegangenen Phase-1-Studie wurde beobachtet, dass bei Patienten mit schwerer aneurysmatischer SAB, die CBF durch intermittierende kontrollierte Hyperkapnie erhöht werden kann. Zudem zeigte sich in dieser vorherigen Studie nach dem Zurücksetzen der mechanischen Beatmung auf die Ausgangsparameter eine langsame und asymptotische Rückkehr der CBF zu den Ausgangsniveaus ohne einen negativen Rebound-Effekt. Diese Beobachtung legte nahe, dass eine längere Dauer der Hyperkapnie den CBF-erhöhenden Effekt verlängern kann.
Die vorliegende Studie wurde als Dosisoptimierungsstudie geplant, um den Zeitpunkt zu bestimmen, zu dem der CBF ein Maximum erreicht, und unter der Annahme, dass nach diesem Maximum Puffermechanismen in Blut und Liquor zu Anpassungsmechanismen führen können, die nach dem Abbruch zu einem negativen Rebound-Effekt führen.
Es ergab sich eine "Netto" - Optimaldauer der Hyperkapnieintervention von 45 Minuten.
Temporary hypercapnia has been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and might be used as a therapeutical tool in patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It was the aim of this study was to investigate the optimum duration of hypercapnia. This point is assumed to be the time at which buffer systems become active, cause an adaptation to changes of the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and annihilate a possible therapeutic effect. In this prospective interventional study in a neurosurgical ICU the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO\(_2\)) was increased to a target range of 55 mmHg for 120 min by modification of the respiratory minute volume (RMV) one time a day between day 4 and 14 in 12 mechanically ventilated poor-grade SAH-patients. Arterial blood gases were measured every 15 min. CBF and brain tissue oxygen saturation (StiO\(_2\)) were the primary and secondary end points. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was controlled by an external ventricular drainage. Under continuous hypercapnia (PaCO\(_2\) of 53.17 ± 5.07), CBF was significantly elevated between 15 and 120 min after the start of hypercapnia. During the course of the trial intervention, cardiac output also increased significantly. To assess the direct effect of hypercapnia on brain perfusion, the increase of CBF was corrected by the parallel increase of cardiac output. The maximum direct CBF enhancing effect of hypercapnia of 32% was noted at 45 min after the start of hypercapnia. Thereafter, the CBF enhancing slowly declined. No relevant adverse effects were observed. CBF and StiO\(_2\) reproducibly increased by controlled hypercapnia in all patients. After 45 min, the curve of CBF enhancement showed an inflection point when corrected by cardiac output. It is concluded that 45 min might be the optimum duration for a therapeutic use and may provide an optimal balance between the benefits of hypercapnia and risks of a negative rebound effect after return to normal ventilation parameters.
Revealing the molecular organization of anatomically precisely defined brain regions is necessary for refined understanding of synaptic plasticity. Although three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule localization microscopy can provide the required resolution, imaging more than a few micrometers deep into tissue remains challenging. To quantify presynaptic active zones (AZ) of entire, large, conditional detonator hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) boutons with diameters as large as 10 mu m, we developed a method for targeted volumetric direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). An optimized protocol for fast repeated axial scanning and efficient sequential labeling of the AZ scaffold Bassoon and membrane bound GFP with Alexa Fluor 647 enabled 3D-dSTORM imaging of 25 mu m thick mouse brain sections and assignment of AZs to specific neuronal substructures. Quantitative data analysis revealed large differences in Bassoon cluster size and density for distinct hippocampal regions with largest clusters in MF boutons. Pauli et al. develop targeted volumetric dSTORM in order to image large hippocampal mossy fiber boutons (MFBs) in brain slices. They can identify synaptic targets of individual MFBs and measured size and density of Bassoon clusters within individual untruncated MFBs at nanoscopic resolution.
Objectives
The present investigation aimed to evaluate the subjective perception of deformational cranial asymmetries by different observer groups and to compare these subjective perceptions with objective parameters.
Materials and methods
The 3D datasets of ten infants with different severities of deformational plagiocephaly (DP) were presented to 203 observers, who had been subdivided into five different groups (specialists, pediatricians, medical doctors (not pediatricians), parents of infants with DP, and laypersons). The observers rated their subjective perception of the infants’ cranial asymmetries using a 4-point Likert-type scale. The ratings from the observer groups were compared with one another using a multilevel modelling linear regression analysis and were correlated with four commonly used parameters to objectively quantify the cranial asymmetries.
Results
No significant differences were found between the ratings of the specialists and those of the parents of infants with DP, but both groups provided significantly more asymmetric ratings than did pediatricians, medical doctors, or laypersons. Moreover, the subjective perception of cranial asymmetries correlated significantly with commonly used parameters for objectively quantifying cranial asymmetries.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that different observer groups perceive the severity of cranial asymmetries differently. Pediatricians’ more moderate perception of cranial asymmetries may reduce the likelihood of parents to seek therapeutic interventions for their infants. Moreover, we identified some objective symmetry-related parameters that correlated strongly with the observers’ subjective perceptions.
Clinical relevance
Knowledge about these findings is important for clinicians when educating parents of infants with DP about the deformity.
CXCR4 ist der spezifische Rezeptor für das Chemokin CXCL12 und ist überexprimiert in Vestibularisschwannomzellen.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es den Effekt des spezifischen Inhibitors AMD3100 auf die CXCR4 vermittelte Proliferation und Migration der Vestibularisschwannomzellen in verschiedenen Zellkuturmodellen zu analysieren.
Die nachgewiesene Inhibition von CXCR4 deutet auf einen möglichen Einsatz von AMD3100 in der systemischen Therapie von NF-2 Patienten hin.
Progressive deterioration of the central nervous system (CNS) is commonly associated with aging. An important component of the neurovasculature is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), majorly made up of endothelial cells joined together by intercellular junctions. The relationship between senescence and changes in the BBB has not yet been thoroughly explored. Moreover, the lack of in vitro models for the study of the mechanisms involved in those changes impede further and more in-depth investigations in the field. For this reason, we herein present an in vitro model of the senescent BBB and an initial attempt to identify senescence-associated alterations within.
Both brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and audiometry play a crucial role in neuro-oncological treatment decisions in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 associated (NF2) vestibular schwannoma (VS) as hearing preservation is the major goal. In this study, we investigated the risk of immediate postoperative hearing deterioration (>15 dB and/or 15% loss in pure-tone average [PTA]/ speech discrimination score [SDS] in a cohort of 100 operated VS (ears) in 72 NF2 patients by retrospective analysis of pre- and postoperative hearing data (PTA, SDS, American Association of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery [AAO-HNS], and brainstem auditory evoked potential [BAEP] class) taking into account relevant influencing factors, particularly preoperative audiometry and BAEP status and the extent of resection. Immediately after surgery, the hearing was preserved in 73% of ears and approximately ~60% of ears kept their hearing classes. Preoperative BAEP (p = 0.015) and resection amount (p = 0.048) significantly influenced postoperative hearing outcome. The prediction model for postoperative hearing deterioration/loss between preoperative BAEP and AAO-HNS class showed increased risk by increasing BAEP class. Twenty-one tumors/ears were identified with large BAEP and AAO-HNS class discrepancies (≥2 points) and were associated with a high (48–100%) risk of deafness after surgery in ears with preoperative available hearing. Overall, the results were heterogeneous but the better both BAEP and audiometry class before surgery, the higher the chance of hearing maintenance afterwards. Large resection amounts (e.g., 100% risk in near-total resections) exhibit a significant (p < 0.05) higher risk compared to smaller amounts (e.g., 10/20% in laser-coagulated/partially resected tumors). Our results emphasized the indispensable role of both hearing monitoring in form of audiometry and neurophysiology (BAEP) in the pre-and perioperative monitoring of NF2-associated VS. Both BAEP and audiometry are good prognostic markers for the postoperative hearing outcome. The extent of resection should be strictly guided by and adjusted to the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring.